socialpsychology社会心理学
社会心理学名词解释
社会心理学（social psychology）：社会心理学是从社会互动的观点出发，对人的社会心理和社会行为规律进行系统研究的科学。
构建（construal）：人们知觉、理解及解释社会环境的方式。
经验主义(empiricism)：是指通过直接观察或经验获得知识的过程，它区别于基于逻辑推理而非直接经验的理性思考(即思辨)。
利己性自杀（Egoistics suicide）：整合性强的社会群体通过共同的规范和强有力的权威控制着成员的思想行为，使成员完全归属于群体。
在个人遇到挫折时，可以得到群体的保护和支持。
利他性自杀（Altruistics suicides）：社会整合过于强烈之时。
高度的社会整合使得个性受到相当程度的压抑，个人的权利被认为是微不足道的，他们被期待完全服从群体的需要和利益。
失范性自杀，或译“异常性自杀”（Anomic suicide）：在过去惯于某种生活规范与习惯时，突然因丧失规范与认同下，造成认知错乱造成的自杀状况，诸如突然经济恐慌的自杀者。
宿命性自杀（Fatalistic suicide）：常发生在过度压迫的社会，并且导致人们会有想要死亡的欲念。
社会化：是个体在特定的社会文化环境中，学习和掌握知识、技能、语言、规范、价值观等社会文化行为方式和人格特征，适应社会并积极作用于社会、创造新文化的过程。
它是人和社会相互作用的结果。
社会教化：即广义的教育。
它是指社会通过社会化的机构及其执行者实施社会化的过程。
个体内化：是指社会化的主体——人经过一定方式的社会学习，接受社会教化，将社会目标、价值观、规范和行为方式等转化为其稳定的人格特质和行为反应模式的过程。
同辈群体(peer group)：是一个有地位、年龄、兴趣、爱好、价值观等大体相同或相近的人组成的关系亲密的非正式群体。
大众传媒(mass media):指的是传达广大人群之中并对他们产生影响的传播方式自我概念(Self-concept): Self-concept refers to people’s characteristic ideas about who they are and what they are like.主我：指的是我们对于我们正在思考或我们正在知觉的意识，而不是身体或心理过程。
社会心理学理论课件
NJAU
Social 社会行为的影响因素
社会行为
社会
人格
文化
Department of Sociology
Psychology
NJAU
Psychology 二、社会心理学的研究方法—如何研究1 、实验法2、观察法3、调查研究法4、跨文化研究法
Department of Sociology
语堂
NJAU
Social Psychology• 7 、《说‘面子’ 》，鲁迅• 8、 《围城》，钱钟书• 9、 《中国人行动的逻辑》，翟学伟• 10、 《乡土中国》，费孝通• 11、 《中国文化要义》，梁漱溟
Department of Sociology
. 专题六 中国人的社会认知. 专题七 中国人的人情大于王法
Department of Sociology
NJAU
Social Psychology 推荐书目• 1 、《现代社会心理学》，周晓虹• 2 、《社会心理学》，沙莲香• 3 、《社会心理学》，章志光• 4 、《社会心理学》，时蓉华• 5 、《中国人新论》，李庆善• 6 、《中国人》 (或《吾国吾民》)，林
Department of Sociology
NJAU
Social Psychology 五、社会心理学的本土化争论：科学无国界；人类有共性事实：我们在很多关于中国人与中国 社会的研究中，看到的社会是一个没有 历史与文化的社会；看到的人是一个没 有背景与情境的人实质：在现有的学科下，寻求一种本土
案例二： 违规用警车 违章口出狂言
”NJAU
Department of Sociology
Social
社会心理学术语
术语表攻击性（aggression）：旨在伤害或造成身体或心理痛苦的故意行为。
利他主义（altruism）：任何有益于他人但不利于帮助者的行为，往往涉及帮助者的一些个人成本。
杏仁核（amygdala）：与攻击行为相关的脑核心区域。
态度（attitude）：一种特殊类型的信念，包括情感和评价成分——从某种意义上说，是对特定对象的一种好的或坏的评价。
归因理论（attribution theory）：描述人们解释自己和他人行为原因的理论。
归因模糊（attributional ambiguity）：被污蔑群体的成员在解释他们自身的工作或行为的反馈方面表现出困难的现象。
真实性（authenticity）：我们放弃给人留下好印象并呈现出自己真实一面的能力。
易得性便捷判断（availability heuristic）：人们在认知判断时所形成的一种心理体验规则，指的是基于我们很容易想到具体例子的判断。
善意的性别歧视（benevolent sexism）：对女性看上去有利的一种态度，但实际上是一种应对之策；表面上对女性持积极的刻板印象，但却隐含着女性是较弱和不称职的假定。
偏见盲点（bias blind spot）：认为我们比大多数人更客观、更少偏见的信念。
归咎于受害者（blaming the victim）：责怪受害者的倾向，将他们的困境归因于他们自己的性格、残疾或行为。
旁观者效应（bystander effect）：当另一个旁观者或其他旁观者倾向于抑制有益的行为时发生的情况。
宣泄（catharsis）：具体来说，就是释放能量。
弗洛伊德认为，除非人们被允许表现出攻击性行为，否则攻击性能量将集聚，压力将增加，由此产生的能量将寻求出口，导致暴力或精神疾病的症状。
说服的中心路径（central route to persuasion）：包括权衡论点、考虑相关事实和数字、系统地思考问题并作出决策的路径。
认知失调（cognitive dissonance）：当一个人同时持有两种不一致的认知（思想、态度、信仰、观点）时，便会出现的一种紧张状态。
Social Psychology 社会心理学简述导论
Today’s topics
• • • • Attribution Theory Attitudes Conformity and Obedience Altruism & Bystander Intervention
Chapter 16: Social Psychology
Actor-Observer Effect
Actor-Observer Effect - tendency for the actor (the person performing a behavior) to attribute the behavior to the situation and for the observer (the person watching the actor behave) to attribute the same behavior to the actor’s disposition.
Social Psychology
Social psychology
- the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another - How does the presence of other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and bal Psychology
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance - an unpleasant state of tension created when we become aware that our attitudes and actions aren’t consistent with each other - we relieve this tension by bringing our attitudes into line with our actions
