facts and details (negative facts) 托福英语阅读理解技巧-细节事实题
写作：facts_and_opinions(议论文基础)
The big girls need not have worried. PamA cbaausgehbat lelvgearmy eb.all hit to her in
right field and swung the bat well
enough to get two hitas.
13
Thirteen
What people hear is a fact. What people see is a fact. What people believe is an opinion.
a
6
Which are facts and which are opinions?
1)My father’s picture was in the newspaper
Facts and opinions
--What is a Fact? --What is an Opinion? --Use facts to support opinions.
a
1
A Fact or An Opinion?
Read the following sentences and Write F if it is a fact or O if it is an opinion.
2) yesterday. F
2) Lily seems nervous about the game with
Westwood. O
3) MS. Johnson is in charge of the school
science exhibition. F
4) That cake was much too sweet. o
side. “One Foot in the Future and One Foot in the
新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
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新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
新托福阅读考试中偶尔会出现的“新题型”往往会令很多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不过新托福考试教师认为大家对“新题型”完全没必要可怕，下面托我就将给我们具体分析新托福阅读考试OG中没出现的各种“新题型”。
新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
其实这些新题型并不是进入2021年，2021年以或者是2021年新出现的题型。
这些题型其实是新托福考试自从诞生之日起，就已经出现了的题型，但是由于ETS的官方指南始终没有将这部分题型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出现之后，才渐渐被人们知晓的，在这之前，只有传言，但是都是捕风捉影。
话不多说，妙文开始!
新托福考试OG列出了阅读的10种题型：
1. Factual information questions (纯粹详情)
2. Negative factual information questions (否认详情)
3. Inference questions (推理题)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辞目的题)
5. Vocabulary questions (词汇题)
6. Reference questions (指代题)
7. Sentence simplification questions (〔句子〕简化题)
8. Insert text question (句子插入题)
9. Prose summary (内容
第1页共1页。
新托福阅读题型详细解析(下)
新托福阅读题型详细解析（下）根据美国ETS发行的新托福考试官方指南，在新托福阅读考试中共有十种题型，我们现在就来对这十种题型进行一个详细的介绍和评价。
希望备考的考生们能通过这篇评价，对于托福阅读考试有一个准确的把握。
阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPESBasic Information and Inference questions （12 to 14 questions per set ）1． Factual Information questions （3 to 6 questions per set ）细节题2． Negative Factual Information questions （0 to 2 questions per set ）排除题3． Inference questions （ 0 to 2 questions per set ）推断题4． Rhetorical Purpose questions （ 0 to 2 questions per set ）修辞目的题5． Vocabulary questions （ 3 to 5 questions per set ）词汇题6． Reference questions （ 0 to 2 questions per set ）指代题7． Sentence Simplification questions （ 0 to 1 questions per set ）简化句子题8． Insert Text questions （ 0 to 1 questions per set ）插入句子题Reading to Learn questions （1 question per set ）9． Prose Summary 文章内容小结题10． Fill in a Table 完成图表题其中，前八种为微观题，解题不需要联系文章主旨。
托福阅读常考词汇题解题技巧
托福阅读常考词汇题解题技巧托福阅读常考词汇题解题技巧词汇题常见题目形式：The word/phrase…in the passage is closest in meaning to…The word/phrase…in the passage means…The word/phrase…in paragraph…Refers to…what is…?或许，很多同学会说我的词汇量非常有限，在考试中遇到这种词汇题，如果不认识就无计可施，只能靠第六感了。
其实，托福阅读中涉及到的词汇题还是有一定的解题规律的，以下将分两种类型进行讲解：一、熟悉的词汇当所考词汇是你认识的词时，分两步：直接在所给的四个选项中找出相近词;将选定的选项代入考察词汇所在的原文语境中，验证是否符合句意，以防止一词多义的情况。
例如：TPO-5中的一篇文章Minerals and Plants中的第二题：2. The word "exhibit" in the passage is closest in meaning toA. fight offB. showC. causeD. spread解题过程：这是一道词汇题。
所考词汇exhibit是高频词汇，它的基本意思是“展示、显示”。
因此，选项Bshow是exhibit的同义词;将其代入exhibit所在的语境中进行验证，原句“Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit manyof the symptoms just described.”可提取主干(Plants exhibitsymptoms)，将选项B代入即“植物显示症状”符合语境，因此，选项B正确。
二、不认识的词汇遇到不认识的词汇，千万不要归因于自己词汇量不足，无计可施进而放弃。
托福阅读中的词汇题存在一定的推理规律，这时候要采取以下措施：找到考察词汇所在的句子，寻找推理线索(95%的词汇题都暗含线索)，由线索得出的关联信息，分析句意或主干进行推理判断及排除。
facts and details (negative facts) 托福英语阅读理解技巧-细节事实题
amount of calories that a baby does. 4 the amount B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice 图表题 of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker requires the same amount of 根据文章图表，依次验证A、B、 calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does. C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。 D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount 很容易找出 C worker does. of calories that an office符合图表内容。
Not long ago. My wife, PJ, and I tried a new diet—not to lose a little weight but to answer ____________________________ an annoying question about climate change. _______________________________ 7. Why did the author and his wife try a new diet? A. To take special kinds of food 原因 B. To respond to climate change. C. To lose weight D. To improve their health
常见设题方式：
1.According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___? 2.Which of the following statements is correct/true?（三误一正） 3.Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?（三正一误） 4 The author ( or the passage) states that___. 5 …..
新TOEFL托福iBT阅读题型与解题方法
新TOEFL阅读题型及解题方法新托福（托福iBT）● 2005 年9 月，美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球推出新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。
● TOEFL iBT能够反映学生在一流大专院校的教学和校园生活中的语言应用能力。
加试●出现在听力或阅读部分，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。
●加试部分不算分，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试。
●阅读和听力考试之后有10 分钟休息时间。
新TOEFL阅读部分In TOEFL test, there are usually 13 to 14 questions for each passage and the question types can be summarized as the following.1.Factual questions(3-6 questions per set)2.Negative Factual questions(0-2 questions per set)3.Inference Questions(0-2 questions per set)4.Rhetorical Purpose Questions(0-2 questions per set)5.Sentence Insertion Questions(1 question per set)6.Sentence Reference Questions(0-2 questions per set)7.Sentence Restatement Questions(1 question per set)8.Prose Summary Questions(1 question per set)9.Fill in a Table Questions(1 question per set)10.Vocabulary Questions(0-3 questions per set)1. FQ (Factual questions)Definition: FQ ask about explicit facts and details in the passage. They often contain: who, what, when, where, why. For FQ, the information needed for an answer is directly stated somewhere in the passage.Characteristics: FQ often begin with the following1.According to the passage,2.According to the information in paragraph 23.What does the author say aboutTips for FQ:1.Focus on one or two key words from the question, they might be DATE, NAMEand other nouns so on2.Scan the passage and look only for these words as you scroll down3.The questions usually follow the order of the passage, therefore, usually scrolldown form the last questions you answered, you do not need to read the entire passage again4.Underline the sentences where contain the key words, read preceding andfollowing sentences as well.2. Negative Factual Questions (NFQ)Definitions: NFQ ask you to determine which of the four answer choices is not given in the passage. It often contains words, NOT, EXCEPT, LEAST. They always appear in Uppercases.Characteristics: NFQ often begin with the following structures1.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?3.Which of the following is LEAST likely?Tips for NFQ1.Read the questions first, locate key words.e Key Words technique to look for the information in the passage related witheach answer3.Identify the answer that is not mentioned in the passagesExercise I: Locate the key words for the following sentences:1.What story is told about the first dentist in the North American colonies?2.People in which of the following occupations probably did NOT practiceemergency dentistry?3.What materials did Paul Revere use to make artificial teeth?4.How many students graduated in the first class to study dentistry in the UnitedStates?5.How is the building that housed the first dental school in the United States atpresent?6.According to the passage, what were ”Negative spray” and “Vitalized Air”?7.In what year did William Morton demonstrated ether?8.Which of the following is NOT one of the problems that X rays can indicate?9.What were …dental engines‟?10.How did the dental drills that were developed in the 1950‟s reduce heat and pain? III. Inference questionsDefinition: These questions require you to make inferences according to the information provided in the passages. The answers to these questions are not directly stated anywhere in the passage, but it can be inferred.Characteristics: The questions usually contain the words infer or imply1.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?2.In paragraph..., the author implies that…?3.It can be concluded from the information in paragraph…that…4.The author suggests that:Types of Inference:Infer in reverse direction1.Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, sproutsof oil, or gushers, were common in the past.Which of the following can be inferred about the gushers?A.They make bringing the oil to the surface easierB.They signal the presence of huge oil reservesC.They waste more oil in the pastD.They are unlikely to occur nowadays2.The story of the western movement of population in the United States is, in themain, the story of the expansion of agriculture- of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life enter a national market economyWhat can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 18151.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.2.They were able to sell their products at high prices.3.They had not been successful in raising cattle4.They did not operate in a national market3.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?A.Canals were built primarily in the in the south of England rather than in otherregionsB.Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C.Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damagedin the processD.Canal builders hired surveyors like smith to examine exposed rock strata4.Sediments above and below the gypsum layers contained tiny marine fossils,indicating open-ocean conditions.Which of the following can be inferred about solid gypsum layers?A.It did not contain any marine fossilB.It had formed in open-ocean conditionsC.It had once been soft, deep-sea mudD.It contained sediment from nearby desertsInfer according to the key wordsIn all probabilities, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latin who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration and a land-based society. Which of the following can be inferred about the people of Latium?A.Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.B.They held different values than the people of RomeC.Agriculture played a significant role in the societyD.They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctExercises I: Identify the correct inferences based on the sentence or short passage:1. If a metalworker from 3,000 years ago could somehow travel forward in time, he would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process that today is used to cast titanium for jet engines.A: Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.B: The lost-wax methods of casting metal is very oldC: Metalworking has changed very little in 3,000 years.2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples. They don‟t mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.A: Apple growers have not developed any new varieties of apples in recent decades. B: Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.C: New varieties of apples take a long time to develop.3. High level of serum cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults. A: High level of serum cholesterol are no longer a problem for adults.B: Only children have a problem with high levels of serum cholesterol.C: High serum cholesterol affects both adults and children.4. Alpha Centauri, one of the closest stars to Earth, is just 4.3 light years away. It can be seen only from the southern Hemisphere. However, the closest star(other than our own Sun, of course) is a tiny red star, Proxima Centauri, which is not visible without a telescope.A: ProximaCentauri, is the closest star to Earth.B: Alpha Centauri, is invisible from earth without a telescope.C: Proxima Centauri is closer than 4.3 light years from the earth.5. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtle‟s brain is quite small, since turtles, like all other reptiles, depend mainly on senses other than sight.A: No reptile uses sight as its primary sense.B: Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles do.C: The visual area of other reptiles‟ brain is smaller than that of turtles.6. An old but still useful proverb says,” beware of oak, it draws the stroke.” In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do treeswith shallow, dry roots. Oak are fifty times more likely to be struck than beeches. Pines are not safe as beeches but are still much safer than oaks.A: The roots of oak are fifty times deeper than those of beeches.B: Pines‟ roots are deeper than beeches, but not as deep as those of oaks.C: the deeper the root, the safer the tree.7. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the penmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt or John E. Kennedy revealsA: Roosevelt and Kennedy both had handwriting that was difficult to read.B: Roosevelt‟s handwriting was more illegible than that of Kennedy.C: The author believe both Roosevelt and Kennedy had weak characters.8. Jack London spent only a year prospecting for gold in Alaska. However, nearly half of his forty books are set there.A: London was successful in his search for gold in Alaska.B: Although London worked in Alaska for only a short time, he wrote almost twenty books while he lived there.C: London‟s experiences in Alaska had a strong influence on his writing.9. Most fish take on the coloration of their natural surroundings to a certain degree. It‟s not surprising, therefore, that fish inhabiting the warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant hues of the rainbow.A: Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their environment.B. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environment.C: Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.10. Although sheep herding is an older and more beloved occupation, shepherds never caught the attention of filmmakers the way cowboys did.A: There have been more films about cowboys than about shepherds.B: Films about shepherds are older and more beloved than films about cowboys.C: Cowboys are generally younger than shepherds.11. The Okefenokee Swamp is a fascinating realm that both confirms and contradicts popular notions of a swamp. Along with huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, and dim waterways, the Okefenokee has sandy pine islands, sunlit prairies, and clear lakes.A. Although most swamps are not very interesting, the Okefenokee is an exception. B: The Okefenokee has features that are not commonly associated with swamps.C: Unlike most swamps, the Okefenokee does not have huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, or dim waterways.12. Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman Style of architecture, as seen in the buildings at the University of Virginia, to the English style favored by CharlesBullfinch.A: The architecture of the University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style. B: Bullfinch was an English architect.C: Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.13. In all cultures, gestures are used as a form of communication, but the same gestures may have very different meanings in different cultures.A: No two cultures use the same gestures.B: one gesture almost never has the same meaning in two cultures.C: A person from one culture may misunderstand the gestures used by a person from another.14. Even spiders that do not build webs from silk use it for a variety of purposes. such as constructing egg sacs and nursery tents.A: All spiders build webs.B: Spiders that build webs don‟t builds egg sacs or nursery tents.C: Silks is used by all spiders.15. In theory, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it seldom does, usually because it is used as a substitute for other tools.A: Using a screwdriver for purpose other than those for which it was intended can shorten its life.B: All screwdrivers, if they are really good, last a lifetime.C: If you want a screwdriver to last a lifetime, use other tools to substitute for it. Exercise II: Choose correct inferences for the questions according to the information in the passageThe Titus-Bode law predicted that there would be a fifth planet between Mars and Jupiter. In 1800, a group of astronomers nic knamed the “celestial police” was organized to search for the missing planet. Before the plan could be put in effect, another astronomer, G.Piazzi, discovered 1 Ceres, the largest asteroids, in this position in space on New year‟s Day, 1801. While trying t o locate Ceres again, the astronomer H.Olbers discovered 2 Pallas in 1802. J.Harding discovered 3 Juno in 1804. H.Olbers also discovered 4 Vesta, the brightest asteroid, in 1807. It was not until 1836 that a fifth asteroid, 5 Asterea, was added to the list. At first, many nineteenth-century astronomers did not find asteroids of much interest. One even called them” the vermin of the sky”. In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids. Then Wolf went on to discover 248 asteroids, beginning with 323 Bruscia. At present, around 150,000 asteroids have been discovered. Most are spotted today by automated systems that pair telescopes with computers.Asteroids vary in size from Ceres, with a diameter of 570 miles, to tiny bodies that are only the size of pebbles. Only the four largest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,and Juno-arespherical. Most are elongated irregular. Asteroids are not uniformity distributed through space. Many occur in clusters called groups, of in even tighter clusters called families. Families or asteroids with similar characteristics, indicating a common origin, are called Hiruzama asteroids.H.Olbers advanced the theory that asteroids are the remnants of a large planet that exploded. Other astronomers suggested that the asteroids were originally moons of Jupiter that broke away and then disintegrated. The most commonly accepted theory among astronomers today is that they occupy a place in the solar system where a sizable planet could have formed but was prevented from doing so by the disruptive gravity field of nearby Jupiter. Originally, perhaps, there were only a few dozen asteroids. These were eventually fragmented by mutual collisions to produce the present population of asteroids.When new asteroids are discovered, they are given a temporary six-character name. The first four numbers correspond to the year of discovery. The first of the two letters corresponds to the half-month period in which the asteroid was discovered, and the second to the sequence in which the asteroid was discovered in that half-month. For example, the asteroid 2006AC was the third asteroid(C) to be discovered in the first half of January(A)in 2006. After the orbit of an asteroid discovery(Currently from 1 Ceres to 95959 Covadonga). The first several hundred asteroids were named for female characters from mythology(Cere, for example, is the Roman goddess of the harvest) Even after these names were used up, the convention of giving asteroid may submit a name to the international Astronomical Union. Some are named for places or for things. Some are named to honor famous scientist, painters, writers, or even pop stars, such as musicians and actors. Some are named after colleagues, family members, and even pets. Discoverers may not, however, name asteroids after themselves. Of the 150,000 known asteroids, only about 10% have names.Most asteroids are found in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some have highly eccentric orbits, such as 3200 phaeton, which swings close to the Sun. Some asteroids, called Near Earth Asteroids(NEAs),pass close to Earth. It is feared that one day an steroid may hit Earth and cause a great deal of damage. In fact, most scientists believed that a collision between an asteroid and the earth made dinosaur extinct.In June of 2002, without warning, a medium-sized asteroid called 2002 MN passed relatively close to Earth. It was not observed until three days after it has passed. This was the cloest an asteroid had come to Earth since 1994XM. That asteroid missed the Earth by only 64,000 miles. However, the one in 2002 was much larger than 1994XN and potentially much more destructive. Other near misses involved 1989FC and 433 Erros in 1975. While there are programs to watch for Near Earth Asteroids, 2002MN proved that these programs are not completely effective. Some people believe that there should be much larger worldwide program to detect and possibly destroyasteroids that are heading towards out planet.Questions:1.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the Titus-Bode lawdeals with which of the following?A. The size of planets.B. The position of planets around the earth.C. The speed of bodies in spaceD. The existence of asteroids.2.What does the author imply about G.Piazzi in paragraph 1?A.He was not trained as an astronomer.B.He worked closely with H.Olbers.C.He was not a member of the “Celestial police”D.He discovered the four largest asteroids.3.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that H.OlbertsA.was not looking for 2 Pallas when he found it.B.discovered the largest asteroid.C.discovered many asteroids a few years after finding 4 Vesta.D.worked closely with J.Harding.4.The author implies that the nineteenth-century astronomers mentioned inparagraph 1 believed thatA.Astronomers should work on projects other than asteroids.B.astrophotography was a valuable tool.C.more time should be spent searching for asteroids.D.asteroids were dangerous because they might strike Earth.5.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2 that asteroids in a familyA.always have a common origin.B.are closer together than those in groupC.all have the same shape.D.are brighter than those in a group6. What does the author imply about the three theories that he explains in paragraph 3?A.They are all valid theories.B.The first two theories are no longer considered valid.C.All three theories have been proved to be false.D.The third theory is older than the first two.7. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 2002MNA.It has a temporary nameB.It was the two-thousandth and second asteroid to be discoveredC.It discoverer‟s first name began with M and last name began with ND.It was discovered in January of 20028. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 433 Eros?A.It is named for a female character from mythologyB.It was discovered in 433A.D.C.Its orbit has never been calculated.D.It was the four-hundred and thirty-third asteroid to be discovered9. It can be inferred that the first 333 asteroids to be discoveredA. All had feminine namesB. Were all named for mythological characters.C. All were given the names of historical persons.D. Were all named form their discoverers10. Which of the following can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6?A.Smaller asteroids move faster than medium-sized asteroids.rge asteroids are easy to detect if they approach the earth.C.The bigger the asteroid, the more destructive it might beD.Even if a large asteroid misses the Earth, it might cause damage.III. Rhetorical Purpose Questions: purpose means WHY, purpose questions ask WHY the author of a passage uses a certain piece of information in the passage.For example: The question may ask you why the authore a certain example2.Makes a comparison3.Quote a sentenceTips or Steps: Purpose questionsusually askyou why author cites an example, quotesa sentence or make a comparison. If the author cites an example, the answer usually will be immediate before the example; For quotation, read the whole sentence, the answer can be reached by the quoted sentence,Exercise:Beach ErosionThe