逻辑关联词汇总
逻辑关系词汇小总结.pdf
逻辑关系词汇小总结表逻辑关系的词语归纳：1.表顺承、补充与递进:and; what’s more; besides; moreover; furthermore; in addition; additionally; further（而且，况且） ; similarly; also; either; too; again(另外，还有); what’s worse; even worse; worse still; to make matters/things worse(使事情更糟的是).I do n’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired.The rent is reasonable, and moreover, the location is perfect. Then again, we must consider the other aspects of the problem. 2.表转折：but; however; yet; instead; on the other hand（另一方面）; on the contrary（相反地）; nevertheless（然而）; otherwise; after all(毕竟).It’s too hot to go for a walk, let’s go swimming istead.3.表因果：(1)引出原因:for; as; since; now that; because; thanks/owing/due to; because of; on account of; as a result/consequence of; in consequence of; result from（vt，由。
引起）;We should be more careful, for it is already dark.Let’s stay at home, for it’s raining hard outside.(2)引出结果:so; therefore; thus; hence; as a result/consequence; in consequence; consequently; account for（v，是。
逻辑词表
逻辑连接词
追加说法：还有、并且、再加上、以及、不仅如此、不只、理所当然、另外、除了、同时、特别是、而且、除此之外、尤其、甚至
用来对比：
（1）并列：另外、另一方面、相对地
（2）时间系列：同时、以来、以后、以前
用来解说：
（1）延伸：总而官之、也就是说、具体地说、例如、其实、原本、顺带一提
（2）总结：像这样、总而言之、总的来说、综合来说、简言之
（3）换句：换句话说、讲白了、换言之
需要条件：如果、假设、假如……的话、如果不是……的话、根据、只要、至少、有……的话、而且
选择：或者、或是、或如、不如、还是
理由：为什么、所谓的、理由是、原因是、因为、由于
归纳总结：因此、正因为、由于、基于、结果、综合……的观点、所以、于是
手段：借由、借着
目的：为了、为此
反转：可是、但是、虽然、不过
限制：要注意的是、虽说如此、……没错但、相反地
让步：当然、确实、没错
转换：对了、那么、接下来
就、用、故、和、要、以、同、即、使、而、如、像、然、管、并、诚、及、脱、却、且、跟、则、与、但、设、继、虽、既、便、或、饶、况、致、固、若、凭、乃、抑、焉、爰、譬如、诚然、不图、致使、尽管、不独、假使、怎奈、向使、好比、而况、再者、以免、莫如、就算、连同、慢道、无奈、岂但、甚或、总之、不论、以致、偏偏、相反、纵使、不只、不及、可见、足见、鉴于、如同、余外、以便、故此、结果、借以、设使、以期、同时、不拘、况且、非但、不然、不仅、设或、加以、尚且、设若、何况、纵然、不谓、一般、再说、既而、故而、惟其、倘使、要不、既是、非独、不意、至于、莫若、是故、加之、唯有、别说、要不然、以至于、要不是、乃至于、。
十大逻辑关系关联词总结
完型文章中常见的上下文(句)逻辑关系并列关系&部分常用标志词和短语and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same……as;递进关系&部分常用标志词和短语also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed;因果关系&部分常用标志词和短语because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so.....that, such.....that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;转折关系&部分常用标志词和短语but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately;让步关系&部分常用标志词和短语although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of;anyway, anyhow列举(顺序)关系&部分常用标志词和短语first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\finally, to begin with\ to continue, first......then, on one hand......on the other hand, for one thing..for another, one..another, some..others..still others;对比关系&部分常用标志词和短语while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not..... but;丽关系&部分常用标志词和短语when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time;条件关系&部分常用标志词和短语if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with;举例关系&部分常用标志词和短语such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely;关联词运用实例说明1.表示举例说明a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstratea)Many southern cities are growing above the national average- Atlanta is a case in point.b)The news about calcium and kidney stones is a case in point.c)Prisoners shouldbe treated with respect- they are human beings after all.d)These are, after all, very familiar species.e)It's extremely expensive to live in New York. For example, I pay $1, 250 for a one-bedroom apartment.f)Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.g)Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected.h)We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.i)Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.j)His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as(=equally) popular.k)One of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job.l)The issues are in two main clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurement of drugs.m)The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.n) We're talking about money -specifically, the money we need to repair our schools.o) One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider.2.表示增补意义additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only...but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what's morea)They may also additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function.b)And again, these workshops will benefit the community considerably.c)Dunne was murdered, along with three guards.d)Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart disease.e)This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.f)Fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes.g)The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.h)People choose jobs for other reasons besides money.i)We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.j)It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean "bad."k)The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains were substantial.l) A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired.m)The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available.n) The tax only affects people on incomes over $200, 000-in other words, the very rich.o)The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.p)Using language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together.q)The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.r)The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.s)Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater yourpotential profit will be.t)The problem demands a global solution. To put it another way, local regulations will have very little effect.u)First you need to collect all the information and make detailed notes. Then you can start to actually write your essay.v)Think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase.w)Gas is a. very efficient fuel. And what' s more, it's clean.3.表示丽above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, in particular, most important, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubta)Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above all it is fun.b)He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was past midnight by the time he got home.c)And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf Association was delighted.d)Books and people certainly affected him.e)Most of the essays were very good indeed.f)Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf.g)Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.h)But the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty or whose guilt is widely perceived.i)This is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically for the young.j)Of course there will be some difficult times ahead.k)If a sign were needed that the Internet has become a real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it.l)Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity.m)It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.n) If we truly believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it.o)Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.p)Solly was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.10.表示顺序and, besides, finally, first, firstly, further, in the first place, last, next, second, secondly, third, thirdly, to begin with, to start with,a)It also assigned staff people to work with individual companies that wanted to launch a program.b)This is a flexible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.c)You need to know what tights you have and how to use them.d)Besides going to aerobics twice a week, she tides horses on Saturdays.e)And finally, I' d like to thank the crew.f)First, I'd like to thank everyone for coming.g)The application of the five stages to the task illustrated would involve, firstly, the definition of the task.h)It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have tomean "bad."i)And there i. s the question of the relevance of the trading of information in thefirst place.j)Connect the red wires first and the black ones last.k)First you need to select the text you want to move. Next, click on the "Move" command at the top of the screen.l)But, second, in the vast majority of markets, efficient production can be attained with a high degree of competition.m)The more you practise the better you will become at selecting historical information to suit firstly your essay and secondly your argument.n)To begin with, much of this new housing is not affordable.o)I' m not going to Vegas. To start with, I don' t like gambling, and I also can' t get time off work.3、观点转折，反面论证4.表示对比或对照by contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, unlike, whereas, while, yeta)The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.b)The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.c)American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs.d)Scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the Carib bean is most popular in the winter.e)The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.f)Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.g)It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.h)Nuclear power is relatively cheap. On the other hand, you could argue that it's not safe.i)It is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client, particularly a buyer, could be seriously misled.j)Unlike most people in the office, I don't come to work by car.k)A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $1. 5, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $0.5 per bowl.l)The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.m)Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.n)Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns every day.5.表示比较by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarlya)After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison.b)By comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.c)Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability.d)Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important, they do not know how to prevent it.e)an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treatf)Cotton production was on the increase. However, it was still a small industry compared to hemp and canvas production.g)The deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having everything except language experience.h)There is often stronger social control evident in the socialisation of girls in comparison to boys.i)Good management accounts separate the well-organised from the rest but are not vital in the same way.j)I don't want him treating me like Jim treated me.k)The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.l)The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have fallen quite considerably.6.表示让步admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nevertheless, of course, still, truea)The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.b)Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possible- after all the library is an attractive place, isn't it?c)I realise she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologise all the same.d)We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.e)We are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals.f)Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.g)The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not always a deterrent.h)And it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm.i)But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made.j) A false belief may nevertheless be justified.k)Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting health care, high tech, banking and sports-related industries.8.表示转折although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yeta)You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure if they're right.b)In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain.c)Despite international pressure, progress has slowed in the peace talks.d)Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction.e)The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.f)This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers.g)In spite of her success, Spencer continues to get depressed.h)Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.i)Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it.j)Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheless be undertaken with the greatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.k)The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, and well worth the money.l)Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy.m)It presumes that reality is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis.n)There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected.o)The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.p)They charge incredibly high prices, yet customers keep coming back for more. 7.表示结果accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thusa)Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.b)As many as 2, 500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves.c)Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.d)The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is an important consideration.e)In this way normal healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.f)The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money.g)Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.9.表示结论as has been noted(mentioned, stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up, to summarizea)An inhibition,as mentioned above,is rarely used.b)At last, we were able to afford a house.c)We finally found a decent apartment close to campus.d)Pop, in a word, is fascination versus meaning.e)It was,all in all,more like a prison than an office.f)In brief,the President plarts to cut defense spellding and lowet taxes.g)In conclusion,I want to thank all the people who havveolunteered their time to our organization.h)In short,the report says that more money should be spent on education.i)In sum,we need to cut costs.j)In summary, do not sell your shares.k)To conclude, theprospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons.l)To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. rn) Tosummarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.。
常用关联词8种关系
常用关联词8种关系在写作中，使用合适的关联词可以帮助读者更好地理解文章的逻辑关系，使文章表达更加流畅和连贯。
本文将介绍常用的8种关联词及其所代表的关系，以帮助读者在写作时运用得当。
1. 并列关联词并列关联词用于连接相同逻辑地位的词、短语、从句或句子，表示并列的关系。
常见的并列关联词有"和"、"与"、"或"、"还有"等。
例如：他喜欢游泳和跑步，每天都会去健身房锻炼。
我可以选择去看电影或者去逛街。
