外文翻译(张雷)
No1【方法学导读】SPSS和SAS在简单中介模型中间接效应估计中的应用(中文译校)
推荐序中介分析的初衷在于揭示变量间作用的“机制”，最简单的完全中介模型就是包含一个中介变量的模型，即X→M→Y。
在中国知网平台《心理学报》发表论文的初步内容分析发现，2000年以来涉及“中介”分析的论文发表数量呈缓慢增长趋势，特别是，2016年以来每年约10篇左右的论文涉及到“中介”分析。
在众多探讨中介方法的中文文献中，尤其以温忠麟、侯杰泰、张雷老师合作发表的《中介效应检验程序及其应用》、《调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用》两篇文章最为引人注目，引用率高达8000余次，对于推动国内心理学界更多、更正式地使用中介分析做出了有目共睹的贡献。
这种趋势还是继续。
国内有限的几本发表实证研究的期刊，再也很难看到没有中介调节分析而能发表的非实验类、非综述类的文章了。
据初步估计，本校心理学本科生的论文中70%左右有用到中介分析，而心理学硕士学位论文使用中介分析的比例几乎高达90%，但用错、报告错、得出奇怪结论的情况总是难免，但研究者有时不自知、他人也不容易发现。
这当中，所引用的外文文献都比较一致地指向2004年发表于的一篇文章：《SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models》，引用率已突破6000次，这其中可能还不包括规模庞大的中文期刊论文以及中国学士以上学位论文引用的人数。
个人推测，这篇文章最受欢迎之处在于它提供了傻瓜式的宏。
然而，真正阅读英文原文的本科生和研究生人数可能并不乐观，老师们也未必能有雅兴拜读这篇原文。
本次推介的目的，反而并不是要介绍“宏”，而是尽量准确地翻译作者开发宏背后的“理”；误差也是难免的，请大家指正，是为序。
SPSS和SAS宏程序在简单中介模型的间接效应估计中的应用KRISTOPHER J. PREACHER北卡罗来纳大学ANDREW F . HAYES俄亥俄州立大学摘要：中介分析（mediation analysis）常用来间接评估假设的某个原因是否通过中介变量（mediator）对结果产生影响。
Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies Mona Baker 1993 语料库翻译学文献
Corpus Linguistics and Translation StudiesImplications and ApplicationsMona BakerCobuild, BirminghamAbstractThe rise of corpus linguistics has serious implications for any discipline in which language plays a major role. This paper explores the impact that the availability of corpora is likely to have on the study of translation as an empirical phenomenon. It argues that the techniques and methodology developed in the field of corpus linguistics will have a direct impact on the emerging discipline of translation studies, particularly with respect to its theoretical and descriptive branches. The nature of this impact is discussed in some detail and brief reference is made to some of the applications of corpus techniques in the applied branch of the discipline.0.IntroductionA great deal of our experience of and knowledge about other cultures is mediated through various forms of translation, including written translations, sub-titling, dubbing, and various types of interpreting activities. The most obvious case in point is perhaps literature. Most of us know writers such as Ibsen, Dostoyevsky and Borges only through translated versions of their works. But our reliance on translation does not stop here. Our understanding of political issues, of art, and of various other areas which are central to our lives is no less dependent on translation than our understanding of world literature.Given that translated texts play such an important role in shaping our experience of life and our view of the world, it is difficult to understand why translation has traditionally been viewed as a second-rate activity, not worthy of serious academic enquiry, and why translated texts have been regarded as no more than second-hand and distorted versions of …real‟ text s. If they are to be studied at all, these second-hand texts are traditionally analysed with the (233) sole purpose of proving that they inevitably fall short of reproducing all the glory of the original. A striking proof of the low status accorded to translated texts comes from the young but by now well-established field of corpus linguistics. A recent survey commissioned by the Network of European Reference Corpora, an EEC-funded project, shows that many corpus builders in Europe specifically exclude translated text from their corpora.1 Thisis presumably done on the grounds that translated texts are not representative and that they might distort our view of the …real‟ language under investigation. It is perhaps justifiable to exclude translated texts which are produced by non-native speakers of the language in question, but what justification can there be for excluding translations produced by native speakers, other than that translated texts per se are thought to be somehow inferior or contrived? Biased as it may be, this traditional view of translation implies, in itself, an acknowledgement of the fact that translational behavior is different from other types of linguistic behavior, quite irrespective of the translator‟s mastery of the target language.The starting point of this paper is that translated texts record genuine communicative events and as such are neither inferior nor superior to other communicative events in any language. They are however different, and the nature of this difference needs to be explored and recorded. Moreover, translation should be taken seriously by related disciplines such as linguistics, literary theory and cultural and communication studies, not least because these disciplines can benefit from the results of research carried out in the field of translation. At the same time, as a phenomenon which pervades almost every aspect of our lives and shapes our understanding of the world, the study of translation can hardly be relegated to the periphery of other disciplines and sub-disciplines, those listed above being no exception. What is needed is an academic discipline which takes the phenomenon of translation as its main object of study. For many scholars, this discipline now exists. Some refer to it