0 class世界文学

Modernism:Precursors:Laurence Stern(1713-1768):The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy,GentlemanA Sentimental Journey Through France and ItalyE.T.A.Hoffmann(1776-1822),Allen Poe(1809-1849),Dostoyevsky(1821-1881),Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867),Symbolism:Jean Moréas(1856-1910):Symbolist Manifesto(…Le Symbolisme‟, Le Figaro) ,1886\9\18 "clothe the Ideal in a perceptible form","goal was not in itself, but whose sole purpose was to express the Ideal" CorrespondencesNature is a temple in which living pillarsSometimes give voice to confused words;Man passes there through forests of symbolsWhich look at him with understanding eyes.Like prolonged echoes mingling in the distanceIn a deep and tenebrous unity,Vast as the dark of night and as the light of day,Perfumes, sounds, and colors correspond.There are perfumes as cool as the flesh of children,Sweet as oboes, green as meadows— And others are corrupt, and rich, triumphant,With power to expand into infinity,Like amber and incense, musk, benzoin,That sing the ecstasy of the soul and senses.William Butler Yeats (1865-1939,Nobel prize 1923):SAILING TO BYZANTIUM(1916)Paul Valéry (1871-1945):A Graveyard by the Sea (1922)Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926)The Leopad (1907)Ezra Pound (1885-1972):“Imagism”In a Station of the Metro (1913)“The apparition of these faces in the crowd,Petals on a wet, black bough.”Maurice Maeterlinck(1862-1949, Nobel prize 1911)THE BLUE BIRD(1909)Gerhart Hauptmann(1862-1946, Nobel prize 1912)The Sunk Bell (1896)Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965, Nobel prize 1911)The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockFour QuartetsThe Waste LandThe Burial of the DeadA Game of ChessThe Fire SermonDeath by waterWhat the thunder said“Fisher King”,“Grail”“Objective Correlative”The Waste Land[Eliot's poem is prefaced by a quote from the 1st century A.D. Satyricon of Petronius] in Greek and Latin. It translates roughly as "I saw with my own eyes the Sibyl at Cumae hangingin a cage, and when the boys said to her 'Sibyl, what do you want?' that one replied 'I want to die'. --Steve]For Ezra Pound,il miglior fabbro. [the better craftsman]I. The Burial of the DeadAPRIL is the cruelest month, breedingLilacs out of the dead land, mixingMemory and desire, stirringDull roots with spring rain.Winter kept us warm, coveringEarth in forgetful snow, feedingA little life with dried tubers.Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee* [A lake near Munich]With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnadeAnd went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten*, [A park in Munich] And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.Bin gar keine Russin, stamm' aus Litauen, echt deutsch.* ['I am not Russian at all, I am a German from Lithuania']And when we were children, staying at the arch-duke's,My cousin's, he took me out on a sled,And I was frightened. He said, Marie,Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.In the mountains, there you feel free.I read, much of the night, and go south in winter.What are the roots that clutch, what branches growOut of this stony rubbish? Son of man,You cannot say, or guess, for you know onlyA heap of broken images, where the sun beats,And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,And the dry stone no sound of water. OnlyThere is shadow under this red rock(Come in under the shadow of this red rock),And I will show you something different from eitherYour shadow at morning striding behind youOr your shadow at evening rising to meet you;I will show you fear in a handful of dust.Frisch weht der Wind*['fresh blows the wind to the homeland']Der heimat zuMein Irisch kind,*['my Irish child, where do you linger?']Wo weilest du?"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago;""They called me the hyacinth girl."--Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could notSpeak, and my eyes failed, I was neitherLiving nor dead, and I knew nothing,Looking into the heart of light, the silence.Oed' und leer das Meer.['waste and empty is the sea'] ......FuturismFilippo Tommaso Marinett（1876-1944）Founding and Manifesto of Futurism（Le Figaro，1909）Futurism and Fascism (1914)Aldo Palazzeschi(Pen name of Aldo Giurlani, 1885-1974)Powerness&Speed-worshipNegate the traditional cultureRussian FuturismVladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky(1893-1930)A Slap in the Face of Public Taste (1912)Cloud in Trousers (1915)People sniff -there's a smell of burnt flesh!Here come some men.All shining!In helmets!No heavy boots please!Tell the firemento go gently when the heart's on fire.(from Cloud in Trousers)Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1924)Khorosho! (Fine! 1927 )Expressionism:August Strindberg (1849-1912)1879 - The Red Room1887 - The Father1888 - Countess Julie (Miss Julie )1898-1901- To Damasus1907-The Ghost SonateGeorg Kaiser (1878-1945)The Burghers of Calais (1913)From Morn to Midnight (1912)Eugene O‟Neill(1888-1093,Pulitzer Prizes 4 times, Nobel prize 1936)Beyond the Horizon (1918)Desire Under the Elms (1924 written, publ. 1925)Trilogy:Mourning Becomes Electra;Homecoming; The Hunted,The Haunted;(1929-1931) Long Day's Journey Into Night (1941 written, pub. 1955)The Emperor Jones (1920)Hairy Ape (1921)Franz Kafka (1883-1924)Czech-born German-speaking writer whose posthumously published novels express the alienation of 20th century man. Kafka's nightmares of dehumanization, bureaucratic labyrinths, and totalitarian society have much in common with the works of George Orwell (Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1949; Animal Farm, 1955). Jorge Luis Borges has noted, that Zeno's paradox against motion and the arrow and Achilles are the first Kafkaesque characters in literature. Kafka's ill health was also an important biographical factor behind the fear of physical and mental collapse dramatized in such short stories as "A Hunger Artist" (1924) and "Die Verwandlung" (1915, The Metamorphosis).Max Brod"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect..." (from "The Metamorphosis")DAS URTEIL, 1913 - The JudgementDIE WERW ANDLUNG, 1915 - The MetamorphosisEIN LANDARZT, 1919 - A Country DoctorBRIEF AN DER V A TER, 1919 - Letter to His FatherEIN HUNGERKÜNSTLER, 1924 - A Hunger ArtistDER PROZESS, 1925 - The TrialDAS SCHLOSS, 1926 - The CastleDER VERSCHOLLENE, 1927 (retitled AMERIKA) - AmerikaBut when at last his head was fortunately right in front of the doorway, it appeared that his body was too broad simply to get through the opening. His father, of course, in his present mood was far from thinking of such a thing as opening the other half of the door, to let Gregor have enough space. He had merely the fixed idea of driving Gregor back into his room as quickly as possible. He would never have suffered Gregor to make the circumstantial preparations for standing up on end and perhaps slipping his way through the door. Maybe he was now making more noise than ever to urge Gregor forward, as if no obstacle impeded him; to Gregor, anyhow, the noise in his rear sounded no longer like the voice of one single father; this was really no joke, and Gregor thrust himself—come what might—into the doorway. One side of his body rose up, he was tilted at an angle in the doorway, his flank was quite bruised, horrid blotches stained the white door, soon he was stuck fast and, left to himself, could not have moved at all, his legs on one side fluttered trembling in the air, those on the other were crushed painfully to the floor—when from behind his father gave him a strong push which was literally a deliverance and he flew far into the room, bleeding freely. The door was slammed behind him with the stick, and then at last there wassilence.......Then they all three left the apartment together, which was more than they had done for months, and went by tram into the open country outside the town. The tram, in which they were the only passengers, was filled with warm sunshine. Leaning comfortably back in their seats they canvassed their prospects for the future, and it appeared on closer inspection that these were not at all bad, for the jobs they had got, which so far they had never really discussed with each other, were all three admirable and likely to lead to better things later on. The greatest immediate improvement in their condition would of course arise from moving to another house; they wanted to take a smaller and cheaper but also better situated and more easily run apartment than the one they had, which Gregor had selected. While they were thus conversing, it struck both Mr. and Mrs. Samsa, almost at the same moment, as they became aware of their daughter's increasing vivacity, that in spite of all the sorrow of recent times, which had made her cheeks pale, she had bloomed into a pretty girl with a good figure. They grew quieter and half unconsciously exchanged glances of complete agreement, having come to the conclusion that it would soon be time to find a good husband for her. And it was like a confirmation of their new dreams and excellent intentions that at the end of their journey their daughter sprang to her feet first and stretched her young body. (from The Metamorphosis)Consciousness-Stream NovelNon-Realistic (world in the mind),Narrate:Interior Monologue like balderdash,the description of unconsciousness,Disobedience of Linguistic rules.Structure: Record the process of free association.SymbolsEdouard Dujardin (1861-1949)"Les Lauriers Sont Coupes "(1887)Marcel Proust (1871-1922):Les Plaisirs et les Jours (1896)À la recherche du temps perdu(REMEMBERANCE OF THINGS PAST /In Search of Lost Time,1913-1927)madeleinesJames Joyce (1882-1941):DUBLINERS, 1914A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN, 1916UL YSSES (1922):Stephen Dedalus,Leopold BloomMolly BloomFinnegans Wake（1939）Virginia Woolf (1882-1941):“Bloomsbury Group”Jacob's Room，1920MRS. DALLOWAY,1925TO THE LIGHTHOUSE,1927Orlando: a Biography，1928THE W A VES，1931William Faulkner (1897-1962，Nobel prize 1949，Pulitzer prize 1955、1963):Yoknapatawpha:"water passes slowly through flatlands."The Marble Faun(1924, a collection of poems)SARTORIS（1929,Flags in the Dust, first in Yoknapatawpha cycle）THE SOUND AND FURY（1929）"Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, / That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, / And then is heard no more. It is a tale / Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, / Signifying nothing."AS I LAY DYING（1930）Light in August (1932)ABSALOM,ABSALOM!（1936）SurrealismApollinaireDadalism,1916André Breton (1896-1966):1924 - Manifesto of SurrealismAragon,Eluard,Dali,Nadja (1928)。