社会心理学心得体会感想5篇
社会心理学心得体会感想5篇社会心理学(socialpsychology)是指探讨个体和群体在社会相互作用中的心理和行为发生及改变规律。
社会心理学在个体水平和社会群体水平上对人际关系进行探讨。
在个体水平上进行探讨的内容有：个体社会化过程，交往，言语发展，伙伴，家庭和居住环境及学校对个人的影响等。
社会心理学心得体会感想1我是通过选修课接触社会心理学的，通过老师的细心的教育，我受益匪浅。
让我懂得了如何端正自己的心态，如何更好的适应高校的学习生活。
更重要的是让我明确了自己的人生观，价值观。
现我将这半期以来的学习感受总结如下：对社会心理学的了解：首先，通过老师的讲解，让我明白了什么是社会心理学――社会心理学是探讨个体和群体的社会心理现象的心理学分支。
个体社会心理现象指受他人和群体制约的个人的思想、感情和行为，如人际知觉、人际吸引、社会促进和社会抑制、听从等。
群体社会心理现象指群体本身特有的心理特征，如群体凝合力、社会心理气氛、群体决策等。
随着现代社会的的发展，社会心理学对我们每个人的生活也显的越来越重要。
作为个体的人，人们须要相识自己的心理与行为发生的机制，探究自己所思所想所为为何?使自己能更好地适应社会生活、更好地安排自己的心灵、调整自己的行为;同时人作为社会的人，也须要了解社会心理，如中国人的心理与行为特点，须要相识自我与他人之间关系，如怎样与他人沟通，怎样与他人建立良好的关系，以及我们如何影响他人和如何被他人影响等。
因此很多人已起先自觉地寻求社会心理学的指导与帮助。
总之，学习社会心理学概括地讲一是可以让我们更好地相识和把握自己，二是帮助我们更好地了解和理解他人、更好地与他人建立关系，并有效地避开和解决生活中的人际问题或人际冲突等等。
这就是人的生存才智，我想每一个人都想获得这种才智吧。
结合自身谈体会：高校给我的感觉是压力挺大，也很茫然。
在未接触心理学前我不知道如何调整自己。
学习之后，我懂得如何处理好自己的人际关系，释放自己的压力。
Social psychology 社会心理学
Social psychology 社会心理学：用科学的方法研究人们的思维、情感和行为是以怎样的方式受到真实或想象中的他人影响的。
Social influence 社会影响：指他人的言辞、行为或仅仅是其在场对我们思想、情感、态度或行为所产生的影响或效果。
Construal 解读：是指人们认知、理解、解释社会世界的方式。
Fundamental Attribution Error 基本归因错误：是指高估内在性情境因素对行为的影响，而低估外在性情境因素的作用的倾向。
Self-esteem 自尊：指一个人对自我价值的评估，换言之，就是一个人认为自己有多好、多能干以及多高尚Social cognition 社会认知：指人们是如何看待自己和社会世界，更明确地说，就是人们如何选择、诠释、记忆和使用社会信息来做出判断和决定的。
Automatic thinking 自动化思维：是指无意识的、不带意图目的、自然而然的并且不需要努力地思维。
Schemas 图式:是指人们用来组织他们关于某个主题的知识、关于周围的社会性世界的心理结构，这种心理结构会影响人们所注意、思考和识记的信息。
Accessibility 可提取性：是指图式和概念在人们的头脑中所占据的优势范围，从而使我们对社会性世界作出判断的时候予以提取使用。
Priming 启动：是指最近的经历提高了某个图式、特征或概念的可提取性的过程。
Self-fulfilling prophecy 自证预言：是指在这种情况中，人们对他人产生一个预期，这会影响他们如何对待他人，而这种对待方式又会导致那个人的行为与人们最初的预期相一致，使得这一预期成为现实。
心理策略与心理捷径1、判断法则（judgmental heuristics）：是指人们为了迅速而有效地作出判断所使用的心理捷径。
2、便利法则（availability heuristic）：是指根据一件事进入脑海的容易程度来做出判断的心理经验法则。
《社会心理学导论》
《社会心理学导论》第一章概论本章内容一、社会心理学定义二、社会心理学的研究内容三、社会心理学研究方法与研究原则四、社会心理学主要相关理论社会心理学Social Psychology一、社会心理学定义＆美国社会心理学家E . Aronson（1980）说：“社会心理学的定义之多，几乎如同社会心理学家的人数之多一样。
”＆在社会心理学内部，就存在所谓的“心理学的社会心理学”和“社会学的社会心理学”两种不同的说法。
所谓心理学的社会心理学，是采用心理学方法，研究“人的思想、情感和行为怎样受到真实的、想象的和隐含的他人存在影响”(G. W. Allport, 1985)。
社会学的社会心理学，则采用社会学方法，“研究不同水平的交往，即个人与个人之间、组织机构与个人之间、正式组织与非正式组织之间的交往。
”(Kotsmin, 1979)。
（一）国外流行的定义—— G.W.Allport, 1968社会心理学是试图理解与解释个体的思想、情感（内隐的心理）、行为（外显的）是如何受到他人实际的、想象的或隐含的存在所影响的一门科学。
孙晔，李沂等：“社会心理学是研究个体和群体的社会心理和社会行为规律的一门科学。
”心理（内隐的）：动态的心理过程：知、情、意静态的心理特征：人格、智力行为（外显的）社会心理/行为：个体或群体在特定的社会文化环境中对于来自社会规范、群体压力、他人要求、自我暗示等社会影响所做出的内隐反应/外显反应。
（三）社会心理学定义■社会心理学是一门系统研究处于社会环境中的个人和群体的社会行为及其心理根据的科学。
1964吉缔·基诺维斯事件美国第一宗集体自杀事件社会心理学就是来研究这样的行为及产生这样社会行为的内在社会心理。
二、社会心理学的研究范畴（一）个体社会心理发展（二）社会认知（三）社会互动（四）社会影响二、社会心理学的研究内容社会心理学的研究范畴三、社会心理学研究方法与研究原则（一）研究方法（二）伦理学原则（一）研究方法1.观察法2.实验法3.调查法4.个案研究法5.跨文化研究法1.观察法研究者借助人的感官和各种仪器观察和记录个人或团体的行为，分析判断两个或多个变量之间的关系的方法，即为观察法。
社会心理学(social psychology)
社会心理学（social psychology）Psychological counselor notesHe JingThe second chapter, social psychology knowledgeSection 1 OverviewThe second section socialization and selfThird social perception and attributionThe fourth section: social motivation and social emotion Fifth attitudesSixth section communication and interpersonal relationship Seventh section social influenceThe eighth section of love, marriage and familyPsychological counselors (basic knowledge) note includes basic psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology and abnormal psychology part.Section 1 OverviewUnit 1 research objects and scopeThe definition of social psychology focusing on PsychologyF.H. Allport (F.H. Allport): the study of individual social behavior and social consciousness.G.W. Allport (G.W. Allport): social psychology attempts to understand and explain how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people's reality, imagination and implicit existence.Social behavior:It is a reaction system caused by social factors and influences the society.Include：Individual acquisition behaviorProsocial behavior and antisocial behaviorInterpersonal cooperation and competitionGroup decision making behaviorLewin (K.Lewin) put forward a famous formula in 1936:B = f (P, E)The behavior function relates to the situation where the individual is situatedSocial psychology:It is the intermediary process between social stimulation and social behaviorIt's caused by social factorsAnd the psychological activity that has guiding function to social behaviorA brief history of second unit social psychologyThe development of social psychology can be planned for:Speculative stage of PhilosophyEmpirical description phaseEmpirical analysis stageSpeculative stage of philosophy:The philosophical debate around "human nature"It can be regarded as the earliest social psychology research.SocratesPlatoAristotleIt can not be proved by empirical method, but not by scientific formBut it has enlightening effect on the later social psychology.The research method of third unit social psychologyThe main principles to be followed in social psychology research:The principle of value neutralityResearchers should adopt a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, and can not distort and conjecture the objective facts.For some anti social values and some values that cause psychological disorders, consultants should actively intervene and guide.Systematic principleSocial behavior and social psychological phenomenon exist in a system, and its causes and changes have reasons.Many principles in system theory, such as dynamic principle, holistic principle, ordered principle and feedback principle, provide a theoretical perspective and analytical means for social psychology research.Ethical principlesThe study of social psychology often adopts some means to control the situation or the subjects. In view of this, the ethical code that researchers should follow is that:1. researchers should evaluate their moral acceptability in the development of research projects2. before the study, the researcher should explain the main part of the research plan and ask the subjects to agree. In the special case of deception shall be approved by the strict procedures, and afterwards to the subjects that seek to understand.3. in specific research, researchers must take measures to protect subjects.4. subjects had the freedom to quit research.5. the information provided by the subjects should be kept confidential, such as publication, subject to the consent of the subjects.6. no other relationship outside the study should be established with the subjects.Fourth units: the main theoretical schools of social psychology(no test). Slightly)The second section socialization and selfSocialization of the first unitSocialization: the process of individual growth and development from natural person to social man. It is the process of individual interaction with others, accepting social influence, learning and mastering the social role, forming the process of adapting to the social environment of personality, social psychology, behavior style and life skills.Socialization