as the …science of translation‟, other as …translatology‟, but the most common term used today is …translation studies‟.Eco (1976:7) distinguishes between a discipline and a field of study. The first has “its own method and a precise object” (my emphasis). The second has “a repertoi re of interests that is not as yet completely unified”. It could be argued that translation studies is still largely a “field of study” in Eco‟s terms. The vast majority of research carried out in this, shall we say emerging discipline, is still concerned exclusively with the relationship between specific source and target texts, rather than with the nature of translated text as such. This relationship is generally investigated using notions such as equivalence, (234) correspondence, and shifts of translation, which betray a preoccupation with practical issues such as the training of translators. More important, the central role that these notions assume in the literature points to a general failure on the part of the theoretical branch of the discipline to define its object of study and to account for it. Instead of exploring features of translated texts as our object of study, we are still trying either to justify them or dismiss them by reference to their originals.It is my belief that the time is now ripe for a major redefinition of the scope and aims of translation studies, and that we are about to witness a turning point in the history of the discipline. I would like to argue that this turning point will come as a direct consequence of access to large corpora of both original and translated texts, and of the development of specific methods and tools for interrogating such corpora inways which are appropriate to the needs of translation scholars. Large corpora will provide theorists of translation with a unique opportunity to observe the object of their study and to explore what it is that makes it different from other objects of study, such as language in general or indeed any other kind of cultural interaction. It will also allow us to explore, on a larger scale than was ever possible before, the principles that govern translational behavior and the constraints under which it operates. Therein lie the two goals of any theoretical enquiry: to define its object of study and to account for it.Section 1 below offers an overview of the emerging discipline of translation studies and explains why translation scholars are now in a position to use the insights gained from corpus linguistics, and some of the techniques developed by it, to take translation across t he threshold of …field of study‟ and into the realm of fully-fledged disciplines.1.Translation studies: the state of the art1.1Central issues: the status of the source text and the notion of equivalenceUntil very recently, two assumptions dominated all discussions of translation and were never questioned in the literature. The first is that of the primacy of the source text, entailing a requirement for accuracy and faithfulness on the part of the translator. The second is a consequence of the first and is embodied in the notion of equivalence which has been the central concern of all discourse on translation since time immemorial. Translations should strive to be as equivalent to their originals as possible, with equivalence being understood, (235) mainly as a semantic or formal category. The implied aim of all studies on translation was never to establish what translation itself is, as a phenomenon, but rather to determine what an ideal translation, as an instance, should strive to be in order to minimise its inevitable distortion of the message, the spirit, and the elegance of the original.The essentialist question of how equivalence per se might be established in the course of translation has gradually been tempered by experience and by an explosion in the amount and range of texts which have come to be translated in a variety of ways on a regular basis. Hence, we now have a massive amount of literature which attempts to classify the notion of equivalence in a multitude of ways, and the question is no longer how equivalence might be achieved but, increasingly, what kind of equivalence can be achieved and in what contexts. This in itself is a noticeable improvement on the traditionally static view of equivalence, but it still assumes theprimacy of the source text and it still implies that a translation is merely a text striving to meet the standards of another text.1.2Developments which support a move towards corpus-based researchThe attempt to extend and classify the notion of equivalence has brought with it a need to explore not only the source text as the modal to be adhered to but also the target language, and the specific target language text type, in order to give meaning to such categories as stylistic equivalence and functional equivalence. If the idea is not simply to reproduce the formal structures of the source text but also to give some thought, and sometimes priority, to how similar meanings and functions are typically expressed in the target