中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Computer programmers often remark that computing machines,with
a perfect lack of discrimination,will do any foolish thing they are
told to do.The reason for this lies,of course,in the narrow fixation
of the computing machine’s“intelligence”on the details of its
own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context.
In a psychological description of the computer intelligence,three
related adjectives come to mind:single-minded,literal-minded,and
simple-minded.Recognizing this,we should at the same time recognize
that this single-mindedness,literal-mindedness,and Geng duo yuan
xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan
guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo
jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi simple-mindedness also
characterizes theoretical mathematics,though to a lesser extent.
Since science tries to deal with reality,even the most precise
sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood
approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate
skepticism.Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock to
mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the
hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,
but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking
account of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and that
this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to
an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.Physicists,
looking at the original Schrodinger equation,learn to sense in it
the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible,and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation.This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations.Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally.Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined,and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately,but perhaps inappropriately.In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences.The mathematicians turn the scientists’theoretical assumptions that is,their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms,and then take these axioms literally.This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.The question,central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
1.The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph
primarily in order to do which of the following?
[A]Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.
[B]Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.
[C]Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.
[D]Provide one definition of intelligence.
2.It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?
[A]The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.
[B]The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.
[C]The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.
[D]The premises on which the arguments are based may change.
3.According to the text,mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?
[A]Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.
[B]Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.
[C]Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical
assumptions are facts.
[D]Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.
4.The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?
[A]Practical for scientific purposes.
[B]Detrimental to scientific progress.
[C]Unimportant in most situations.
[D]Expedient,but of little long-term value.
5.The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that
[A]mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.
[B]changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.
[C]well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.
[D]some factors in most situations must remain unknown.
[答案与考点解析]
1.【答案】B
【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。旨在考察考生的语言基本功和对文章段落结构的认识。这是一道比较难的题目。通过仔细阅读第一段并且把第一段和本文其它段落相联系，可推导出本题的正确选项是B。原文作者借用大家所熟悉的“computing machines”作为例子来帮助我们更好的了解
“theoretical mathematics”的特点。考生在解题时一定要识别出作者的写作手法和意图。
2.【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与引申推导题。通过本题题干中的“arguments”一词可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段。通过仔细阅读理解尾段的内容并且根据尾段的内容进行推导，可得知本题的正确选项应该是突出“the premises…may change”的选项D。考生在解题时即要具备迅速审题定位的能力，又要具备理解原文深层含义的能力。
3.【答案】C
【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“risk”一词可将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文倒数第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读倒数第二段的倒数第二句和第三句，尤其是倒数第二句中“danger”一词后面的同谓语从句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项是突出“theoretical assumptions are facts”的选项C。考生在解题时一定要善于深入理解原文的含义，千万不能只停留在文字的表面。
4.【答案】A
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位与关键词语题。通过本题题干中的“physicists”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的倒数第二句。通过阅读本句以及它的前后句，尤其是它后面的一句话(第二段的尾句)，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是表达“healthy”(有益的)含义的选项A，因为该选项中的“practical”是一个表示肯定的词语。考生在解题时一定要善于审题定位，更要善于理解句间关系所表达的内容。
5.【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道指代词题型。根据本题题干中的“healthy
skepticism”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，该句中的指代词“this”暗示我们本题的真正答案信息来源在第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段的第二句话，我们可以得知强调“invisible”的选项D是本题的正确选项，因为该选项中含有“unknown”一词。考生在解题时应注意指代词的作用和功能，更要注意对原文细节的理解和把握。
[参考译文]
计算机程序员经常说计算机器会执行任何愚蠢的命令，因为它们完全缺乏辨别力。当然，其原因在于计算机的智力在其感知细节上的狭窄固定性——它不能被冗长的上下文所引导。三个相关的形容词可以用来对计算机进行心理上的描述：单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维。在认识到这一点的同时，我们也应该认识到这种单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维同样可以用来(尽管只是在较低的程度上)描述理论数学。
由于科学总是处理现实的问题，即使最精确的科学也通常在或多或少的不完全理解的近似的基础上探讨现实，对此，科学家必须保持适当的怀疑。例如，当数学家得知关于氢原子的薛定谔方程并不是对这种原子的精确的描述，而只是在考虑了旋转、磁极以及相对论作用的基础上一个稍微正确的近似方程，并且这个所谓的正确方程自身也只是对一个无穷量子理论场的不完美的近似时，他们一定深感震惊。当物理学家看到最初的薛定谔方程时，他们从中感知到在可见的各种关系之外，仍然存在着许多不可见的关联，而这种感知就会激励物理学家合理地忽略方程中纯技术的特色。这种非常有益的怀疑态度对于数学领域而言则是较为陌生的。
数学家必须研究精确界定的情况。因此，数学家依赖数学以外的努力来对数学照字面意义理解的近似性加以详细的说明。当给予数学家一个不确定
程度较小的情形时，他们会把它转化成一个完全确定的状态。这种转化可能是合适的，也可能是不合适的。在某些情形下，数学家的这种刻板思维可能会产生不幸的后果。数学家把科学家的理论假设，也就是科学家分析重点的权宜之点，转化成公理，然后依据精确字义理解这些公理。他们可能还会说服科学家依据字义理解公理，这就会带来危险。科学家调查的中心问题，在数学领域则成为极其扰乱人心的问题，因而被忽略——如果公理不严谨会发生什么情况?