Sea has been rising relative to the land for hundreds of years, geologists say, but the rise has accelerated over the last few decades. The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States have eroded an average of two or three feet, the Gulf Coast even faster. In some places the erosion has even been more dramatic. Highland Light, the oldest lighthouse on Cape Cod, was 400 feet from the sea when it was built in 1797. Now it is only about 100 feet from the ocean. Just in the last years, a series of harshwinter storms has eaten up over forty feet of the beach in from of the lighting house.The United States has over 19,000 miles of beaches, and nearly half of the population of the United States lives within 50 miles of the coast. Some estimates claim that between 80%-90% of the U.S. coastline is eroding. And the problem is not confined to the United States. Egypt, Thailand, India, the U.K., Australia, and Japan-almost every country that has a coastline-share this problem. During storms, the action of heavy waves carries sand into the sea and leaves it on the ocean floor. During calm period, erosion reverses. Sand is slowly moved landward by the action of gentler waves. In recent times, however, the build up of sand has not kept pace with erosion. In many places, sand has been replaced by sediment.Lately, the leading cause of the increased rate of beach erosion has been global warming. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are generated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. These gases are accumulating in the atmosphere, trapping in the sun‟s heat. Forests are being cut down, leaving fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the air. Global warming has likely increased the frequency of severe storm that tear sand from beaches. Average temperatures are likely to rise higher in the near future, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, causing the level of the sea to rise, and making coastal erosion even worse.Clearly, something must be done. Too many people live and vacation in Miami Beach, Atlantic City, Malibu, Galveston, and Honolulu to simply allow roads, houses, and resorts to fall into the sea. Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect coast is build protective structures such as sea walls and breakwater to protect beaches from the ravages of storms. These structures have been tried in a number of places along the U.S. coastline and in other countries, notably Japan.The problem with defensive structures is that they often don‟t work. One study, In fact, has shown that these structures accelerate the erosion of beaches. The states of Maine, North Carolina, and South Carolina have banned the building of these structures. Some communities have tried another solution: beach replenishment (also called beach nourishment). These programs simply replace lost sand with sand from deeper parts of the ocean or in the case of some California beaches, with sand brought in by trucks from the deserts. These programs are costly. It costs over US $1 million to replenish one mile of beach. Again, however, this method of preserving beaches is of dubious value. Another study shows that only 10% of replenished beaches have lasted more than five years. In some locations, the supply of suitable sand is limited. And the quality of the sand used for replenishment is seldom as high as the sand that it replaces.Q1: The author illustrates the problem of beach erosion in part bying Highland Light as a dramatic example of how severe beach erosion can beB.exploring the economic cost beach erosion on one seaside community.paring the situation at Highland Light with similar places in other countries.D.saying that the situation on Cape Cod is typical for most seaside communities.Q2: The author probably mentions the fact that nearly half of the population of the United States lives within fifty miles of the coast to show thatA.patterns of population distribution in the United States are changing,B.beach erosion affects a vast number of people in the United StatesC.the problem in the United States is more severe than it is in many other countries.D.beach erosion is not a concern for more than half of the population of the UnitedStates.Q3: The author explains global warming byA.giving its causes and showing how it affects beach erosionparing and contrasting it with other causes of beach erosionC.giving examples of ways to reduce its impact.D.evaluating how it may actually reduce beach erosion.Q4: The author mentions Japan in paragraph 4 because Japan has1.banned the use of protective structures2.ignored the problem of beach erosion3.tried beach replenishment programs4.built seawalls and breakwaters.Q5: The author cites the two studies in the passage in order to1.suggest that the sea is not rising as fast as was originally believed.2.strengthen the engineers‟ claim that protective structures and beachreplenishment are necessary.3.propose two new solutions to the problem of beach erosion.4.support his own position about protective structures and beach replenishment. Q6: It can be inferred the author of this passage1.opposes the use of both protective structures and beach replenishment2.believes beach replenishment would be more effective than protectivestructures.3.oppose any actions to prevent beach erosions.4.denies that beach erosion is a serious problemIV. Sentence Restatement(highlighted) QuestionsDefinition: Present a sentence from the passage, then asks you to choose the sentence from the answer choices that best restates or summarize the information in the original sentence.Characteristics:1.The correct choice will not look like the original sentence. It will use differentgrammar and vocabulary. Sometimes, use synonyms as a substitute.2.Correct choice may eliminate details and examples from original sentence. Itmay simplify and summarize the original sentence.3.Incorrect choices may1.Omit important information from original sentence, not the completesummarization.2.Change the meaning of the original sentence，usually the logicalrelationship between the sentences has been changed.Tips or steps:1.Break the sentences into 2-3 ideas and find the correct relationship amongsentences.Exercises:Passage 1:In some cases, a warning call or a threatening pose may be the only defense that is needed, but in other cases, intruders may refuse to leave peacefully and a battle for the territory takes place.Q 1: Which of the following sentences best express the essential information in the sentence in bold?ually a warning call is all that is required to get the invading bird to leave,but sometimes a threatening pose is also needed.2.If an intruder is threatened by the pose of the bird that occupies the territory, astruggle will take place.3.Sometimes the invader can be frightened away, but sometimes the defendermust fight.4.The intruder generally frightens the defender with warning calls andthreatening poses.Which of the following sentences if closed in meaning to the sentence in bold in the passage above?Passage 2It is also possible, of course, that people are concerned with several of these classes of motivation simultaneously, as would be the case if, on the same day, a person installed a fire safety alarm (satisfying a need for protection) and joined a folk-dancing club (satisfying a need for belonging).Q2: which of the following sentences best restates the information in the sentence in bold?1.People may satisfy more than one of Maslowe‟s categories of needs at thesame time.2.Obviously, for some people, installing a fire safety alarm is more importantthan joining a social club.3. A typical person is more motivated to satisfy a higher-level need, such as the。
托福阅读8种题型介绍
托福阅读8种题型介绍为了帮助大家备考托福，对托福阅读的题型有一个详细的了解，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读8种题型介绍。
托福阅读8种题型介绍一、细节题特征：没有特征(因为其他题型都有各自的特征)数量：每篇3-6题难度：变化很大策略：随机应变二、选非题特征：NOT/EXCEPT数量：每篇1题难度：较低策略：一定要做对三、推理题特征：infer、imply数量：每篇1-2题难度：很高策略：可以放四、修辞题：特征：(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影(2)个选项的开头为TO+关键动词(这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少，所以遇到都要记住)PS：这类题目有可能会变形五、词汇题特征：(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影(2)以the word/phrase开头数量：每篇3-6题难度：非常简单策略：一定要做对六、指代题特征：(1)原文与题干被打上阴影(2)打上阴影的是某个代词数量：1题难度：较低(可以直接测试语法能力)策略：要做对七、复述题特征：(1)原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影(2)题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.数量：1题难度：很难或者很简单八、插句题特征：黑色小方框(■)数量：1题难度：较低策略：要做对九、归总题特征：两排六个选项数量：1题难度：1分很简单，2分有点难策略：保1争2新增题型(参考TPO5)：四选二题型：是细节题的变形全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲阅读的步骤：第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶第2步：点review键，做完词汇题(不看原文)，同时关注一下是否有选非题(因为与原文对应的东西很多)第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做(因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。
九年级英语试卷分析
践行核心素养落实立德树人2023-2024学年第一学期期末调研考试九年级英语试题分析2023-2024学年第一学期九年级英语试卷分析一、试题特点评析2023－2024学年第一学期九年级英语试卷试题依据国家《义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)》命制，体现了新课标理念。
核心素养是课程育人价值的集中体现，是学生通过课程学习逐步形成的适应个人终身发展和社会发展需要的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力。
试题直接或间接地考查学生的语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力等。
试卷体现时代主题，弘扬时代精神，传播中国优秀传统文化。
试题设计坚持以学生为本，立足学生生活实际，基本做到知识性、思想性、科学性的统一。
(一）、以课程标准为命题依据，体现了基础性、综合性、创新性、实践性语言知识、细节判断、理解推断、逻辑推理题考查比例合理、难度适中，考查学生必备知识和关键能力；综合性增强，关注学生综合素质和学科核心素养；创新性增强，减少单纯记忆类、机械训练类试题，加大开放性、探究性试题的比例；实践性增强，紧密联系社会实际与学生生活经验，在全面考核学生基础知识和基本技能的基础上，注重加强对应用能力的考查。
（二）、应用性增强，具有育人意义注重理论知识与生活实际的紧密联系，注重考查学生综合运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力;试卷在试题的选择上选择的是中国优秀传统文化、如C篇阅读讲述的是“千里送鹅毛，礼轻情意重”的起源，让学生知道了在学习生活中要真诚诚实待人，具有育人的教育意义。