language, then the need to study authentic instances of similar discourse in the two languages becomes obvious.There have been other developments which have played a more direct role in preparing the ground for corpus work. One such development is the decline of what we might call the semantic view of the relationship between source and target texts. For a long time, discourse on translation was dominated by the idea that meaning, or messages, exist as such and can, indeed should, be transferred from source to target texts in much the same way as one might transfer wine from one glass to another. The traditional dichotomy of translating word-for-word or sense-for-sense is a product of this view of meaning. At about the same time that the notion of equivalence began to be reassessed, or perhaps a little earlier, new ideas began to develop about the nature of meaning in translation. Firth (1968:91) was among the first to sug(236)gest that, difficult though as it may appear, an approach which connects structures and systems of language to structures and systems in the context of situation (as opposed to structures and systems of thought) is more manageable and “more easily related to problems of translation”. Similarly, Haas (1986:104) stresses that, in practice, correspondence in meaning amounts to co rrespondence in use and asserts that “unless we can succeed in thus explaining translation, the mystery of bare and neutral fact will continue to haunt us”. Two expressions are equivalent in meaning if and only if “there is a correspondence between their uses” (ibid). The importance of this change in orientation, from a conceptual to a situational perspective and from meaning to usage, is that it supports the push towards descriptive studies in general and corpus-based studies in particular. Conceptual and semantic studies (in the traditional sense) can be based on introspection. Studies which take the context into consideration, and even more so, studies which attempt to investigate usage, are, by definition, only feasible if access is available to real data, and, in the case of usage, to substantial amounts of it.Apart from the decline of the semantic view of translation, another, and very exciting, development has been the emergence of approaches which undermine both the status of the source text vis-à-vis the translated text and the value of the very notion of equivalence, particularly if seen as a static relationship between the source and target texts. The move away from source texts and equivalence is instrumental in preparing the ground for corpus work because it enables the discipline to shed its longstanding obsession with the idea of studying individual instances in isolation (one translation compared to one source text at a time) and creates a requirement which can find fulfillment in corpus work, namely the study of large numbers of texts of the same type. This is precisely where corpus work comes into its own.1.2.1 New perspectives: polysystem theoryIn the late seventies, Even-Zohar, a Tel-Aviv scholar, began to develop a theory of literature as a polyststem, that is as a hierarchical and dynamic conglomerate of system rather than a disparate and static collection of texts. A given literary polysystem is seen as part of a larger cultural polysystem, itself consisting of various polysystems besides literature, for example politics and religion. These polysystems are structured differently in different cultures.Polysystem theory has far-reaching implications for the status of translated literature in general and for the status of the source text vis-à-vis the target text in particular. First, the theory assumes a high level of inter-dependence among the various systems and sub-systems which underlie a (237) given polysystem, as well as among the polysystems of literature in various cultures. This means that, for instance, “literature for children would not be considered a phenomenon sui generis, but related to literature for adults” and, similarly, “translated literature would not be disconnected from original literature” (Even-Zohar 1979:13). As a consequence, the status of translated literature is elevated to the point where it becomes worthy of investigation as a system in its own right, interacting with its co-systems and with the literary polysystems of other cultures. By recognising translated literature as a system in its own right, polysystemists shifted the attention away from individual literary translations as the object of literary studies to the study of a large body of translated literature in order to establish its systemic features.Second, one of the main properties of the polysystem is that there is constant struggle among its various strata, with individual elements and systems either being driven from the centre to the periphery or pushing their way towards the centre and possibly occupying it for a period of time (ibid:14). This constant state of flux suggests that no literary system or sub-system is restricted to the periphery by virtue of any inherent limitations