what are polymers
功能高分子导论课程简介大纲-浙江大学
课程简介和教学大纲格式课程代码：09193090课程名称：功能高分子导论（An Introduction to Functional Polymers）学分：4周学时 4面向对象：高分子材料与工程专业三年级预修课程要求：高分子化学、高分子物理一、课程介绍（100-150字）（一）中文简介多学科交叉的功能高分子是高分子学科最为活跃的领域之一。
课程将从介绍功能高分子基本知识和共性问题出发，介绍功能高分子的研究方法。
并结合各领域功能高分子实例，介绍高分子材料在生命、环境、信息和能源科学中重要作用，在回答“高分子有什么用”的同时，阐述如何通过对高分子材料的设计去解决功能实现中的关键问题。
（二）英文简介Functional Polymers are one of the most active fields in polymer science. This course will systematically introduce the basic principles, common problems and experimental methods of functional polymers. This course is supposed to introduce the important applications of polymers in life science, environmental science, information science and energy science with examples of functional polymers. Students are supposed to understand “what are polymers for?”by learning to solve practical problems via the design of polymeric materials.二、教学目标（一）学习目标多学科交叉的功能高分子是近期国内外研究应用和浙江大学高分子学科最为活跃的领域之一。
高分子专业英语答案
高分子专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料工程专业英语课文翻译(曹同玉,冯连芳)主编】txt>unit 1 what are polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？what are polymers? for one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. to contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. these big molecules or‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. to illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. when these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
(最新整理)《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译
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Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking，bleaching powder for cotton， and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking。
It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely， and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen—based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizersand nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter—war years （1918—1939)。
高分子材料与工程专业英语答案
高分子材料与工程专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2】t all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kindof repeating unit. at the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an aminoacid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. in this case the molecular weightitself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. when the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。
在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。
尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。
聚合物体积电阻系数和表面电阻系数的测定-高分子物理-实验15-17
实验十五聚合物的体积电阻系数和表面电阻系数的测定一、实验目的1．掌握聚合物体积电阻系数和表面电阻系数的测试方法；2．比较极性与非极性聚合物的电阻系数数值范围。
二、实验原理材料的导电性是由于其内部存在传递电流的自由电荷，即载流子，在外加电场作用下，这些载流子作定向移动，形成电流。
导电性优劣与材料所含载流子的数量、运动速度有关。
常用电阻系数（电阻率）ρ或电导系数（电导率）σ表征材料的导电性，它们是一些宏观物理量，而载流子浓度和迁移率则是表征材料导电性的微观物理量。
大量高聚物是作为绝缘材料使用的，但具有特殊结构的高聚物可能成为半导体、导体，甚至人们提出了超导体的模型。
决定高聚物导电性的因素有化学结构、分子量、凝聚态结构、杂质以及环境（温度、湿度等）等。
饱和的非极性高聚物具有很好的电绝缘性能，理论上计算它们的电阻系数可达到1023欧姆·米，而实测值要小几个数量级，说明高聚物中除自身结构以外的因素（如残留的催化剂、各种添加剂等）对导电性能产生了不小的影响。
极性高聚物的电绝缘性次之，微量的本征解离产生导电离子，此外，残留的催化剂、各种添加剂等都可以提供导电离子。
而一些共轭高聚物如聚乙炔则可制成半导体材料，这是由于主链上π轨道相互交叠，π电子有较高的迁移率。
但是它们的导电性实际并不高，原因是受到电子成对的影响，电子成对后，只占有一个轨道，空出另一个轨道，两个轨道能量不同，电子迁移时必须越过轨道间的能级差，这样就限制了电子的迁移，材料导电率下降。
采用掺杂方法可以减小能级差，电子迁移速率提高。
Heeger（黑格，美国)、 MacDiarmid（麦克迪尔米德，美国）以及白川英树（日本）就成功地完成了用溴、碘掺杂聚乙炔，没有掺杂时聚乙炔的电导率为3.2X10-6Ω-1•cm-1，掺杂后竟达到了38Ω-1•cm-1，提高了1000万倍，接近金属铝和铜的电导率。
并且在发现聚乙炔的导电性后，黑格发现聚乙炔的磁性、电学、光学性质都异常。
何曼君第三版高分子第一章PPT
8
第一章：绪论
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第一章：绪论
一 .高分子及其应用
高分子（macromolecule、polymer）