involves two aspects: Society and individual.Socialization of children and adolescents is early socialization.Socialization of adulthood is continuing socialization.Because of the rapid social change, the process of re socialization of individuals is called re socialization. Re socialization also includes the re education of individuals who failed to acquire qualified social members in the process of early socialization and continuing socialization.For example, the "reeducation through labor" and "labor reform" system in China is a kind of re socialization mechanism.The basic conditions of socialization:1. human beings have a longer life attachment period2. the genetic quality of human beings provides the possibility of socialization.The carrier of individual socialization:FamilySchoolmass mediaReference groupSocialization of language:Individual socialization begins with the mastery of language, and all socialization is based on the socialization of language.Socialization of gender roles:Sex (physiological concept)Gender (psychological concept)Gender roles (sociological concepts)Second unit social role and its theoryClassification of social roles:1., pre assigned roles and achievement roles (parents and teachers)2. define roles and open roles (civil servants and friends)3. utilitarian roles and expressive roles (workers, peasants and civil servants)4. conscious roles and unconscious roles (actors and soccer hooligans)Role maladjustmentIn the process of role-playing, people often have contradictions, obstacles, and even encounter failure, which is the role imbalance.Role failureIt's the most serious role disorder. The role undertaker has to quit the stage and give up the original role.Third unit, self, identity and self-esteemSelf is an ancient subject of psychology.The ego, also known as self consciousness or self-concept, is the individual's cognition of the state of being. It includes cognition of physiological self state, psychological state, interpersonal relationship and social role.Lord me and guest me, this is James's concept of self.The former is the subject of cognition, and the latter is the object of cognition.Mirror me is the self concept reflected by the judgment of others.Meade believes that the whole society we belong to is a mirror that we see ourselves.Rodgers (humanism) holds that self concept plays a more important role than real self in individual behavior and personality, because it is the system of individual self perception and the way to know oneself. It doesn't matter who you are. What matters is who you think you areThe function of self concept:Keep the internal consistency of the individualInterpretation experienceDeciding expectationsThe formation and development of self concept:Physiological self (8 months -3 years old)Social self (3 years old, -13, 14 years old)Psychological self (10 years or so)Self esteem is the result of self evaluation of individual's social role.The level of self-esteem is the sum of individual evaluations of each individual role.There are two aspects of self-esteem need:1. desire for achievements, strengths, and confidence2. desire for fame, dominance, admirationJames's formula: self-esteem = success / ambitionSome factors that affect self-esteem:Parent child relationship in 1. families2. feedback of behavior3., choose to participate and avoid weaknesses4. according to the principle of similarity to correct social