试卷的篇章选材以人为本、贴近生活、注重能力、注重真实、注重开放，努力使知识性与趣味性相结合，如A篇阅读向学生们介绍了在校日让学生感觉开心的窍门，B篇阅读向学生介绍了三种学习英语的App,D篇阅读讲述了在日常英语学习中会用到的评价方法表。
听力材料以及阅读语篇、词语运用、作文的选取上既紧扣课本话题，又贴近学生的生活实际。
（三）、渗透语境教学，突出交际功能试题设计注重将语言知识应用于具体的语境之中，通过听句子，选择最佳答语、写作等形式展示语言应用情景，使学生在实际语境中学习语言知识，增强语言的实际运用能力。
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Not long ago. My wife, PJ, and I tried a new diet—not to lose a little weight but to answer ____________________________ an annoying question about climate change. _______________________________ 7. Why did the author and his wife try a new diet? A. To take special kinds of food 原因 B. To respond to climate change. C. To lose weight D. To improve their health
Readingfifteenth century, in a tiny village near Nuremberg, lived a family material 4 Back in the
with eighteen children．In spite of the hopeless condition, two of the children, Albrecht Durer and Albert, had a dream．They both wanted to pursue their talent for art．After many long discussions, the two boys finally worked out an agreement．They would toss a coin．The loser would go down into the nearby mines and, with his earnings, support his brother who attended the academy．Then, when that brother who won the toss completed his studies, in four years, he would support the other brother at the academy． Tossing a coin, Albrecht Durer won and went off to Nuremberg．Albert went down into the dangerous mines and, for the next four years, supported his brother, whose work at the academy was almost an immediate sensation（轰动）．By the time he graduated, he had earned considerable fees for his outstanding works． When the young artist returned to his village, the Durer family held a festive dinner to celebrate Albrecht’s triumphant（胜利的）homecoming．Albrecht drank a toast to his beloved brother for the years of sacrifice that had enabled him to complete his dream．“And now, Albert, blessed brother of mine, now it is your turn．Now you can go to Nuremberg to look for your dream, and I will take care of you．” …… To show thanks to Albert for all that he had sacrificed, Albrecht Durer painstakingly drew his brother’s injured hands with palms together and thin fingers stretched skyward．He called his powerful drawing simply “Hands”, but the entire world almost immediately opened their hearts to his great masterpiece and renamed it “The Praying Hands”．
注意对信息进行综合分析，分清主次、真伪， 避免受信息的干扰，陷入题目所设下的“陷 阱”，学会“排除”干扰项。
Reading material 1
(New York) A French tourist highly praised for rescuing a two-year-old girl in Manhattan said he didn’t think twice before diving into the freezing East River. Tuesday’s Daily News said 29-year-old Julien Duret from France is the man who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Sunday. He lifted the little girl out of water after she fell off the bank at the South Street Seaport museum. He handed the girl to her father, David Anderson, who had dived in after him.
CALORIES NEEDED PER DAY Baby Child aged 8 Man over 70 Woman 750 2,100 2,100 3,600 Office worker Woman feeding baby Boy aged 16 Farmer 2,700 2,700 3,000 2,600
Q: Who dived after Duret into the river to save the little girl? A. David Anderson B. A passer-by C. His girlfriend D. A taxi driver 题干是问谁在Duret之后跳进河里救人， 可以 以dive为线索找到原文的He handed the girl to her father， David Anderson， who had dived in after him， 故可知答案是David Anderson。 1 wh-细节题
常见设题方式：
1.According to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)___? 2.Which of the following statements is correct/true?（三误一正） 3.Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?（三正一误） 4 The author ( or the passage) states that___. 5 …..
amount of calories that a baby does. 4 the amount B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice 图表题 of calories that a boy aged 8 does. C. An office worker requires the same amount of 根据文章图表，依次验证A、B、 calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does. C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。 D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount 很容易找出 C worker does. of calories that an office符合图表内容。
设题特点：
题干设计常常避开 原文中所用的词汇，而用 其同义词、近义词或反义词 设题。
解题技巧与策略
第一步：略读题干(Skimming)
首先，快速浏览每道试题的题干(即问题)。
第二步：通读全文(Scanning)
浏览了题干与选项之后，要带着“问题”通读全 文。
第三步：研读攻关(Close-reading)
summary 事实细节题考查的六大信息
事实细节题干常用when, where, who, why, what 和 how 等提问或要求用此类信息补全 时间 句子，考查对应的六大信息内容，即 _______ 、地点 _____、 人物 _____、 _____、 _____和 原因 事件 _______。 方式
Passage2 Q Which of the following statements is NOT true? 三正一误 A. Food when poisoned can make people sick. B. Food poisoning means death. 以偏概全 C. Food poisoning comes in varieties. D. Food poisoning can be serious. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly.
Q1) ____ calories are required to raise the 3 计算题 temperature of 5kg of water from 35℃to 90℃.