物理学家惧怕精确的论断是对的，因为一个仅仅因其精确性而使人信服的论断，当它所基于的假设略微改变时，其说服力就会丧失殆尽，而一个尽管不精确却具有说服力的论断，却会在它的基础假设受到小干扰时，依旧岿然不动。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
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北京大学考博英语历年试题综合分析 导言：考博英语真题的重要性 全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真 题分析则显得尤为重要。华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总 结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。 考博英语试题的独特性 众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生 入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英 语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。 首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要 求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会 选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方 面而引起的错误和争议。 其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级、杂 志文章或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。因其题目来源的独特性，我们研 究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。如果考生在考前了解了这 一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。所以考生考前 精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
考博英语试题的作用 考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。 指导作用。通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、 题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。 规划作用。考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。 调控作用。通过研读历年的考博英语试题，以所报考院校的英语真题为标杆，随时监控与调节自己的复习计划，使自己的复习计划在最短的时间内获得满意的成绩。 由此可知，研究真题对于考生在较短时间内提升成绩是有很大帮助的。因此，华慧考博英语研究中心对北京大学历年的考博真题进行了细致且深入的研究，将北京大学考博英语的出题特点、题目类型等进行了详细论述，对下一年度的考博英语命题趋势进行了预测，并提出了针对北京大学考博英语的备考方法，让考生的复习备考更加具有针对性，让考生少走弯路，快速提高考试成绩。 以下是华慧考博英语研究中心对北京大学考博英语历年试题详细分析。 一、北京大学考博英语试题的考核要求 北京大学博士研究生非英语专业入学考试是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲》规定：“博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”。根据这一规定，并结合历年招收博士研究生的具体情况，我校博士生入学英语考试既考查考生的语言知识，又注重测试考生的语言应用能力。
2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%) Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre. 1.Mo Yan is_____as one of China’s most talented writers. A.acclaimed B.claimed C.blamed D.studied 【答案】B 【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。 2.There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more_____or more controversial than Margaret Mead. A.imaginative B.hard-working C.celebrated D.strong-minded 【答案】C 【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。故选C项。 https://www.360docs.net/doc/5714338271.html,munication satellites transmit information more_____than do ordinary shortwave radios. A.conveniently B.reliably C.accessibly D.concisely 【答案】B 【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。reliably可靠地。conveniently便利地，合宜的。accessibly可接近地，可得到地。concisely简洁地。这里强
2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%） Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet. 11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution. A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for 12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message. A．accustomed to split and divided B．accustomed to splitting and dividing C．accustomed to split and dividing D．accustomed to splitting and divided 13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value. A. at itself B. as itself C. on itself D. in itself 14．us earlier, your request to the full. A.You have contacted…we could comply with B.Had you contacted…we could have complied with C.You had contacted…could we have complied with D.Have you contacted…we could comply with 15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy. A. discard B. discreet C. discord D. disgorge 16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology. No one can shield himself such an influence. A. on…by…at B. by…for…in C. from…in…on D. through…with…from 17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create . A. bore B. bored C. boredom D. bordom 18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz. A. lacked B. lacking C. for lack of D. lack of 19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine. A. that have to B. have to C. having to D. has to 20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it. A. none the worse B. none the better C. never worse D. never better 21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color. A. cried out for…cried out for B. cry out for…cry out for C. had cried out for…cried out for D. had cried out for…cry out for 22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very . A. trigger B. meager C. vigor D. linger 23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology. A. as much the Africans are detribalized B. the Africans are much being detribalized C. as much as the Africans are being detribalized D. as much as the Africans are detribalized 24. We admire his courage and self-confidence. A. can but B. cannot only C. cannot but D. can only but 25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to
北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析
北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered