非谓语动词短语和句型
非谓语动词语法总结
非谓语动词1. to do2.-ing 现在分词3.done 过去分词谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
它有人称、数、时态和语态(主动语态和被动语态)的变化。
e.g. He works.He takes care of the baby.He will go to Shanghai.He didn’t go to Shanghai.He has gone to Shanghai.You are students.You look smart.非谓语：无人称（如你、我、他、她、它、他们），数(单数和复数)的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。
e.g. He works.He wants to work here.He is working now.He has done his work.什么时候使用非谓语动词？一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了非谓语动词.1.Tom returned from the manager’s office, telling me that the boss wantedto see me at once.2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters.3. I heard the girl singing in the classroom.4. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.5. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗争。
)一、不定式与动名词做主语：1. 动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为; 不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。
e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。
非谓语动词固定搭配词组详解
非谓语动词固定搭配词组详解非谓语动词指的是动词的非谓语形式，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
非谓语动词在句子中起到名词、形容词或副词的作用。
为了更准确地使用非谓语动词，我们需要了解一些固定搭配词组。
本文将详细解析非谓语动词的固定搭配词组，以帮助读者准确运用非谓语动词。
一、不定式的固定搭配词组1. 动词 + 不定式（动词不定式作宾语）- agree to：同意- decide to：决定- refuse to：拒绝- hope to：希望- want to：想要例句：She decided to go to the party.2. 接不定式的动词 + 宾语 + 不定式（动词不定式作宾语补足语）- advise/allow/urge/beg/order/force/encourage + 宾语 + to do：建议/允许/催促/恳求/命令/强迫/鼓励某人做某事例句：My parents encouraged me to study abroad.3. be + adj. + 不定式（不定式作表语）- be happy/glad/sad/surprised/angry/excited to do：对于做某事感到高兴/满意/伤心/惊讶/生气/兴奋例句：He was excited to receive the award.二、动名词的固定搭配词组1. 被动意义：be/get + 过去分词/动名词- be interested in：对...感兴趣- be known for：以...而闻名- be involved in：参与到...- get used to：习惯于...- be excited about：对...感到兴奋例句：She is interested in learning new languages.2. 主动意义：动名词 + 宾语- enjoy/consider/practice/avoid/delay + doing：喜欢/考虑/练习/避免/延迟做某事- keep/keep on + doing：继续做某事- suggest/recommend + doing：建议/推荐做某事例句：I enjoy reading books in my free time.三、分词的固定搭配词组1. 过去分词用作形容词- interested/excited/surprised/amazed/confused/scared + 分词：对...感兴趣/兴奋/惊讶/吃惊/困惑/害怕例句：The children were excited to see the fireworks.2. 分词短语作状语- when/while + 分词：当...时候/在...的时候- with + 分词：随着...- without + 分词：没有...例句：While shopping, she saw her old friend.3. 分词短语作定语- a + 分词 + noun：一个...的- the + 分词：那个...- 分词 + noun：...的例句：She bought a book written by her favorite author.总结：非谓语动词的固定搭配词组对于准确地运用非谓语动词非常重要。
非谓语动词作表语,宾补,定语和状语
keeping
staying
exciting
excited
satisfied
1.John’s bad habit is ______ without thorough understanding.A.read B.being read C.to be read D. reading2.Mr Smith, _______ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel.A.tired;boring B.tiring;bored C.tired;bored D.tiring; boring
02
He is the first to get to the classroom.
他是第一个到课室的人。
03
The man shaking hands with Mr.Li visited our school yesterday.
和李先生握手的那个男人昨天参观我们的学校。
America is a developed country.
他爸爸看起来很满意结果。His father seems pleased with the result.
4.他结婚了。He is married.5.学生如果学太多，就会感到困惑。The pupils will get confused if they learn too much.6.那部电影是令人感动。The film is moving.7.我们感动了。We are moved.8.图书馆关门了。The library is closed.9.杯子碎了。The cup was broken.