comparisonThird social perception and attributionUnit 1 social perception(no test). Slightly)Second unit impression formation and impression management The effect of impression formation1. primacy effect and recency effect.Primacy effect is the mechanism of first impression effect.Recency effect (recently acquired information) (relatives, friends)Primacy effect (initial information) (stranger)2. halo effectIs a kind of Overgeneralization phenomenon is occurred in the role of people are not aware of the situation.3. stereotypePeople form a fixed view of a certain thing through their own experience.Positive nature: simplifying the process of social perception The nature of negativity: prejudice, even discrimination Third unit attributionAttribution: refers to the individual according to the relevant information, clues to their own and other people's behavior reasons for the process of speculation and judgment.Covariation principle: when people look for reasons, as scientists seek laws in scientific research, they try to find out the regular covariation of various conditions in which an effect occurs.Kelly believes that the principle of covariation is the most comprehensive attribution principle.Kelly's attribution theory (three dimensional theory), individual need to consider three kinds of information in attribution:Specific informationCommon informationConsistency informationAttribution of specific common consistencyHigh and high stimulus objectsLow and high behavioral subjectHigh-low backgroundFactors influencing attribution:1. social perspective. Actors and observers have different opinions about the causes of actors' behavior.2. self value protection3. observation position4. time factor. As time goes on, attribution will become more and more situational. People will interpret the past events as the causes of the background rather than the causes of the subject and the object of the stimulus.The fourth section: social motivation and social emotionUnit 1 social motivation overview(no test). Slightly)The main social motivation of the second unitAffinity motivation:Affinity is a psychological tendency for individuals to be afraid of loneliness, to hope to be with others, to establish collaborative and friendly ties.It's the lowest level of interpersonal attraction.Origin of affinity:Affinity originates from attachment.0-3 year old mother belt, to make children rely on, or can not make friends.The role of affinity:Meeting certain social needs of the individualGetting informationRelieve psychological pressureAvoid embarrassmentFactors affecting the affinity: situational factors, emotional factors, birth orderAmbition level:The subjective estimation of the possible achievement goal of an individual before he or she does some practical work.A subjective desire to represent an individual.The level of ambition depends on the strength of achievement motivation.Ambition level is related to individual's past success or failure experience.Factors affecting achievement motivation:The attraction of 1. goals2. the subjective probability of risk and success or failure3. the chance for individuals to display their talentsAggressive motive:Aggression is the act of an individual intentionally injuring others.Aggression is caused by aggressive motives.Aggression is constituted by injury behavior, aggression motive and social evaluationInfluencing factors of aggression:Emotional arousal levelLevel of