on its value. Thus, the approach stresses that translated literature may, and sometimes does, occupy a central position in the polysystem and is therefore capable of providing canonised models for the whole polysystem. Moreover,given that polysystem theory recognises that intra- and inter-relations exist within both systems and polysystems, leading to various types of interference and transfer of elements, models, canons, and so on, it becomes obvious that “semiliterary texts, translated literature, children‟s literature—all those strata neglected in current literary studies—are indispensable objects of study for an adequate understanding of how and why transfers occur within systems as well as among them” (ibid:25). And finally, polysystemists reject the popular view of translation as a derivative activity and stress ins tead that literary translation is “a creatively controlled process of acculturation in that translators can take an original text and adapt it to a certain dominant poetics or ideology in the receiving culture” (Heylen 1993:21)This view of literature as a conglomerate of systems, as well as the growing interest in transfer and interference across systems, has gradually undermined the status of the source text in translation studies. Since the early eighties, Toury, another Tel-Aviv scholar, has been stressing that a translation belongs to one textual system only, namely the target system, and the source text has gradually been assuming the role of a stimulus or source of information rather than the starting point for analysis. Questions regarding how a translated text came into being or what type of relationship it has with a given (238) source text are becoming secondary to its classification as part of the target textual system. As Toury puts it in a more recent publication (1958:19):It is clear that, from the standpoint of the source text and source system, translations have hardly any significance at all, even if everybody in the source culture …knows‟ of their factual existence… Not only have they left the source system behind, but they are in no position to affect its linguistic and textual rules and norms, its textual history, or the source text as such. On the other hand, they may well influence the recipient culture and language, if only because every translation is initially perceived as a target language utterance.It is worth noting that similar, though not quite so radical, assessments of the status of the source text have also emerged among groups of scholars not specifically concerned with literary translation. For example, Vermeer (1983:90)2suggests that the function of the translated text is determined by the interests and expectations of its recipients and not by the function of the source text. The SL text is a source of information and, like other sources of information, it may be exploited in a variety of ways to meet the expectations of an envisaged audience.1.2.2 From equivalence to normsFrom the late seventies onwards, the source-oriented notion of equivalence has been gradually replaced by notions which clearly take the target system and culture as a starting point. Some of these notions have evolved within theories designed to account for translation within a commercial environment. They include, for example, Vermeer‟s notion of coherence, defined as the agreement of a text wit h its situation (Vermeer 1983), and Sager‟s definition of equivalence as a function of the specifications that accompany a request for translation (Sager 1993). The most important, however, has been the notion of norms, introduced by Toury (1978, 1980).Toury has developed a tripartite model in which norms represent an intermediate level between competence and performance. If we think of competence as an inventory of all the options that are available to translators in a given context, and performance as the subset of options which are actually selected by translators from this inventory, then norms are a further subset of these options. They are options which are regularly taken up by translators at a given time and in a given socio-cultural situation. In this sense, the notion of norms is very similar to that of typicality, a notion which has emerged from recent work on corpus-based lexicography and which contrasts sharply with the standard, absolute dualisms in linguistics; competence and performance, (239) language and parole.Norms, then, are a category of descriptive analysis. They can be identified only by reference to a corpus of source and target texts, the scrutiny of which would allow us to record strategies of translation which are repeatedly opted for, in preference to other available strategies, in a given culture or textual system. The concept of norms tips the balance not only in favour of the target text (as opposed to the traditional obsession with the source text), but, more important, it assumes that the primary object of analysis in translation studies is not an individual translation but a coherent corpus of translated texts. Norms do not emerge from a