D
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ______ by the hour.A.pay B.paying C.paid D.to payget paid “被给予酬劳,领工资”
非谓语动词句型总结
非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。
Seeing isbelieving.眼见为实。
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。
It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting,expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no?表“不可能”)There is no telling what he is going to do．说出他要干什么是不可能的。
There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。
5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性)There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶洒了，哭也无用。
动词非谓语形式
动词非谓语形式：一．动词不定式(to)：want/would like/need/try to do sth.wish/ hope /begin/ start/ refuseforget/ remember /decide / plan二．动名词(doing)：finish/enjoy/be busy doing sth./what about/be good at/go on doing/thank you for spend …(in) doing / be interested in / talk about / What’s another way of saying …?feel like doing / stop …(from) doinginstead of doing动名词短语做主语（你能举个例子吗？）三．后跟动词原形(不加to)的动词：why not do sthhad better (not) do sthmake sb (not)do sthlet sb do sthWill/ Would you please (not) do sth?See/ hear/ watch sb do sth四．现在分词和过去分词find sb doing sthhear/see/watch sb doing sthBeethoven worked all night writing down this piece of music.A place called Gum Tree/ a girl called MaryA boy named TomHe heard the sound of children playing in the park.Hurry up! There is little time left.被动语态：It’s written by Bill Gates.A man was killed yesterday.His house was robbed last night.Some of them are are called humans.Do you like reading books written by Lu Xun?五．其它句型：1.have fun doing/have problems doing sth.2.see/watch/hear sb do/doing sth3.My job is to + 动词原形4.find/feel/think it + 形容词(for sb.)+ to do sth.5.It’s + 形容词(for sb) + to do sth.6.It takes sb some time to do sth.7.spend …(in) doing sth.8.too + 形容词(for sb) to do sth9.be + 形容词/副词+ enough to do sth10.疑问词+ 不定式（to do）11.It seems to be + 形容词12.I’m sorry to hear that.13.He is very happy to see his wife.14.I have a lot of homework to do .15.The best time to visit China is spring.16.He came to say goodbye to us.17.start/begin to do/doing sth.18.There is no time to do sth.19.tell/ask sb (not)to do sth.20.can/can’t afford to do sth.21.try/ do one’s best to do sth22.It’s one’s turn to do sth.23.take turns to do sth24.I’m sorry to trouble you.25.be the first to do sth.26.be glad/happy / pleased to do sth.27.happen to do sth.28.It’s nice/kind of you to do sth.29.something to eat /drink30.telephone sb to complain about sth.31.stop to do sth/ stop doing sth32.go on doing sth/ go on to do sth33.get ready to do sth34.go / come /run / hurry off to do sth35.teach sb to do sth.36.They improved the software to make it easier for people to use computers. 练习1.__________you ___________(finish) ___________(pack) your bag half an hourago?2.There ___________(be) an English party next Sunday. Would you like ___________(come)?3.I watched the children ___________(play) football on the playground yesterday.4.All children enjoy ___________(play) computer games.5.His mother is ill. I’m sorry ___________(hear) that.6.My job is ___________(teach) them Chinese.7.___________(watch) TV too much is bad for your eyes.8.Would you like something _________(eat)?9.Who ______________(teach) you English last year? Miss Wang.10.It ______________(rain) hard outside. Y ou’d better ______________(take) anumbrella.11.She has a lot of homework ______________(do) tonight.12.Y ou’d better ______________(not laugh) at us.13.She ___________(find) a job in Y antai, didn’t she?14.She fell down and ______________(break) her leg.15.The radio says the clouds ______________(lift) quickly.16.She came here ______________(say) goodbye to me.17.I found it very hard ______________(climb) the mountain.18.I have an American friend ______________(call) David.19.Is ______________(go) to bed too late bad for your health?20.______________we ______________(play) football this Sunday? OK.21.______________they ______________(have) supper at six yesterday?22.______________(not play) with snow in the street.23.The best time ______________(come) to China is spring.24.Listen! We can hear the girls ____________(sing) in the classroom.25.I keep a diary to help me __________(remember) things.26.Who __________(come) to visit China last month?27.Why __________she __________(not come) to school last week? Because she__________(be) ill in bed.28.He with his parents ______________(go) swimming every day.29.She doesn’t know when ____________(start).30.Try ____________(not be) late again.31.It’s very useful for us ____________(learn) a foreign language.32.The twins planned ____________(go) hiking next Sunday.33.Could I trouble you ____________(pass) me the tea?34.It took him a long time ____________(get) to the top of the mountain.35.Will you please ____________(not take) off your shoes?36.Can you make the kite ___________(fly) high?37.A policeman saw it ____________(happen), he took him to the hospital.38.He liked to play jokes ____________(make) his friends ____________(laugh).39.The boss made the workers _____________(work) over twelve hours a day.40.My father, with my mother is interested in _____________(watch) TV plays.41.Why not ______________(go) the park with me tomorrow?42.The teacher told us ____________(not play) too much computer games.43.His parents stopped him from _______________(play) computer games.44.The writer spent two years ____________(write) a novel.45.We are tired. Let’s stop ______________(have) a rest.46.When she saw me in the street yesterday, she stopped _____________(talk) to me.47.Stop ______________(read) and begin to write the new words. 