moral developmentSelf control abilitySocial roles and groupsThe influence of mass mediaInfluential factors of altruistic behavior1. external factors:natural environmentSocial situation (bystander effect)Time pressureThe characteristics of altruistic objects2. the psychological characteristics of the altruistic:moodguiltpersonality3. altruistic skills: knowing how to help and altruism is also important.Third unit social emotionsJealousy: a complex emotional state of shame, anger, resentment, etc. that is found in others' ability, reputation, status, or circumstances rather than others.The characteristics of jealousy:TargetedPersistenceConfrontationalUniversalityShame: (shame)It is a painful emotional experience of an individual because of his own shortcomings in personality, ability, appearance, etc., or inconsistent with the social norm in thought and behavior.A healthy sense of shame is the natural result of individual psychological development, and is an important way for people to adapt themselves to social life and improve themselves;Too much or too little shame is unhealthy, both of which are detrimental to individual development.Guilt: (guilt)A strong uneasiness, shame, and guilt emotional experience that individuals consider themselves responsible for actual or imagined crimes or faults.Guilty people often have conscience and moral self blame, and try to make efforts to make up for their mistakes.A healthy sense of guilt is the "alarm" of the mind, the core of emotion of human conscience. It will remind us to take care of the interests and feelings of others, and adjust the interpersonal relationship, which is conducive to individual adaptation to social life.Too little or too much guilt is unhealthy.Fifth attitudesUnit 1 attitude formationAttitude is the tendency of individuals to respond to the general evaluation and stability of specific objects.Characteristics of attitude:InternalityObjectivitystabilityComponents of attitude:Cognitive component (cognition)Emotional component (affection)Behavioral propensity component (behavior)The three component of attitude is called the ABC model of attitude.Generally speaking, the three components of attitude are consistent. When they are uncoordinated, emotional components often occupy the dominant position and determine the basic orientation and behavior tendency of attitude.Second unit attitude changeThe theory of attitude change F. Heider's equilibrium theoryThe relationship between P-O is most important (interpersonal relationship)Sure: balance is strong balance, imbalance is strong imbalanceNegative: balance is weak equilibrium, imbalance is weak imbalanceThird unit attitude measurementAttitude:It's a psychological tendency in the body,It can not be measured directly at present,So attitude measurement generally uses indirect methods.Commonly used attitude measurement methods:Scale methodProjection methodBehavioral response measurementProjective test:The Thematic Apperception Test (Morgan)Ink mark test (Luo Xia)Behavioral response measurement is the working principle of lie detector. The theoretical basis is that the individual's psychological state and psychological process reflect the external physiological signs and external behaviors to a certain extent.Sixth section communication and interpersonal relationshipThe structure and function of the first unit communicationCommunicate：Refers to the process of information