2. 转折关联词转折关联词用于表示前后两个句子的内容、意义相反或相对立的关系。
常见的转折关联词有"但是"、"然而"、"尽管"等。
例如：他虽然很努力，但是成绩并不好。
尽管下雨了，他还是坚持出门锻炼。
3. 因果关联词因果关联词用于表示前后两个句子的内容之间的因果关系。
常见的因果关联词有"因为"、"所以"、"由于"等。
他去了海边度假，因为需要放松心情。
我早起锻炼，所以身体越来越健康。
4. 条件关联词条件关联词用于表示前后两个句子的内容之间的条件关系。
常见的条件关联词有"如果"、"只要"、"除非"等。
例如：如果你努力学习，就一定能取得好成绩。
只要努力，就没有克服不了的困难。
5. 目的关联词目的关联词用于表示前后两个句子的内容之间的目的关系。
常见的目的关联词有"为了"、"以便"、"为了使"等。
例如：他每天早起跑步，是为了保持健康。
为了提高工作效率，我们需要学习时间管理的方法。
6. 让步关联词让步关联词用于表示前后两个句子的内容之间的让步关系。
常见的让步关联词有"虽然"、"尽管"、"即使"等。
常用逻辑连接词归纳整合
【例3】 已知下列三个方程：x2＋4ax－4a＋3＝0，x2＋(a－1)x ＋a2＝0，x2＋2ax－2a＝0中，至少有一个方程有实根，求 实数a的取值范围． 解 此题直接求解较为复杂，可以采用补集思想来求，即 “正难则反”的解题策略． 若三个方程没有一个有实根，
16a2－4（3－4a）<0， 3 2 2 （ a － 1 ） － 4 a <0 ， 则有 解之得－ <a<－1； 2 4a2＋8a<0， ∴满足三个方程至少有一个方程有实根的 a 的解集是 3 {a|a≥－1，或 a≤－ }． 2
网络构建Βιβλιοθήκη 专题归纳高考真题专题三 “正难则反”解题策略
反正法是数学证明中的一种重要方法，它是从否定命
题的结论出发，通过正确的逻辑导出矛盾，从而证明了原
命题的正确性的一种重要方法．反证法之所以有效是因为 它对结论的否定实际上增加了论证的条件，这对发现正确 的解题思路是有帮助的．
网络构建
专题归纳
高考真题
网络构建
专题归纳
高考真题
【例2】给定两个命题：p：对任意实数x都有ax2＋ax＋1>0恒成 立；q：关于x的方程x2－x＋a＝0有实数根；如果p与q中 有且仅有一个为真命题，求实数a的取值范围．
解 对任意实数 x 都有 ax2＋ax＋1>0 恒成立⇔a＝0
a>0 或 ⇔0≤a<4； Δ <0
命题． 可以通过“举反例”否定一个全称命题，同样也可以举一例 证明一个存在性命题．
网络构建
专题归纳
高考真题
专题一
从集合间关系看充分条件与必要条件
充分、必要条件的判定可从集合的角度着手，建立p、
q相对应的集合，p：A＝{x|p(x)成立}，q：B＝{x|q(x)成
探究八种常见的关联词及其关联性
探究八种常见的关联词及其关联性
关联词是连接句子和段落之间关系的重要元素。
在写作文档中，正确使用关联词能够提高文章的连贯性和逻辑性。
以下是八种常见
的关联词及其关联性。
1. 因果关联词：
- 因此：用于表示结果和推理之间的因果关系。
- 因为：用于表达原因和结果之间的因果关系。
2. 条件关联词：
- 如果：用于表示条件和结果之间的关系。
- 只要：用于表示条件和必然结果之间的关系。
3. 目的关联词：
- 为了：用于表达行动的目的或意图。
4. 递进关联词：
- 而且：用于表示递进关系和并列关系。
- 此外：用于添加类似的信息。
5. 对比关联词：
- 但是：用于表示对比和转折关系。
- 然而：用于表达对比或相反的观点。
6. 总结关联词：
- 综上所述：用于总结和归纳前面提到的所有观点。
- 总的来说：用于总结前面的主要论点和结论。
7. 解释关联词：
- 也就是说：用于进一步解释或澄清之前提到的内容。
- 换句话说：用于用不同的方式来表达相同的意思。
8. 时间关联词：
- 随着：用于表示时间上的顺序关系。
- 同时：用于表示两个事件同时发生。
以上是八种常见的关联词及其关联性。
通过正确使用这些关联词，可以使文章的逻辑更加清晰，句子之间的连接更加自然。
在写
作文档中，我们应该选择合适的关联词来表达我们的意思，以使文章更具连贯性和可读性。
表逻辑关系的词
表并列
and，和、与also，也or，或者、还是
as well as不但……而且along with连同……一起
表比较
like，与……相似unlike，与……不同likewise同样地，也
while; whereas然而contrarily相反地similarly同样地
in contrast to/with; by/in comparison with与……相比
on the contrary相反on the other hand另一方面
表转折
otherwise否则，不然instead反而still但，还是，不过
yet; but; although; though; while; when; only然而，但是y但愿，要是
表时间
meanwhile；simultaneously同时地
表方式
as if仿佛，好像
表目的
for fear of以免，以防lest免得，以免
given; considering考虑到，鉴于
because; as; since; for; because of; due to; owing to; thanks to因为
on account of ; in (the)light of; in view of; by/in virtue of; by reason of;
despite; notwithstanding; in spite of尽管，虽然for all (that)尽管
granting/granted(that)即使despite the fact that尽管
表因果
hence; so; therefore; thus; consequently因而，因此
常见的关联词
常见的关联词
以下是一些常见的关联词：
1.并列关系：
并且：我喜欢吃苹果，并且认为它们对身体有好处。
而且：她不仅聪明，而且勤奋。
2.转折关系：
但是：天气很晴朗，但是我们要去室内活动。
然而：他努力了很久，然而考试还是没有及格。
3.递进关系：
不仅：这个问题不仅复杂，而且解决起来很困难。
还：她不仅会唱歌，还会跳舞。
4.选择关系：
或者：你要么现在走，要么明天再走。
要么：你要么吃饭，要么饿着。
5.条件关系：
如果：如果你早点来，我就会带你去参观博物馆。
只要：只要你有时间，我们就可以一起去购物。
6.因果关系：
因为：因为我生病了，所以我没有去上学。
因此：他每天锻炼，因此身体很健康。
7.假设关系：
假如：假如我有钱，我就会去环游世界。
倘若：倘若明天不下雨，我们就去野餐。
8.对比关系：
然而：他的成绩很好，然而他的态度却不端正。
反之：如果你想减肥，那就不能继续吃垃圾食品。
9.转折对比关系：
却：他虽然很穷，却很快乐。
然而：看起来很简单的任务，实际上却很难完成。
10.结果对比关系：
因此：他每天都早起，因此他精神很好。
所以：她没吃早餐，所以她在上午感到饿了。
这些关联词在句子中的使用，有助于表达不同的逻辑关系，使句子和段落更加清晰和连贯。
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常见的上下文（句）逻辑关系:
(部分常用标志词和短语)
并列关系
and, and also, or, neither……nor, either……or, not only……but also,
likewise(同样地，也), similarly（同样，类似于）,
equally（同样地，相等的）, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same……as;
递进关系
also, then, besides, additionally\in addition（此外，加之）, furthermore\moreover（而且，此外）,
what is more(而且); indeed（甚至，的确）;
因果关系
due to, thanks to（由于，幸亏）, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that（鉴于由于）,
in that, now that（既然，由于）, lest（唯恐，以免）,
thus, hence（因此，今后）, therefore, so, so…..that, such…..that, in order that, consequently（因此，结果）, accordingly（因此，于是）,
as a result（结果）, for this reason(因此，由于这个原因);
转折关系
but, however, yet, contrarily（相反，反之）, on the contrary（正相反）, by contrast（相比之下）,
on the other hand, unfortunately;
让步关系
Although\though(虽然), even though\even if(即使), even（甚至，即使）, nevertheless（然而，不过）,
Despite\ in spite of(尽管); regardless of（不顾，不管）;
Anyway\ anyhow (无论如何，不管怎样)
列举（顺序）关系
first\second\last of all, in the first place\in the second place\
finally, to begin with\ to continue, first……then,
on one hand……on the other hand, for one thing……for another, one……another, some……others……still others;
对比关系
while, whereas（然而，鉴于）, as, / rather than, instead of（代替，不是…而是）, not….. but;
时间关系
simultaneously（同时地）, meanwhile（同时，其间）, in the meantime（在此期间，于此际）, at the same time;
条件关系
if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise（否则）, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose
that\supposing that(假如),
provided that\ providing that（倘若，假如）, when, whenever, with(随着);
举例关系
such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate（举例）,
as an illustration（作为例证）, to take an example , namely，more specifically speaking（更具体的来说）。