48.After lunch, we went on ______________(do) our homework.49.She came here ______________(say) goodbye to me.50.After we read the text, we went on _______________(write) the new words.51.His father kept him _______________(stand) in the room for half an hour.52.She was very tired. She didn’t feel like ______________(talk).53.She decided ______________(not go) there the next day.54.The girl found a wallet ______________(lie) on the ground when she passed thegate.55.Do you have fun ______________(play) chess?56.We had some problems ______________(climb) the mountain.57.The ship arrived too late ______________(save) more lives.58.The boy is tall enough ______________(reach) the apples.59.We have no time ______________(do ) our homework.60.It’s our turn ______________(clean) the blackboard.61.I happened ______________(see) an old friend of mine when I was walking in thestreet last week.62.He ran ______________(help) us at once.63.We can afford ______________(buy ) a new computer now.64.There was no time ______________(open) it.65.She spent two hours _____________(wash) the clothes last week.。
非谓语的用法总结
非谓语动词的用法总结李靖非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词,在句中都不能单独作谓语.但都具有动词的某些特点,可以有自己的宾语或状语,构成非谓语动词短语.不定式表目的,表将来；动名词表主动,表进行；过去分词表被动,表完成. 一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数)1）不定式、动名词都可做主语,但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作,可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.如：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险.（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险.2）用动名词做主语的句型:It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间It is worth doing sth 值得做某事It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的.3）不定式做主语的句型.It is + adj +for sb to do sth.比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel/wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现时.It is silly of you to say so.It is important for us to learn English well.It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语.如：When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢.Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题.5）一般情况下,不定式和动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式.如： Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe 眼见为实.. Planting flowers needs constant watering.但and连接的多个动名词作主语,谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致,谓语一般用单数）.如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的.6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构.如：----- What made him angry------ Mary’s /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy’s/ The president’s being late（made him angry.7）过去分词不能单独做主语,前面必须加上being,构成动名词,做主语.如：.Being examined twice a year , whether it is a car, a bus or a truck,.经典练习：1.It’s important for the figures_________ (update) regularly.2.No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ______(remain) silent.3.It’s really stupid of you _______ （tell）him the news yesterdayso it has been disturbing him all the time.4.___________(understand)your own needs and styles of communicationis as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.5.__________(worry) about your grades doesn’t help.6.The engine just won’t start. Something seems _____ (go) wrong withit.参考答案：1. to update 2. to remain 3. to have told 4.understanding 5. worrying go改错题：一个句子最多有一处错误1. It’s standard practice for a company like this one employ a security officer.2. Hear how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.3. Know basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.4. Do well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.told us whether have a picnic was still under discussion.prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.参考答案：1. 在employ前加to 2. Hear 改为Hearing 3. Know 改为Knowing4. Do 改为Doing5. have 前加to6. prevent 前加to.二.作定语1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需要有相应的介词,如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in2) 用不定式作定语的几种情况：a. 不定式表将来如：The car to be bought is for his sister.b. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any,the only 等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系, 如：He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.c. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式做定语,常见的有：promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness, willingness, readiness等I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.He said he had no plan to go there.He made an attempt to stand up.Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.3) 前置定语：V+ing 可以表示正在进行,也可以表示特征；过去分词表示已经完成或状态请区别下面短语：the boiling/ boiled water. 正沸腾的水(表正在进行)/白开水（表完成）a good-looking flower. 一朵好看的花儿（表特征）the developing countries/ the developed countries 发展中国家/发达国家the falling leaves / the fallen leaves正在下落的叶子/落叶the remaining money/ the money left 剩下的钱注意：英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人感到…..的”,过去分词形式表示“感到….的”如：an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 一个兴奋的声音a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情 a puzzled expression 一个困惑的表情4）区别下列后置定语的用法：to be done 表示被动、将来；done 表示被动、完成；being done 表示被动、正在进行；v+ing 表示主动；动词的系表结构直接去掉动词be;如果是不及物动词或者是感官系动词sound/taste/ feel/ smell/ look 和变化系动词就只有用V+ing形式.Have you read the novel written by DickensListen The song being sung is very popular with students.The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.The food tasting delicious sells well.注意：不定式在后置定语中只表示将来,不表目的；having dong 或者having been done 一般用在状语中,不可以做后置定语,过去分词本身就表被动和完成.请完成下面的练习are many people ______ (wait) outside the hall.are many problems ______ ( remain) to be solved.flowers _______ (smell) sweet attract a lot of people.are many people _______ (invite) to the party.film, ______ (set) in the 19th century, won the medal.meeting_________(hold) now is of great importance.meeting_________(hold) yesterday was of great importance.meeting ________ (hold) tomorrow is of great importance.is always the first_______ (come) and the last _______ (leave).is the only person ________(know) the truth.was the best ______ (do) the job.13. A great number of students _________(question) said they were forcedto practice the piano.14. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter_____(offer) it to him.15. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in theenvelope ______ (provide)16. Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______(stay)away.17. The room is empty except for a bookshelf_____（stand）in one corner.18. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, therewas a pile of mail______(wait) for her.19. They might just have a place _____ (leave) on the writing course—whydon’t you give it a try20. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ____(use) indaily conversations.21. Volunteering gives you a chance _______ (change) lives, includingyour own.参考答案： . smelling 5. set held 8. to be held 9. to come 10.to leave know do 13. questioned 14. offering 15. provided16. to stay 17. standing 18. waiting 19. left 20. used 21.to leave 22. to change三.作表语(不定式/动名词/过去分词都可以做表语)1.动名词作表语表示抽象的概念性的动作,可以是多次的经常性的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作例如：比较下列区别His favorite sport is swimming. (泛指游泳)Your task today is to wash the curtains.(指一次具体的工作)2 .excited/disappointed/frightened/pleased/satisfied/interested/puz zled/tired 感到…exciting/disappointing/frightening/pleasing/satisfying/interestin g/puzzling/tiring令人….He is moved by the moving movie.The film is moving.It is a pleasant trip.（pleasant 做前置定语）The trip is pleasing.（pleasing 做表语）3. 注意下列表达方式：My bag is missing/ lost/ gone. I find my bag missing/lost/gone.4. remain 的表语1) remain to be done 仍需去做/有待于…One problem remians to be solved.It remians to be seen whether the operation was successful.2) remain做“仍然是”讲时,可用名词,adj,介词,现在分词或者过去分词作表语He remained stuck (滞留)abroadPeter became a manager, but Jack remained a worker.Whatever achievements you’ve made, you should remain modest.无论你取得多么大的成就,你都该保持谦虚.He had to remain in hospital until he was better. 他不得不一直住院直到身体好些.This solid stone,square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.The guests came in, but she remained sitting/seated at the desk reading.客人们都来了,但她还坐在写字台旁读书.As before, he remained unmoved. 他和以往一样无动于衷.注意：1）用作不及物动词,意思是“剩下；剩余；遗留”,此时不能用进行时态,也没有被动语态.After the fire, very little remained of his house. 火灾过后,他的家所剩无几.2)remaining是形容词,意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语；而left则只能作后置定语.例如：There are still some apples left. 还剩余一些苹果. I bought a giftfor her with the remaining money. 我用剩余的钱给她买了一件礼物.3) remain作名词时表示“剩余物”,一般用其复数形式.例如：The archeologists found some remains of the Song Dynasty.考古学家发现了一些宋代遗迹.5. 1)主语+seem +(to be )+表语,表语多为名词或形容词Tom seems (to be ) a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩.The man over there seems to be a new teacher. 那边的那个人看上去像一个新老2) 主语+ seem to do sthbe doing sthhave done sthMrs. Green doesn’t seem (或seems not ) to like the idea. 格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意.The children seemed to be eating something in the room. 孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢.The young man seemed to have changed much. 这个年轻人看起来变化很大.6. 当不定式用作表语时,其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的.如：His aim is t o do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作.但有一种例外,那就是当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to.如：What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour. 你先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好.All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke. 我只不过碰了一下窗户,玻璃就碎了经典练习1. My worry is your _______ (rely) too much on your parents.2. Please remain ______ (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and thephone are important in staying________( connect)答案：四.作宾语(不定式和动名词都可以作宾语)1.只能用动名词作宾语的动词和短语考虑、建议和原谅,承认、推迟没得想像避免、继续练,否认完成停感谢不禁止介意准逃亡consider（考虑）;advise/suggest/propose/recommend(建议);excuse/pardon(原谅)；admit/acknowledge(承认)；delay/postpone/put off(推迟); imagine/fancy(想像)；avoid（避免）；practise（练习）;deny(否认);finish(完成); appreciate/acknowledge(感谢); forbid (禁止); mind(介意); escape(逃脱)；此外,这些动词也跟动名词：miss（错过）；enjoy（享受）；risk (冒险)；tolerate/bear/stand/put up with(容忍)；quit（停止）advocate（提倡）；resist （抵制）understand（理解）；allow/permit(允许)feel like doing sth（喜欢做某事; give up doing (放弃做某事); keep doing(不停的做某事); be busy doing sth; can’t help doing sth（情不自禁）; be worth doing sth (值得做某事)；have difficulty/trouble doing sth(做...有困难/麻烦); have a hard/good time doing sth做.... 很开心/不开心; have fun doing sth 做.... 很开心 succeed in doing sth 成功做某事It is no use/good /pleasure doing sth做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣There is no point in doing sth= There is no need to do sth 没必要做某事It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间It is worthwhile doing/ to do sth = be worthy to be done= be worthy of being done= be worth doing sth值得做某事2.只能用不定式作宾语的动词决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help,(afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten口诀之外的单词)She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.3. forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别.forget to do sth _________________ forget doing sth ______________________ go on to do sth __________________go on doing sth ______________________ mean to do sth____________________ mean doing sth___________________ regret to say/tell/inform/announce__________________________________ regret doing sth/having done________________________________________ remember to do sth_________________ remember doing sth________________ stop to do sth______________________ stop doing sth____________________ try to do sth______________________ try doingsth_________________________can’t help (to) do sth __________________ can’t help doing sth__________________can’t help but do sth =can’t but do sth ___________________sb used to do sth ___________________ sb be used to doing sth____________________sth be used to do sth ________________________be afraid to do sth不敢做某事 be afraid of doing sth担心发生某事be sure to do sth一定会.....be sure of doing sth确信会.....Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课.说明前面已学了一部分.）Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课.说明前面已学了第五课.）I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习.）I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事.）I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里.）I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次.）Stop speaking. （不要讲话.）He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话.）I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来.）Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）4.在allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语：allow /advise/forbid/permit sb to do sthallow/advise/forbid/permit doing sthWe don’t allow smoking here.We don’t allow students to smoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做,这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义.be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义.…需要….…值得….deserve to be done/ doing …..值得….The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.Her method is worth trying.These proposals deserve considering/ to be considered. 这些建议应该被考虑.devote oneself/ one’s time to (把...贡献给...)；look forward to (期望)；pay attention to (注意)； attach importance to (重视)； be used/accustomed to (习惯于做某事)；when it comes to (当谈到做某事) ; get down to(着手)；prefer doing sth to doing sth（喜欢...而不喜欢; turn to doing sth(转向)；thanks to (多亏); lead to (导致)；the key to doing sth (做某事的关键)；object to/be opposed to (反对)；contribute to (有助于)；be addicted to doing sth (沉湎于；对...上瘾)；make contributions to (对...做出贡献) ；due to （由于）；apply oneself to (致力于) ；stick to（坚持）；come close to （接近于）等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.6.不定式做动词（词组）tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时,前面常常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等,但是why后加不带to的不定式.He showed us how to do the work= He showed us how we should do the work.I don’t know what to do= I don’t know what I should do.We must decide whether to stay or go= We must decide whether we’ll stay or go.Can you tell me why do it7.在love,hate,prefer,like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别.有时用动名词作宾语时,指一般情况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为.I love swimming. I love to swim today.,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式.It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.典型例题1. David threatened _____(report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.2. He chose _______(keep) silent when asked why.3. He volunteered _________(help) the victims in the earthquake.4. Whenever you are in trouble, don’t hesitate _______(ask) me for help.5. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need ______(repair).6. —Can I smoke here—Sorry. We don’t allow ______(smoke) here.7. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______(promote) when we talked on the phone.8. Bill suggested _______(hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.9. I really appreciate _______(have) time to holiday with you on this nice island.10. I can hardly imagine her _______(marry) such a men as Lee.11. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ________(go) for a swim12. The film star wears sunglass. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______(recognize).13. —They are quiet, aren’t they—Yes, they are accustomed to not talk at meals.14. How can I afford to fly to America when I can only earn 800 Yuan a month.15. Would you mind turn down your radio a little, please16. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed caught.17. He practiced playing the piano every morning.18. He risked losing his life in order to save the drowning girl.19. He was considering changed his mind.20. He was considered to be very rich.21. D on’t worry. We can manage to help you out.22. I was advised to quit the job and try a new one.23. We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to be done to achieve the final success.24. One learns a language by making mistakes and correct them.25. China recently tightened its waters controls near the HuangYan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from attacked in the South China Sea.26. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and having reduced to ruins, the city took on a new look.27. When it comes to speak in public, no one can match him.28. Lydia doesn’t feel like study abroad. Her parents are old.29. I really regret _____ (inform) you that you have failed to pass the exam.30. He tried ______(persuade) her to accept their incitation, but in vain.31. She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.32. I still remember taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.33. No one answered the front door, so I tried knocking at the back door.34. I’m afraid I can’t help painting the house this afternoon.35. I couldn’t choose but to accept his invitation.36. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean hurt you.37. Now that we have finished Exercise I, let’s go on to do Exercise Ⅱ.38. I couldn’t help but admiring him for his courage.39. Oh, my goodness I forgot to lock the door last night. Is there anything missing40. I forgot paid already, so I went to my boss again.41. The competitor never dreamed of there __________ (be) a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100 meter race.42. Have you heard of my sister _______ (win) the contest43. The doctor does not mind I eating a little meat occasionally.44. She didn’t mind her books taken away and used by other students.45. I insist on Mary go there.46. I knew nothing about the window was open.47. He left the city without our know it.答案：report 2. to keep 3. to help ask been promoted 10. marrying recognized 改为taking 14.正确改为turning 前加being 17.正确 18.正确改为changing 20.正确 21.正确 22.正确 23.正确改为correcting 前加being 改为being 改为speaking 改为studying inform persuade 31.