source text or a body of source texts. Equally, they do not emerge from the target system nor from a general collection of target texts. They are a product of a tradition of translating in specific ways, a tradition which can only be observed and elaborated through the analysis of a representative body of translated texts in a given language or culture. They can therefore be seen not just as a descriptive category but also as providing a functional, socio-historical basis for the structure of the discipline (Lambert 1985:34).1.2.3 The rise of descriptive translation studiesSince the seventies, several scholars have begun to express dissatisfaction with the heavy reliance on introspective methods in translation studies. Holms (1988:101) makes the point most clearly:Many of the weaknesses and naiveties of contemporary translation theories are a result of the fact that the theories were, by and large, developed deductively, without recourse to actual translated texts-in-function, or at best to a very restricted corpus introduced for illustration rather than for verification or falsification.Newman (1980:64) similarly suggests that the way out of the dilemma posed by the notions of equivalence and translatability is to look at actual instances of translation and to determine, on the basis of those instances, “the link of generalities that might from the basis of a theory of competence or systematic description”. It is however Toury who has done more to elaborate the concept of descriptive translation studies than anyone else in the discipline.For Toury, it is vital for translation studies to develop a descriptive branch if it is ever to become an autonomous discipline. Without this, translators will continue to rely on other disciplines such as linguistics to provide them with theoretical frameworks and the means to test their hypotheses. Descriptive Translation Studies, or DTS for short, is not reducible to a collection of case studies or comparative analysis of source and target texts. It is (240) that branch of the discipline which must provide a sound methodology and explicit research procedures to enable the findings of individual descriptive studies to be expressed in terms of generalisations about translational behavior. Its agenda consists, primarily, of investigating what translation is “under any defined set of circumstances … and WHY it is realized the way it is” (Toury 1991a:186). One of its main objectives is to render the findings of individual studies intersubjective and to make the studies themselves “repeatable, either for the same or for another corpus” (Toury 1980:81).It is perhaps worth noting at this point that although the words corpus and corpora are beginning to figure prominently in the literature on translation, they do not refer to the same kind of corpora that we tend to talk about in linguistics. Corpora in translation studies have so far been very modest affairs. Their size is not generally expressed in terms of number of words but of number of texts, and they are searched manually. For example, Vanderauwera (1958) is a study of “50 or so novels” translated from Dutch into English in “roughly the period 1960-1980” (ibid:1-2). This is a very small corpus, and yet the experience of searching it manually leads Vanderauwera to suggest that “serious and systematic research into translated texts is a laborious and tiresome bu siness” (ibid:6). Toury himself seems torn between the need to set an ambitious program for DTS and the recognition that “the larger and/or more heterogeneous the corpus, the greater the difficulties one is likely to encounter while performing the process of extraction and generalization” (1980:66-7). In an earlier publication, Toury (1978:96) argues for a distributional study of norms based on statistical techniques but concludes that… as yet we are in no position to point to strict statistical methods for dealing with translational norms, or even to supply sampling rules for actual research (which, because of human limitations, has nearly always been applied to samples only, and will probably go on being carried out in much the same way).At this stage we must be content with our intuitions … and use them as keys for selecting a corpus and for hitting upon ideas.One of John Sinclair‟s major achievements for linguistics has been his success, through the collection of computerised corpora and the development of a relevant research methodology, in providing ways of overcoming our human limitations and minimizing our reliance on intuition. His work can provide solutions for precisely the kind of problems that translation scholars are still struggling with today. (241)2.Corpus work in translation studies: the potentialThere is no doubt that the availability of corpora and of corpus-driven methodology will soon provide valuable insights in the applied branch of translation studies, and that the impact of corpus-based research will be felt there long before it begins to trickle into the theoretical and descriptive branches of the discipline. Sinclair (1992:395) touches very briefly, and strictly from the point of view of linguist, on one obvious application:The new corpus resources are expected to have a profound effect on the translations of future. Attempts at machine translation have consistently demonstrated to linguists that they do not know enough about the languages concerned to effect an acceptable translation. In principle, the corpora can provide the information.In the above statement, which is one of the very few Sinclair has made on translation, the concern is merely with improving the performance of translators and of machine translation systems in terms of approximating to the structures and natural patterns of a given language or languages. This same concern underlies most of the expressions of interest in corpus studies which are beginning to take shape in the literature.3 It is of course a legitimate concern and one which will be shared widely by scholars within and outside translation studies, theorists and practitioners alike. I would, however, like to think that the …profound effect‟ which Sinclair refers to will not be understood merely in terms of knowing enough about the languages concernedto approximate to their patterns. After all, once we are in a position to describe and account for our object of study, namely translation, we might find that approximating to the patterns of the target language, or any language for that matter, is not necessarily as feasible as we seem to assume, and that it is not the only factor at play in shaping translational behavior. Several scholars, for example Toury (1991b:50) and Even-Zohar (1979:77) have already noted that the very activity of translating, the need to communicate in translated utterances, operates as a major constraint on translational behavior and gives rise to patterns which are specific to translated texts. Thus Even-Zohar (ibid) stre sses that “we can observe in translation patterns w hich are inexplicable in terms of any of the repertoires involved”, that is patterns which are not the result of interference from the source or target language. Examples of these patterns are discussed as universal features of translation in section 2.1 below. The profound effect that corpora will have on translation studies, in my view, (242) will be a consequence of their enabling us to identify features of translated text which will help us understand what translation is and how it works. The practical question of how to improve our translations will find more reliable and realistic answers once the phenomenon of translation itself is explained in its own terms.Practical applications aside, what kind of queries can access to computerised corpora help us resolve in our effort to explicate the phenomenon of translation? Given that this question, to my knowledge, has not been addressed before, what follows has to be seem as a very tentative list of suggestions which can provide a starting-point for corpus-based investigations in the discipline but which do not, by any means, address the full potential of corpora in translation studies.2.1 Universal features of translationThe most important task that awaits the application of corpus techniques in translation studies, it seems to me, is the elucidation of the nature of translated text as a mediated communicative event. In order to do this, it will be necessary to develop tools that will enable us to identify universal features of translation, that is features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistic systems.It might be useful at this point to give a few examples of the type of translation universals I have in mind. Based on small-scale studies and casual observation, a number of scholars have noted features which seem, intuitively, to be linked to the nature of the translation process itself rather than to the confrontation of specific linguistic systems. These include:。
英语专业剖析报告讲解
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英语语言3文3学.3与3 应用语言学
201研4 李雪
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22001两144年 郭利露31 山东大学 14 英语笔译45.16
201大4 张颖考取98外5交、学院211重点英院语口校译人数增加
22001变145年 杨帆 19 南开大学 7
英美文学36.84
毕淑珍 英语1201 王艺颖 英教1101
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贾璐瑶 英语1204
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王婷婷 英语1305
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1979 王修文 副总裁
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外国语学院教学3工.作3汇.3报 实践体系建设——校企合作、语言服务
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二等奖1人；山东省高校微课教学比赛二等奖1人。 学校青年教师讲课比赛一等奖4人、二等奖1人。
大学mooc老子的人生智慧(张雷)满分章节测验答案
第一讲圣人无名1单选(2分)下列是老子代表著作的是（）A.《道德经》B.《山海经》C.《诗经》D.《易经》正确答案：A你选对了2单选(2分)《道德经》全篇字数约为（）A.50000字B.7000字C.3000字D.5000字正确答案：D你选对了3单选(2分)“紫气东来”这个成语用来形容谁的（）A.庄子B.孔子C.孟子D.老子正确答案：D你选对了4单选(2分)《老子化胡经》何时被彻底否定和销毁（）A.清代B.元代C.宋代D.唐代正确答案：B你选对了5单选(2分)课程中提到一个皇帝曾经“改佛为道”，这个皇帝是（）A.武则天B.梁武帝C.唐高宗D.宋徽宗正确答案：D你选对了6单选(2分)在记载中是谁最先将老子尊为神仙（）A.唐高宗李治B.刘向C.尹喜D.张道陵正确答案：D你选对了7单选(2分)课程中的关于皇甫谧《高士传》叙述的事故是关于哪两个人物事（）A.商容与庄子B.商容与老子C.老子与他的老师D.老子与孔子正确答案：B你选对了8单选(2分)《道德经》目前共分为多少章？（）A.八十一章B.七十一章C.七十五章D.八十章正确答案：A你选对了9单选(2分)关于《道德经》，说法错误的是（）A.根据课程分析，《道德经》成文于老子后世的战国晚期的说法是不成立的B.现在的章节分法只是为了方便阅读，却割裂了老子的思想C.《道德经》与《论语》一样是弟子记录的关于老师言行的作品D.叫做《老子》与《老子五千言》更为合理正确答案：C你选对了10多选(3分)以下哪些证据能佐证孔子求学老子的传说（）A.子曰：“无为而治者，其舜也与？夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣”——《论语·卫灵公》B.“老彭，殷贤大夫也”——《何晏论语集解》C.“述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭”——《论语·述而》D.“老，老聃。
彭，彭祖”——《论语正义》正确答案：A、D你选对了11多选(3分)根据《史记》与《后汉书》记载以下哪些称呼或姓名可能是老子本人的（）A.李耳B.老莱子C.柱下D.太史儋正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了12多选(3分)《道德经》得到了后世许多统治者的青睐，以下哪些帝王曾经亲自批注过《道德经》？（）A.唐玄宗李隆基B.宋徽宗赵佶C.明太祖朱元璋D.清世祖福临（顺治皇帝）正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了13多选(3分)梁启超先生认为《史记》中对于老子的记述是根据庄子的哪几篇文章（）A.《天道篇》B.《天运篇》。
利奈唑胺群体药代_药效动力学研究进展
随着抗菌药物的广泛使用，多重耐药革兰阳性菌感染已成为临床棘手问题[1]。
糖肽类抗生素曾被认为是治疗革兰阳性菌的最后一道防线，然而由于其严重的耳肾毒性和较差的组织穿透率，再加上近年来其对部分球菌的敏感性有所降低，使糖肽类的使用受到限制。
口恶唑烷酮类新药利奈唑胺（linezolid）安全性高，不良反应较糖肽类轻微，主要作用于翻译的起始阶段，与细菌核糖体50S亚单位结合，阻止70S复合物的形成，从而抑制细菌蛋白的合成。
由于作用机理不同，利奈唑胺不易与其他抗菌药物发生交叉耐药性。
体内外研究证实该药对葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属等革兰阳性菌，包括多重耐药菌如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、多重耐药肺炎链球菌（DRSP）和耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）具有很强的抗菌活性，与糖肽类作用相仿或更优[2]。
近年还发现利奈唑胺对多耐药的结核分枝杆菌也有良好的抗菌活性[3]。
本文主要对利奈唑胺的群体药代/药效动力学（population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, PPK/ PPD）研究方法及结论进行综述。
1 PPK/PPD基本概念和原理1.1 PPK/PPD传统药动学（pharmacokinetics, PK）和药效学（pharmacodynamics, PD）的研究对象常为相对均一的健康受试者。
然而，临床患者在年龄、体重、肝肾功能、基础疾病及合并用药等方面均存在很大差别，其PK、PD值均可能有较大变异，给药方案常需个体化，不能仅根据传统PK参数制定。
PPK/PPD是将经典PK、PD或PK/PD链式模型和统计学模型相结合，分析PK/PD特性中存在的变异性，研究药物体内过程的群体规律、PK/PD参数的统计分布及其影响因素。
PPK/PPD只需零散的血药浓度数据，易于被患者接受，是新药研究和治疗药物监测（TDM）的有力工具。
美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）在药物开发指南中明确提出，2000年以后的新药申请必须报告PPK 参数。
大学mooc老子的人生智慧(张雷)满分章节测验答案
第一讲圣人无名1单选(2分)下列是老子代表著作的是（）A.《道德经》B.《山海经》C.《诗经》D.《易经》正确答案：A你选对了2单选(2分)《道德经》全篇字数约为（）A.50000字B.7000字C.3000字D.5000字正确答案：D你选对了3单选(2分)“紫气东来”这个成语用来形容谁的（）A.庄子B.孔子C.孟子D.老子正确答案：D你选对了4单选(2分)《老子化胡经》何时被彻底否定和销毁（）A.清代B.元代C.宋代D.唐代正确答案：B你选对了5单选(2分)课程中提到一个皇帝曾经“改佛为道”，这个皇帝是（）A.武则天B.梁武帝C.唐高宗D.宋徽宗正确答案：D你选对了6单选(2分)在记载中是谁最先将老子尊为神仙（）A.唐高宗李治B.刘向C.尹喜D.张道陵正确答案：D你选对了7单选(2分)课程中的关于皇甫谧《高士传》叙述的事故是关于哪两个人物事（）A.商容与庄子B.商容与老子C.老子与他的老师D.老子与孔子正确答案：B你选对了8单选(2分)《道德经》目前共分为多少章？（）A.八十一章B.七十一章C.七十五章D.八十章正确答案：A你选对了9单选(2分)关于《道德经》，说法错误的是（）A.根据课程分析，《道德经》成文于老子后世的战国晚期的说法是不成立的B.现在的章节分法只是为了方便阅读，却割裂了老子的思想C.《道德经》与《论语》一样是弟子记录的关于老师言行的作品D.叫做《老子》与《老子五千言》更为合理正确答案：C你选对了10多选(3分)以下哪些证据能佐证孔子求学老子的传说（）A.子曰：“无为而治者，其舜也与？夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣”——《论语·卫灵公》B.“老彭，殷贤大夫也”——《何晏论语集解》C.“述而不作，信而好古，窃比于我老彭”——《论语·述而》D.“老，老聃。
彭，彭祖”——《论语正义》正确答案：A、D你选对了11多选(3分)根据《史记》与《后汉书》记载以下哪些称呼或姓名可能是老子本人的（）A.李耳B.老莱子C.柱下D.太史儋正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了12多选(3分)《道德经》得到了后世许多统治者的青睐，以下哪些帝王曾经亲自批注过《道德经》？（）A.唐玄宗李隆基B.宋徽宗赵佶C.明太祖朱元璋D.清世祖福临（顺治皇帝）正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了13多选(3分)梁启超先生认为《史记》中对于老子的记述是根据庄子的哪几篇文章（）A.《天道篇》B.《天运篇》C.《外物篇》D.《淮南子》正确答案：A、B、C你选对了14单选(2分)老子是什么时期被封为“皇帝”的称号呢（）A.唐高祖李渊时期B.宋真宗赵恒时期C.唐高宗李治时期D.汉高祖刘邦时期正确答案：C你错选为A15多选(3分)以下那些称呼成为老子的神话称呼（）A.“太上老君”B.“太清大帝”C.“降生天尊”D.“太清道德天尊”正确答案：A、B、C、D你错选为A、B、D16单选(2分)老子曾经的官职相当于当今社会的（）A.中科院院士B.教育部部长C.国务院总理D.国家图书馆馆长正确答案：D你选对了第二讲道法自然1单选(2分)关于《道德经》名称的外文版，下列说法正确的是（）A.名称根据中文对应的外国文字意义翻译。
企业薪酬管理问题研究综述毕业论文文献综述开题报告任务书
企业薪酬管理问题研究综述【毕业论文+文献综述+开题报告+任务书】毕业论文(设计)任务书题目: 某企业薪酬管理现状、问题与对策研究主要任务与目标:薪酬管理作为企业人力资源管理的重点和核心工作,它与人力资源各个工作模块紧密相连,对于人才的吸引、保留和激励起着无可替代的作用,更是作为企业创造价值的一个重要管理手段。
如何建立对外具有竞争性,对内具有公正性的薪酬管理体系更是市场经济体制下的民营企业管理者直面的主要难题。
本课题的主要任务是:运用人力资源管理和薪酬管理的理论和知识,通过实地访谈和问卷调查法,调查分析某企业薪酬管理现状,分析某企业薪酬管理存在的问题,提出某企业薪酬管理的完善对策。
本课题的目标是:(1)了解某企业薪酬管理现状;(2)揭示某企业薪酬管理存在的问题;(3)提出完善某企业薪酬管理的对策。
二、主要内容与基本要求:(一)主要内容1、某企业薪酬管理现状分析。
结合目标公司的实际情况,对薪资构成进行分析,并就员工对现行薪酬制度的总体感觉,与外部薪酬相关性等多个方面对企业现行薪酬状况进行调查研究。
2、某企业薪酬管理中存在的问题。
从企业实际入手,对薪酬管理存在的问题及原因分析。
3、某企业薪酬管理的完善对策。
通过对薪酬出现的问题的研究,根据企业与外环境的相关性和差异度,提出相应对策。
(二)基本要求1、进行薪酬管理研究有关文献资料的搜集,要求查阅文献资料不得少于20篇,并按时完成文献综述和外文资料翻译。
2、认真解读资料内容,在充分理解该课题主要内涵和技术要素的基础上确定撰写结构和主要内容,写出开题报告。
3、文献综述、外文资料翻译、开题报告撰写及毕业论文等的写作请根据学校和学院的各项具体要求规范执行。
4、毕业论文必须做到理论联系实际,基本论点明确,论据充分,有较强的说服力,结构严谨,层次清晰,文字简练,书写整洁。
三、计划进度:,确定实习单位,结合实习修改毕业论文四、推荐参考文献:[1] 孙文斌.国有企业薪酬管理现状和解决方法[J],企业导报,20105[2] 崔秀菊.某企业的薪酬管理现状及存在问题分析[J],商场现代化,20096[3] 张雷.我国薪酬管理现状浅析[J],集团经济研究,2006,4[4]周峰.民营企业中知识型员工薪酬管理现状及策略研究[J],科技广场,200912[5] 郑咏梅.中小企业薪酬管理现状及问题产生的原因[J],工会博览理论研究,20099[6] 李自荣.中小企业薪酬管理现状及对策研究[J],中国科技博览,200912[7] Leopold, Ronald S. A Fresh Perspective: Employee Benefits as a StrategicBusiness Investment[J].Benefits Quarterly, 2010,4:21-24[8] Lawson, RaefEast Salary Survey[J] .Strategic Finance,2010, 9: 29-49毕业论文(设计)文献综述题目: 企业薪酬管理问题研究综述一.前言部分在21世纪的市场经济的竞争下,随着市场经济的发展,我国小企业的变化巨大而迅速,有关企业的薪酬问题研究显得越来越迫切。
优胜奖：高淳诗人住宅,南京,中国
优胜奖：高淳诗人住宅，南京，中国WINNING PRIZE: POET HOUSE, NANJING, CHINA, 2007建筑设计：张雷（张雷建筑工作室）ＡＲＣＨＩＴＥＣＴ： ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｌｅｉ （ＡＺＬ Ａｔｅｌｉｅｒ Ｚｈａｎｇｌｅｉ）高淳诗人住宅（叶宅＋王宅）是二位诗人的私人住宅兼工作室，坐落在南京高淳县凤山石臼湖边，距离南京市区约１小时车程。
诗人住宅布置在一座废弃的国家粮库临湖一侧，周围除了湖面就是大片的农田，通往基地新修的道路两侧零星地散落着农居，周围还有砖窑在运转生产，供应远近农居修建所需的红砖。
设计延续了“院落”的主题，“院落”体现在总平面和内部空间上，两幢房子各采用了三合院和四合院的布局，分别对应于西面及北面的湖面；完整的形体之中还包含了如前院、冥想院和采光天井这样次一级的结构；基地的开阔使得建筑的功能布置比较自由，直角空间、线形序列得到自然而然地运用，两幢住宅都尽量控制面向外侧的开窗，而内侧面对庭院和面向湖面则尽量开敞。
大量且连续的交流、交通、休闲、展示空间成为了建筑内部循环的主体。