transmission and communication.interpersonal communicationMass communicationThe function of communication:1. is the means of getting information2. is the tool of ideological communication and emotional sharing3. is an important factor to meet the needs and maintain psychological balance4. is an important way to reduce conflicts and improve interpersonal relationships5. can coordinate the action within the group, promote the improvement of efficiency and the realization of the organization goal.Reality communication:The identity and role of the two parties are clearFace to face communication and telephone communication.Virtual communication:The two sides are not clear about the identity and role of the other party.Process is mainly guided by subjective feelings and imagination.The second unit of language communicationEyes and facial expressionsEye：Eyes are the windows of the mind.It is difficult for people to control their eyes freely.It is the most effective way to reveal the inner world of the individual.Individual emotional changes are first reflected in the pupil changes.Eye contact is the most important way of language communication.Facial expression:A complete fine communication language formAfter training, people can control more freely.Controllable, variable, the effect is obvious.Is one of the more people use body language form.Body movement and contact:Physical exercise is a kind of language the most easy to find.Touch is a powerful way of interpersonal communication.The emotional experience is most profound when people touch and touch the body.Posture and decoration:Is the individual use of body or gesture of action to express the emotions and attitudes of body language.Interpersonal distance:It is the spatial distance between individuals when communicating and communicating.1. public distance (12-25 feet, 3.6-7.6 meters)2. social distance (4-12 feet, 1.2-3.6 meters)3. person distance (1.5- 4 feet, 0.46-1.2 meters)4. close distance (0-18 inches, 0-0.46 meters)The principle and theory of third unit interpersonal relationshipInterpersonal relationship is the direct psychological connection between people and people in communication andcommunication.The characteristics of interpersonal relationship: individuality, directness and emotionality.Fourth unit family(no test). Slightly)。
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Social psychology 社会心理学：用科学的方法研究人们的思维、情感和行为是以怎样的方式受到真实或想象中的他人影响的。
Social influence 社会影响：指他人的言辞、行为或仅仅是其在场对我们思想、情感、态度或行为所产生的影响或效果。
Construal 解读：是指人们认知、理解、解释社会世界的方式。
Fundamental Attribution Error 基本归因错误：是指高估内在性情境因素对行为的影响，而低估外在性情境因素的作用的倾向。
Self-esteem 自尊：指一个人对自我价值的评估，换言之，就是一个人认为自己有多好、多能干以及多高尚Social cognition 社会认知：指人们是如何看待自己和社会世界，更明确地说，就是人们如何选择、诠释、记忆和使用社会信息来做出判断和决定的。
Automatic thinking 自动化思维：是指无意识的、不带意图目的、自然而然的并且不需要努力地思维。
Schemas 图式:是指人们用来组织他们关于某个主题的知识、关于周围的社会性世界的心理结构，这种心理结构会影响人们所注意、思考和识记的信息。
Accessibility 可提取性：是指图式和概念在人们的头脑中所占据的优势范围，从而使我们对社会性世界作出判断的时候予以提取使用。
Priming 启动：是指最近的经历提高了某个图式、特征或概念的可提取性的过程。
Self-fulfilling prophecy 自证预言：是指在这种情况中，人们对他人产生一个预期，这会影响他们如何对待他人，而这种对待方式又会导致那个人的行为与人们最初的预期相一致，使得这一预期成为现实。
心理策略与心理捷径1、判断法则（judgmental heuristics）：是指人们为了迅速而有效地作出判断所使用的心理捷径。
2、便利法则（availability heuristic）：是指根据一件事进入脑海的容易程度来做出判断的心理经验法则。
3、代表性法则（representativeness heuristic）：是指人们根据一事物与某典型事物的相似程度来加以归类的一类心理捷径。
4、基础比例信息（base rate information ）：是指关于总体中不同类别的成员所占的相对比例中的信息。
5、锚定与调整法则（anchoring and adjustment heuristics）：是指人们是以一个数字或数值作为起始点，并依据这个起始点进行调整，但这种调整往往是不充分地。