正确前加being 33.正确改为paint 35.去掉to 36.正确 37.正确 39.正确前加being 改为my或me 前加being 改为going,或去掉on 改为being 改为knowing五．作状语不定式分词作状语时,不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,不定式表示目的,动名词表示主动,过去分词表示被动.(一)不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语In order to可以放在句首,也可以放在句中；so as to 只能放于句中,in order to 和so as to 放于句中时,不能用逗号隔开.To catch the early bus/In order to catch the early bus, he gets up early.= He gets up early to catch the early bus.Bob took down my telephone number so as / in order not to forget it. = In order not to forget it, Bob took down my telephone number.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so+adj +as to do sth; such+n +as to do sth; …enough to do sth; too….to; Only to do sth表示不定式出乎意料的结果.I’m not so stupid as to write it down.=I’m not such a fool as to write it down.He is clever enough to be fit for the job.Jane arrived at the station only to be told the train had gone.比较：He died, leaving only debts.(动名词表示自然而然的结果)I’m too tired to stay up longer.注意：only too…to结构中,并非是“太….而不能….”之意,而表示“非常….”这样搭配的形容词有：pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy等.I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格了,我非常高兴.I’m too willing to help you.3.不定式作原因状语当这些形容词light, heavy, hard/difficult, easy, comfortable, pleasant, dangerous impossible, interesting nice等出现时要用主动表被动.This question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.（二）分词做状语分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状语等,为了强调,可以与while, when, once, if , unless等连词连用.(not)V+ing 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系V+ed 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系(not) having done 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系；动作发生在谓语动作之前(not)having been done表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系; 动作发生在谓语动作之前1. When ________ (offer) help, one often says “Thank you”or “It’s kind of you.(Separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.3. Generally speaking, if _______(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.4. He glanced at her, ________( note) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.5. The teacher came into the lab, _________(follow) by some students.6. _________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.7. Not _______________(receive) her letter, he wrote again.参考答案： 2. Separated 3. taken 4. noting 5. followed 6. Having been told7. having received(三) 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说 strictly/ honestly/frankly speaking 严格地、诚实地、坦率地讲considering/ given/taking… into consideration 考虑到judging from/by 根据....判断compared with/to 与....相比provided/ providing/ suppose/ supposing/ assuming 假设to be frank/ to tell you the truth/ to be honest 坦率地说、跟你说实话、老实说To make things/ the matter worse 更为糟糕的是seeing that 鉴于Considering his age, he is quite tall.Judging from his look, he didn’t agree with you at all.I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make things worse, it began to rain.To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.练习：1).______ (sleep) late in the morning, he turned off the alarm o’clock.2)._______(see) from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.3) ._______(see) the sunset from the hill, he felt relaxed.4). _______(clean) the desks, we began reading.5).__________(surround) for a month, the enemy had to give in.6). ___________(lose) in the woods, he finally saved by the police.7) .All the afternoon he worked with the door_______(lock).8).With winter_______(come) on,it's time to buy warm clothes.9).I can't go out with all these dishes________(wash).10).Anderson was lying on the bed with the window________(open).11).He stood there with his eyes ______(fix) on the wall.12).He felt relaxed, with his work _______(do).13). He felt anxious, with a lot of work________(do)参考答案：1) to sleep; 2) seen; 3) seeing; 4) Having cleaned; 5) having been surrounded; 6) lost7) locked 8) coming 9) to wash 10) open 11).fixed 12) done 13) to do总结状语从句的做题方法：(四)独立主格非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该和句子主语保持一致.但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中做状语,我们称之为独立主格.它的结构特点是：①独立主格中的状语有自己独立的主语,与主句的主语不同,前后主语不一致；②在独立主格中的状语中,不定式表示还未作,过去分词表示被动；现在分词表示主动③独立主格结构一般都有逗号与主句分开. 独立主格的结构为：(with)主语+V+ing/v+ed/ to do sth/ adj/ 介词结构/ 副词1).名词/主格代词+现在分词.名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系.如：The girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.= With the girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好.Time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.= _______________________________________________________如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游.2).名词/主格代词+过去分词.名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系.如：The problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.= With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了. Her glasses broken (= because her g lasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. =__________________________________________________________________.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字.3).名词/主格代词+不定式.名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作.如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.= He is going to make a model plane, with some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型.4).名词/主格代词+形容词.如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还.= An air accident happened to the plane, with nobody alive.So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. =_____________________________这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消.5).名词/主格代词+副词.如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out.= He put on his sweater , with wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了.The meeting over, they all went home.=____________________________________________.会议一结束,他们就都回家了.6).名词/主格代词+介词短语.