这也是简陋技术条件下的选２１１ 叶宅外景／Ｙｅ Ｈｏｕｓｅ， ｅｘｔｅｒｉｏｒ ｖｉｅｗ２ 位置图／Ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ择，即尽量增加非功能性空间的层次，增加视线贯穿和交换的密度。
建筑的外表是设计的重点：砖表皮将建筑严实地包裹起来，强化其材料的地方性。
两幢住宅在外表面砖肌理的处理上做了新的尝试，每一处墙面都是空洞、砍半砖和凸半砖中２－３种砌法的混合，即用３种砌砖法进行立体主义式的抽象编织，３种密度的砖肌理和无规律的窗洞一起进行蒙德里安式的几何划分，而这一精确的几何划分，又揭示了无规律窗洞对于建筑外表面内在逻辑的规律性控制。
诗人住宅的主人并不富有，和许多中国普通老百姓一样，怀有田园式的生活和居住的梦想，他们一直用心并且坚持，终于有机会以自己不懈的努力使这一梦想得以实现。
由于使用了邻近砖窑生产并且当地一直沿用的红砖作为主要建筑材料，施工也由当地有经验的农民施工队完成，因此，只用８００元／ｍ２的低价就完成了全部室外和室内工程。
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长江大学工程技术学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Energy efficiency improvement of dimethyl ether 外文题目purification process by utilizing dividing wall columns 译文题目利用分隔壁和分隔柱改进二甲醚净化过程的能量效率系部化学工程系专业班级化工60901学生姓名张雷指导教师张铭辅导教师张铭完成日期2013.04.15利用分隔壁和分隔柱改进二甲醚净化过程的能量效率利用分隔壁和分隔柱改进二甲醚净化过程的能量效率Le Quang Minh，Nguyen Van Duc Long，and Moonyong Lee.著张雷译[摘要]二甲醚（DME）是一种替代燃料，可从天然气合成，是煤或生物质的合成气，历来作为柴油的替代品或添加剂。
与常规蒸馏序列相比二甲醚净化过程中要消耗大量的能量。
我们使用的分隔墙柱（DWCS）提高能源效率和减少了二甲醚净化过程的资金成本。
各种可能的分隔墙柱(DWC)的使用和探索来自热耦合精馏的潜在利益。
结果表明，利用分隔墙柱(DWCS)可显著降低二甲醚精制过程的能耗和投资成本。
较低的能源消耗会减少二氧化碳(CO2)的排放。
[关键词]蒸馏，二甲醚，二甲醚，分隔壁精馏塔，分隔墙柱，热耦合精馏塔外文翻译1 简介减少化石燃料的直接燃烧和减少能源供应而造成的环境问题，是研究替代燃料和能源系统[1]的迫切需要。
二甲醚（DME），可从天然气合成，煤或生物质的合成气，传统意义上被用作柴油替代品或添加剂[2、3]。
它不攻击平流层的臭氧和允许更好的控制排放NOx，CO，SO2污染控制较好，非甲烷烃和烟尘等颗粒物[4]。
二甲醚是一个潜在替代液化石油气的物质，液化天然气和柴油。
DME同样可以在氢载体中形成理想的燃料，由于其高的H/C比，能量密度高，便于储存，运输方便[5]。
传统上，二甲醚已在两个步骤的过程中产生（传统的路线），合成气（从重整甲烷蒸汽通常产生）首先被转化为甲醇，随后由其脱水成二甲醚[6]。
天然气并不是唯一的资源，可以用来生成合成气；煤与生物质也可以用。
因此，二甲醚的生产是不局限于一种原料。
同时，新的过程正在被商业化，是在单一步骤中通过自热反应器和液相反应器生产二甲醚。
与两步法相比，单步程序正在吸引越来越多的关注，因为它具有很高的经济价值和理论意义。
目前的研究在单一步骤上的程序从合成气制二甲醚的重点是使用最好的催化剂，以及工艺条件和反应的协同效应。
在单一步骤的程序中，从反应器的流出物中含有二甲醚，甲醇，水，二氧化碳和其他气体[7-9]，在分离净化装置中，二甲醚是主要的，对生产过程的整体经济中至关重要。
到目前为止在分离的混合物方面所作出的贡献仍然是有限的，特别是在蒸馏技术的技术层面。
此外，从废水混合二甲醚净化的需求减少需要巨大的能量消耗。
因此，工艺工程师的主要目标是开发一种新的方法有效地利用能源，以此来大大提高二甲醚净化每一单位能源效率的过程。
图1 原理图的完全热耦合蒸馏配置利用分隔壁和分隔柱改进二甲醚净化过程的能量效率蒸馏，作为一个主要的化学加工工业，是能源密集型的过程，因此，它要最先解决的问题是改善在短期和长期的能源效率。
此外，由于在蒸馏过程中消耗的能源数量巨大，对温室气体的排放有很大的影响，在环境保护方面，节约能源在该地区已成为的一个重要问题[10，11]。
为了减少总的年度成本（TAC），它包括操作和投资成本，复杂精馏的安排应该考虑使用，如热集成，热耦合，热泵[12]。
一些研究已经证明，一个完全热耦合的配置（图1）要求的最低能量在所有用于理想的纯三元混合物的分离柱系统产品流[18]。
而不是一个外部中的一个方面，一个操作可以由一个内壁安装纳入一个单一的壳结构。
这种垂直的墙将列为初馏塔和主塔。
这样的安排，称为一个分隔壁塔（DWC），在热力学上是相当于热耦精馏柱，提供没有热传递通过分隔壁[19]。
此外，其单壳特征包括只有一个冷凝器和再沸器，相比传统的序列与两个冷凝器和再沸器，提供了额外的优势，在减少资本成本和空间面积。
因此，有更好的前景，DWCS作为今后50年的标准蒸馏配置[20]。
在目前的形式下，能源成本的增加，使全球变暖的担忧使得DWC 信息技术在精馏减少能量消耗的一个有吸引力的替代过程。
我们的主要目标是通过DWCS中的利用找到一个配置适合的提高能源效率和减少资本成本的二甲醚净化过程，各种各样的安排是由DWCS更换而产生的几个常规精馏塔研究。
结果表明，这种新的应用系统可以大大减少投资，而且运营成本在DME净化过程中体现出来，因此，降低二氧化碳的排放水平。
2 二甲醚净化常规精馏塔序列在这项工作中，二甲醚是天然气转换过程中的主要产品。
从反应器流出物送到由五个蒸馏塔的进料混合物净化DME分离单元[21]。
3000吨每天处理能力的选择和二甲醚产品所需的纯度为99 %。
模拟使用Aspen HYSYS V7.1执行分析。
一些以前的成品[22-24]应用彭鲁滨孙（PR）为CO2- DME系统方程和Soave瑞德利奇广（SRK）的DME-CH3OH模型，并得出结论认为，传统的PR和SRK 方程还可以合理地用于DME系统。
另一方面，另一个报告[21]推荐一罗宾逊Stryjek维拉（PRSV）用于DME系统。
PRSV方程是PR方程扩展到最初的公关方法高度非理想应用双重改性（非电解）系统[21]。
因此，在这项研究中，国家的PRSV方程选择更准确地预测汽液平衡。
PRSV方程预测结果与CO2/二甲醚混合物和二甲醚/甲醇混合物的实验数据进行了比较，确认其有效性，分别为[23，24]。
如图2所示，国家PRSV方程预测与实验数据吻合良好设计的目的相组成。
外文翻译图2 比较实验数据与预测这个PRSV方程的状态:(ａ)等温压力CO2/DME位置数据为二氧化碳/测距装置;(b)等温压力CO2/DME位置数据为测距装置/甲醇。
表1进料条件混合物条件由于低沸点的成分，在这个过程中的保持每个托盘上的液相操作压力为30巴。
进料混合物的条件列于表1。
图3说明了常规精馏塔序列和其目前的反应状况。
在传统的蒸馏配置中，最终产品包括二甲醚分离所需的纯度通过五个蒸馏塔（T100，T101，TiO2，T103和104）。
由DME的进料流，二氧化碳（CO2），甲醇（MeOH），水（H2O）和其他气体送入预分馏塔（T100）在轻、重关键组分（CO2和甲醇）是分开的。
从底部流T100含有二甲醚和重质组分和发送到重馏分塔（T103）二甲醚从甲醇和水的分离。
T100架空流随后发出的光线减少预柱（T101）和脱碳塔（T102）彻底去除CO2。
CO2组成T101和T102塔顶产品丰富的95和97摩尔%，分别。
用99重量%的DME T103馏出液流与T101、T102底部流混合形成最终的二甲醚产品。
从T103底部流与含水进料流混合，含有甲利用分隔壁和分隔柱改进二甲醚净化过程的能量效率醇和水，从上游分离器，然后送入甲醇回收塔（104）去除水。
纯化的甲醇从104顶循环到反应器连续生产二甲醚。
图3 简化的流程图说明测距装置净化过程表2列水力学、能量性能的缺生产垫板列顺序基于常规蒸馏序列的原料组合物和产品规格，进行量化的能源消耗以及年度总成本（TAC）模拟。
表2包括再沸器、冷凝器为每列的反应柱。
由于要降低制冷费用，所有的列被设计在约30巴相对高的压力下工作。
柱水力学和驱油的条件下被认为是估计的资本成本。
确定其最大驱油程度，评级模式是基于列如托盘，类型的内部规格模拟柱直径，塔盘间距和数量的通道。
在这项研究中采用的水力参数也列于表2。
所有的柱设计与负载接近80%防止驱油[25]。
格思里的模块化方法[ 26 ]是用于估计的资金成本。
常规蒸馏的资金成本是每列辅助设备的总成本，如再沸器、冷凝器，而它需要隔离墙的DWC额外成本。
，575.4个化工厂成外文翻译本指数进行成本更新[27，28]。
图4复杂网络中所有的灰色列新更换的DWCS纯化柱二甲醚的各种可能配置3 提出了利用分隔墙柱(DWCS)安排各种精馏结构利用分隔墙柱DWCS探索来提高二甲醚净化工艺过程的能量效率。
图4显示了常规和非常规的安排用于每列的DME精制工艺。
配置（一）是由五个常规精馏塔组成的常规序列。
在配置（B），（c）和（d），由一些列与一个新的DWC取代，而配置（e）和（f）使用两个新的DWCS。
3.1 单DWC更换两列（T100和T101）从能源效率的角度来看，集成和耦合结构通常优于非集成的结构[29]。
对于使用DWC的预分级和光切列的融合问题进行了研究。
图5反映了建议安排，包括总共数目的托盘，进纸托盘的位置和端托盘的位置。
最初设计程序的快捷设计DWC结构[30，31]是根据以往的列配置（图6（a））和DWC（图6（b））之间的结构相似。
在这种松散的配置中，第一列对应的是DWC中的初步分馏塔部分。
分别为第二塔的精馏段和汽提段的第三列则是代表DWC的顶部和底部的部分。
第二列和第三列的精馏段汽提段相当于DWC的分隔壁部分。
因此，DWC的结构可以被分为四个部分：用于进料混合物的初步分馏塔分割壁的上方和下方的顶部和底部的两个部分，和分隔壁部分[27]。
著名的芬斯克安德伍德吉利兰技术处于起步阶段通常是能足够识别出正确的顺序，但如果有必要，可以使用其为出发来进行严格的模拟[32，33]。
利用分隔壁和分隔柱改进二甲醚净化过程的能量效率图5两列（T100和T101）与一个DWC取代的简化流程图由从快捷法中获得的设计可能不是最佳的，但是优化的步骤是必不可少的。
DWC后的初始结构是固定的快捷方法，对于内部循环流动的初步分馏塔进行了优化，并使用案例研究。
然后，对于总的塔板数，进料位置，侧托架的位置，以及分隔壁部分的位置，也进行了研究，建立了最佳DWC结构。
对于每一个选择的结构，以最小的能量消耗关注内部的蒸汽和液体流量初步分馏塔的变化。
要检查能源消耗的进纸托盘产生的影响，通过改变进料位置，进行一些模拟运行不同的进料位置来达到最低的再沸器和符合要求的产品规格。
同样，侧托盘位置和分段进行了检查，发现DWC的最佳结构。
因此，新的信息设计的56个托盘。
它的料盘是第16。
隔离墙是位于从第6到第46的托盘和侧流从第29托盘（图5）。
冷凝器和再沸器的功率消耗分别为3.23和16.85兆瓦。
这个DWC可以节省高达28%的能源消耗的基础上那些T100和T101，这对应一个节能7.8%的全过程。
图6（ａ）用于DWC结构初步设计的三柱结构和（b）一个分隔壁精馏塔的示意图外文翻译DWC的中间部分的横截面面积是预分馏塔的截面积和主分馏器的中间部分面积的总和。
中段的直径可以从它的横截面积的计算。
在顶部的直径的结果的基础上，对DWC中部和底部的部分，4.2米的最大尺寸为DWC的直径，从而分别导致投资成本14.7%到6.8%的基础上两列和整个过程的显著降低。