Controlled thinking 控制性思维：是指有意识、有目的、主动的并且需要努力的思维。
Counterfactual thinking 反事实推理：是指在心理上改变过去的某些环节以便想象事情可能有所不同。
Thought suppression 思考抑制：是指试图避免想起一些我们宁愿忘记的事物。
Overconfidence barrier 过度自信障碍：是指人们对于自己判断的正确性往往自信过度。
social perception 社会知觉：是指关于我们如何形成对他人的印象及如何对他们做出推论的研究。
nonverbal communication 非言语交流：是指人们在不使用语言的情况下进行有意或无意的交流的方式。
非言语线索包括：面部表情、说话的语调、姿势、身体的位置及动作、身体碰触以及目光注视等。
Encode 编码：是指表达或作出非言语行为。
Decode 解码：是指解释别人所表达的非言语行为的意义。
display rules 表达规则：是指由文化所决定的关于何种非语言行为适合表达的规则。
Emblems 标志：是指在某一特定文化中具有清楚易懂的定义的非言语姿势，这些姿势通常转译为直接的语言表达。
attribution theory 归因理论：是指对人们解释自己及他人行为起因的方式的描述。
internal attribution 内部归因:指的是一个人之所以出现这样的行为，其原因与自己有关，例如他的人格、态度或个性。
external attribution 外部归因：指的是一个人之所以出现这样的行为，其原因与他所处的情境有关，并假设大多数人在同样的情境下会作出同样的反应。
consensus information 共识性信息：指的是这类信息是对于相同的刺激，其他人作出与行为者相同行为的程度。
distinctiveness information 特殊性信息：指的是这类信息时某个行为者对于不同刺激作出相同反应的程度。
consistency information 一致性信息：指的是这类信息是在不同的时间和环境下，某项行为出现于同一行为者和同一刺激之间的频率。
correspondence bias 一致性偏见：指的是推论人们的行为与他们的性格（人格）相一致的倾向。
perceptual salience 知觉显著性：指的是成为人们注意焦点的信息貌似更具有重要性的观点。
Actor /observer difference 当事人与旁观者差异：指的是在观察别人的行为时偏好做性格归因，在解释自己的行为时更加重于情境因素的倾向。
self-serving attributions 自利归因：是指将成功归因于内部，即性格因素；而将失败归因于外部，即情境因素。
self-concept 自我概念：自我的内容，换言之，就是我们对于“自己是谁”这个问题的了解。
self-awareness 自我觉知：是指以自我为思考对象的行为。
independent view of the self 个人主义：是指以自己内在的想法、感受和行动来定义自我，而不是以别人的想法、感受和行动来定义自我的方式。
interdependent view of the self 集体主义：是指以自己和他人的关系来定义自我，并认识到自己的行为经常受到别人的想法、感受及行动的左右的方式。
Introspection 内省：往内心深处探索，并审视自己的想法、感受及动机的过程。
self-awareness theory 自我觉知理论：该理论主张，当我们将注意力集中在自己身上时，我们会根据自己内在的标准与价值观来评价和比较自己的行为。
self-perception theory 自我知觉理论：是指当我们的态度和感受处于不确定或模棱两可的状态时，我们会通过观察自己的行为和该行为发生时的情境，来推论自己的态度和感受。
intrinsic motivation 内在动机：是指因为喜欢某项活动或觉得该活动有趣（而不是因为外在的奖赏或压力）而想从事该项活动的欲望。
extrinstic motivation 外在动机：是指因为外在的奖赏或压力（而不是因为喜欢该活动或觉得该活动有趣）而想从事某项活动的欲望overjustification effect 过分充足理由效应：是指人们的某种倾向，即认为自己的行为是由难以抗拒的外在原因所引起的，而使他们低估了内在原因引发该行为的可能性。
two-factor theory of emotion沙赫特的情绪的二因素理论：是指情绪体验是一种两阶段的自我知觉过程的结果：首先，我们必须经历生理的唤起；接着再为这个唤起状态寻找适当的解释。
Misattribution of arousal 唤起的错误归因：是指对于自己的感受的起因作出错误推论的过程。
appraisal theories of emotion 情绪评估理论：指的是即使没有任何的生理唤起，人们对事件的解读或诠释也可能造成情绪的产生。
attitude 态度：指的是对他人、事物和观点的评价。
classical conditioning 经典条件作用：指的是某种能引起情绪反应的刺激不断与一种不会引起情绪反应的中性刺激相联结，直到中性刺激本身也能引发该情绪反应。
operant conditioning 操作条件作用：指的是个体自由选择的行为，根据行为结果是得到奖励还是惩罚，相应地在频率上增加或减少。
explicit attitudes 外显态度：是指我们意识到的并易于报告的。
implicit attitudes 内隐态度：是指自然而然的、不受控制的，而且往往是无意识的评价。
internal justification 内部合理化：是指通过让自己相信自己所说的内容来减轻社会认知失调。
persuasive communication 说服性沟通：是指在某一问题上支持特定观点的沟通，如演讲Yale Attitude Change Approach 耶鲁态度改变研究法：1谁：沟通的来源：a、可信的演说家比缺乏可信度的人更具有说服力。
b、有吸引力的演说家比没有吸引力的人更具有说服力。
（2）什么：沟通的性质：（3）对谁说：听众的性质a、分心的听众比未分心的听众更容易被说服。
B、智商低的人通常比智商高的人更容易受到影响，中等自尊的人通常比自尊程度高或低的人更容易受到影响。
C、年龄在18-25岁之间，更容易受到影响而改变态度。
elaboration likelihood model 精细可能性模型：指的是主张说服性沟通方式有两种可以引起态度改变，一是中心路径，人们有动机、有能力专注于沟通中的逻辑论证；二是外周路径，人们不去注意逻辑论证而受到表面特征（如演讲者是谁）的影响。
central route to persuasion 说服的中心路径:是指当人们具备专注于信息的动机和能力时，人们对说服性沟通进行了精细化，专心聆听并思考论据内容的情况。
peripheral route to persuasion 说服的外周路径:是指人们不仔细思考说服性沟通中的论据，而受周边线索影响的情况。
Need for cognition 认知需求：反映一个人从事和喜欢费劲的认知活动的程度的人格变量fear-arousing communication 引发恐惧的沟通：是指通过引发人们恐惧感的方式来改变人们态度的说服性信息。
heuristic-systematic model of persuasion 启发式系统性说服模型：是指说服性沟通改变态度有两种途径：一种是系统性地处理论证的优点，另一种是运用心理捷径（启发式）的方法，attitude accessibility 态度的可接近性：某一事物与你对该事物的评价之间的联系强度，通常可以通过人们报告对该问题或事物的看法的速度来衡量。
当这种可接近程度很高时，往往你一看到或想到某个事物时就对它有某种态度。
而当这种可接近程度很低时，你对该事物的态度呈现要慢得多。
theory of planned behavior 有计划行为理论:指的是认为对一个人的有计划性、有意的行为最好的预测方法是考察人们指向行为的态度、主观规范和知觉到的控制感这三个因素。