如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.= The boy goes to the classroom, with a book in his hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室.Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门. 7). There being +名词（代词）,being不可省.如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了.There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会.8). It being +名词（代词）,being不可省.如：It being Christmas, t he government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息.当不定式用作介词except或but的宾语时,该不定式有时带 to,有时不带 to,情形比较复杂,大致原则是：其前有do,不定式不带 to；其前没有 do,不定式通常带 to.如：He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外,他什么都不喜欢.It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果.There’s little we can do except wait. 除了等待我们没有什么办法.I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,没有别的办法重点句型：have no choice/alternative but to do sth 别无选择只能做某事 have nothing to do but do sth / can do nothing but do sth别无选择只能做某事经典例题：1.I looked up and noticed a snake ______(wind) its way up the tree to catchits breakfast.2.Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car_______(wash).3.Having finished her project, she was invited _______(speak) by the schoolto the new students.4.When we saw the road _______(block) with snow, we decided to spend theholiday at home.5.Let those in need ______(understand) that we will go all out to help them.6.He is thought ______(act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blamefor losing the job.7.Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles ______(recognize).8.I was advised _______(take) more exercise and eat less sugar.9.That eight-year-old boy was made _________(work) day and night by thecruel boss.10.When he went back to his home village ten years later, he found itcompletely _____(change).11.Passengers are permitted ______(carry) only one piece of hand luggageonto the plane.12.Simon made a big bamboo box _____(keep) the little sick bird till it couldfly.13.Listen Do you hear someone call for help14.I felt something hitting me on the back.15.Let the children quiet, please.16.He was heard leave the house.17.I’ll have him to pay attention to his handwriting.18.Don’t have the students study all day.19.All that set me thinking.20.He got his tooth pull out yesterday.21.He was caught steal in the shop and was sent to prison.22.I found my desk mate, Li Yang, play basketball on the playground.23.Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himselfreminding of his own dreams.24.Even the best writers find themselves losing for words.25.Claire had luggage _______ (check) an hour before her plane left.26.I have a lot of readings ________ (complete) before the end of this term.27.Every year, Tom remembers to have some flowers ________ (send) to hermother on her birthday.28.The director had her assistant _______ (pick) up some hot dogs for themeeting.29.The two men had their lights ________ (burn) all night long.30.He had his house _______ (break) into last night.31.With the world changing fast, we have something new deal with all byourselves every day.32.Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls join up.33.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but meet an even greatchallenge.34.He had all his students to stand up and sing the song together.35.They had the machine run all day and all night.36.We won’t have such a thing happening again.37.Something has gone wrong with my computer. I’ll get it _________ (repair)tomorrow.38.It’s too noisy outside. I’ll have to get the children ___________ (stop)shouting.39.The first thing he did every morning was to get his car____________(start).40.He was very humorous and often got us ________ (laugh).41.Considering his illness, the doctor tried to get the patient stop smoking.42.His sudden appearance got them surprising.43.He got his ankle hurt in the game yesterday.44.The boss got them worked as soon as they entered the workshop.答案：1.winding 3. to speak 4. blocked 5. understand 6. to have acted 8. to take 9. to work 10. changed 11. to carry 12. to keep13. call改为calling 14. hitting改为hit 15. quiet前加be 16. leave 前加to 17.去掉pay前的to18.study改为studying 19. 正确 20. pull改为pulled 21. steal改为stealing改为playing 23. reminding改为reminded 24. losing改为lost 25. checkedcomplete 27. sent 28. pick 29. burning 30. broken 31. deal前加to 32. join改为joined33.meet前加to 34. 去掉to 35. run改为running 36. 正确 37. repaired38. to stop39.started 40. laughing 41. stop 前加to 42. surprising改为surprised43. 正确改为working。
非谓语动词时态和语态的结构及短语
非谓语动词时态和语态的结构1. 不定式有哪些时态和语态呢？主动被动一般时to do to be done进行时to be doing 无完成时to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing 无2. 动名词的时态和语态主动被动一般时doing being done完成时having done having been done 3. 分词的时态和语态主动被动现在分词一般时doing being done现在分词完成时having done having been done 过去分词无done中考英语非谓语动词总结一．接动词不定式（to do/ do sth）1. do nothing but do sth除了做某事外不做任何事2. be supposed to do sth应该做某事；被期望干某事3. Let's (not ) do sth4.want to do sth5.want sb to do sth7.ask sb (not ) to do sth8.stop to do sth停下来去做某事9.tell sb (not ) to do sth10.watch sb do sth观察某人做某事11.It's time (for sb) to do sth到了该去做某事的时间12.help sb (to ) do sth13.help do sth14.make sb do sth15.decide (not ) to do sth决定做某事16.find it +adj + to do sth17.have to do sth必须做某事18.try (not ) to do sth尽力做某事19.try one's best to do sth尽某人最大能力做某事20.It's +adj +(for)of +sb + to do sth21.plan to do sth计划去做某事22.S.p.+be a good place to do sth23.It takes sb +some time + to do sth做某事花费某人多长时间24.send sb to do sth派某人做某事25.invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事26.forget to do sth忘记要去做某事27.live to be +时间活到…28.be able to do sth能够做某事29.have sth to do 有事要做30.seem to do sth似乎做；好像31.get sb /sth to do sth32.疑问词+ to do sth33.need sth to do sth需要……做某事e sth to do sth用某物来做某事35.follow sb to dosth跟随某人做某事36.need to do sth需要做某事37.a good time to do sth做某事的好时候38.the best time to do sth 做某事的最好时间39.the best way to do sth做某事最好的方法40.be the first / last one to do sth最后一个或者第一个(人或事吧)去做某事41.would like to do sth想要做某事42.be excited /surprised to do sth对做某事感到兴奋43.be useful to do sth有助于做某事44.be allowed to do sth被允许做某事45.allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事46.It's better to do sth干某事比较好47.It's best to do sth48.take care (not) to do sth小心(不要)做某事49.see sb do sth看见某人做了某事50.why not do sth ?51.have enough time to do sth有足够的时间干某事52.too…to do sth太…以至于不能53.not…enough to do sth 不-----足够做某事54.encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人做某事55.choose to do sth选择做某事56.wait to do sth等着做某事57.be happy/glad/pleased to do sth高兴做某事58.make it +adj + to do sth59.be careful to do sth小心做某事60.be afraid to do sth害怕去做某事61.It's our duty to do sth做某事是我们的责任ed to do sth过去常做某事63.can't afford to do sth不能担负起干某事64.make a decision to do sth决定做某事65.have an opportunity to do sth有做某事的机会66.wait for sb to do sth等待某人做某事67.would do sth rather than do sth宁愿做某事不愿做某事68.would rather do sth than do sth宁愿做某事不愿做某事69.hurry to do sth匆忙去做某事70.refuse to do sth拒绝干某事71.agree to do sth同意干某事72.pretend to do sth假装做某事73.pretend to be doing sth假装正在做某事74.prefer to do sth更喜欢做某事75.prefer not to do sth76.prefer to do sth raher than do sth77.be willing to do sth乐意去做某事78.volunteer +时间/ 钱+ to do sth79.volunteer to do sth自愿去做某事80.offer to do sth提出要做…81.rush to do sth赶着做某事82.in order (not ) to do sth为了做某事83.be certain to do sth一定做…84.be sure to do sth一定会做某事85.make plans to do sth制定计划做某事86.go out of one’s way to do sth特别费心地（为某人）做某事87.lead sb to do sth致使某人做某事88. warn sb to do sth警告某人做某事89.It's one's turn to do sth该轮到某人做某事90.urge sb to do sth敦促某人做某事91.Could /Would you please (not) do sth ? 请你（不要）做某事好吗？92.it is great fun to do sth做…很有趣二、接动名词（doing sth）1.like doing sth3.have great fun doing sth做…玩得很高兴4.be interested in doing sth对做某事感兴趣5.Thanks for doing sth感谢某人做某事6.look at sb doing sth看到某人做某事7.stop sb doing sth阻止某人做某事8.stop sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事9.go + v-ing10.do the (some )+v-ing11.What/How doing sth ?12.practice doing sth练习做某事13.watch sb doing sth观察某人正在做某事14.find sb doing sth发现某人正在做某事15.mind (one's ) doing sth介意（某人）做某事。
非谓语动词的六大用法
非谓语动词的六大用法在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，充当句子主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语而不能起谓语作用的动词，是动词的非谓语形式，又叫作非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有动词不定式（to do）、动词-ing形式和过去分词（done）。
一、动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语1.不定式作主语表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来动作；动词的-ing形式作主语表示经常性、习惯性动作或已经发生的动作。
To remember these words today is our main task. 今天记住这些单词是我们的主要任务。
Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old . 散步对年轻人和老年人都是很好的运形式。
Suffering is the most powerful teacher of life.苦难是人生最伟大的老师。
Being laughed at in the public made him angry. 在公共场所被嘲笑使他很生气。
2.不定式和动词的-ing形式作主语的常用句型1) 不定式作主语的句型①It is +形容词(名词) to doIt is better to be safe than sorry. 事后追悔不如事前稳妥。
It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open. 开设店铺易，维持常开难。
It is necessary to complete the design before National Day.在国庆节前完成设计是必要的。
It is very important to follow the rules.遵守规则是非常重要的。
It’s a waste of time to do that. 干那件事是浪费时间。
It is a great art to laugh at your own misfortune. 对己之不幸付之一笑，这是一门伟大的艺术。
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一.含有ing句型:
1. keep doing 坚持做某事
2. practise doing sth. 练习做某事
3. keep sb. doing 使某人一直做某事
4. enjoy doing 喜欢做某事
5. finish doing 完成做某事
6. be afraid of doing 害怕做某事
7. (sth)be worth doing 值得做
8. be busy doing 忙于做某事
9. how about doingfeel like doing 想做某事
12. stop/keep/prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事
13. thank sb for doing 感谢某人做某事
14. thanks for doing 感谢做某事
15. do some cooking/cleaning/reading/shopping/washing
做点饭/打扫一下卫生/读点书/逛逛街/洗洗衣服16. go swimming/fishing/shopping/skating/boating
去游泳/钓鱼/逛街/滑冰/划船
17. mind doing 介意做某事
18. prefer doing … to doing… 比起做某事更喜欢做某事
19. can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事
20. have fun/difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
做某事有趣、有困难、有困难、有困难
21. waste time/money doing 浪费时间、钱做某事
22. instead of doing 代替做某事
23. miss doing 错过做某事
二、含有不带to的动词不定式句型：
1. had better (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事
2. would you please (not) do sth. 你可以做某事吗
3. why not do sth. 为什么不做某事
4. why don’t you do sth. 为什么你不做某事
5. Shall we do sth. 我们要做某事吗
6. let sb do sth. 让某人做某事
7. make/have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
含有带to的动词不定式句型：
1. It’s time to do sth. 现在是做某事的时候了
2. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人时间
3. tell/ask/want/encourage/invite/ sb. to do sth.
告诉、叫、想、鼓励、邀请某人做某事
4. Would you like to do sth. 你想做某事吗/
5. It’s good/bad to do sth. 做某事好、不好
6. It’s good/bad for do sth. 某人做某事好、不好
7. be+adj.+enough to do sth. 足够+形容词做某事
8. sb. is ready to do sth. 某人准备好做某事
9. It’s+adj.+ for sb. to do sth.对某人来说做某事怎么样
10. It’s+adj.+ of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事,某人怎么样11. would like/love /decide/want/wish/to do sth. 想/喜欢/决定/想/希望做某事
12. would like/love sb. to do sth. 想、喜欢某人做某事
13. Prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I prefer to stay at home rather than go out. 我宁愿呆在家里不愿出去
14. how/ when/where/whether to do sth
怎么/什么时候/在哪里/要不要做某事
15. can’t wait to do 迫不及待做某事
16. too … to do … 太怎么样而不能做某事
17. be afraid /ready/able/sure to do
害怕/准备/能够/确定做某事
18. seem to do 似乎做某事
四、既用带to的动词不定式又用ing形式的句型：
to do/ doing 停下来做另一件事停止做某事
to do/ doing 忘记做某事忘记做过某事
to do/doing 记住做某事记得做过某事
on to do/doing 继续做另一件事继续做某事
to do/doing 喜欢做某事（临时、长期）
to do/doing 喜欢做某事（临时、长期）
to do/doing 更喜欢做某事（临时、长期）
to do/doing 讨厌做某事（临时、长期）
五、下列结构用带to的动词不定式和ing形式含义相同：
to do/doing 开始做某事
to do/doing 开始做某事
to do/doing 继续做某事
六、既用不带to的动词不定式又用现在分词的句型：
用不带to的动词不定式强调动作的完成过程；用现在分词强调动作的进行状态。
sb do sth./doing 听见某人做了某事/听见某人正在做某事
to sb do sth./doing 听某人做了某事/听某人正在做某事
at sb do sth./doing 看某人做了某事/ 看某人正在做某事sb do sth./doing 看见某人做了某事/看见某人正在做某事
sb do sth./doing 观察某人做了某事/观察某人正在做某事
sb do sth./doing 注意到某人做了某事/注意到某人正在做某事。