由许多结构相同的单元通过共价键重复连接而 成的相对分子量很大的化合物 天然高分子 合成高分子：塑料、橡胶、纤维、胶粘剂、 涂料、功能高分子等 高分子材料具有基本性质： 比重小，比强度 高，韧性、可塑性，高弹性、耐磨性，绝缘 性，耐腐蚀性，抗射线。
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第一章：绪论
Wallace Carothers （1896 – 1937） 尼龙、氯丁橡胶的发明者 1924-1926 University of Illinois instructor in organic chemistry
1926-1928 Harvard University instructor in organic chemistry
防腐工程：耐腐蚀性，防腐结构材料。
（水管阀门）PTFE：230～260℃长期工作，适合温度高腐蚀严重的产品。
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第一章：绪论
高分子材料的消耗率
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第一章：绪论
功能高分子Functional Polymer
• • • • • • 液晶高分子: 降解高分子聚二氧化碳树脂、Kevlar纤维 导电高分子: 电致发光高分子聚苯胺、塑料电池 医用高分子：人工心脏、脏器、人工肾（PU）、人工肌肉 高吸水性树脂 智能高分子：汽车的抗磨损涂层等 高分子在IT的应用：聚合物发光二极管(OLED)柔性显示器 、塑料芯片等
材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案
1.“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。
相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。
2.实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学、腐蚀性。
3.除了结构与性质，材料科学与工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分，即加工与性能。
4.工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、结构、性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术，根据以上的原则，他或她就会越自信与熟练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.只有在少数情况下，材料才具有最优或最理想的综合性质。
因此，有时候有必要为某一性质而牺牲另一性能。
6.Interdisciplinary dielectric constant Solid material(s) heat capacity Mechanical property electromagnetic radiation Material processing elastic modulus7.It was not until relativcal properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 21. 金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属外表有金属光泽。
2. 陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。
3. 用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。
4. 压电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩；反之，当它们膨胀和收缩时，他们也能产生一个电场。
5. 随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的出现，操控和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能，因此，我们能通过一些简单的原子水平的构建就可以设计出新的材料。
6. advanced materials ceramic materials high-performance materials clay minerals alloy implant glass fibre carbon nanotube7. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.8. Many of polymeric materials are organic compounds with very large molecular structures.9. Semiconductors hace electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers). 10. Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit 31．金属的行为〔性质〕不同于陶瓷的行为〔性质〕，陶瓷的行为〔性质〕不同于聚合物的行为〔性质〕。
模具专业英语课件PPTUNITONE
petroleum or agricultural products”是简化句，等于which are obtained from ...，修饰前面的“molecules”。
③ Composite materials are formed from two or more materials， whose
obtained by any single material”的主语是复合材料。
2021/8/12
Unit One Mold Materials and Heat Treatment
New Words and Expressions:
lubricant［ lu brik nt］ n.润滑剂 ceramics［si r miks］ n.陶瓷，陶瓷制品 polymer［ p lim］ n.聚合物 composite［ k mp zit］ adj.合成的，复合的; n.混合物 zinc［zi k］锌 cast iron铸铁 titanium［t i teinj m］ n.钛 nickel［ nik（）l］ n.镍 stiffness［ stifnis］ n.硬度，刚度 ductility［d k tiliti］ n.韧性，可延展性 formability［f m biliti］ n.可成型性 shock resistance抗冲击性 load -bearing承载 tableware［ teib（）lw］ n.餐具
2021/8/12
Unit One Mold Materials and Heat Treatment
Notes:
① Consequently， ceramics are less often used for structural or load -
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third paragraph
second paragraph
第二段
this interlinking of many unit has given the polymer its name, poly meaning“many”and mer meaning“part”( in greek).As an example, a gaseouscompoundcalled butadiene,with amolecule weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene( a synthetic rubber) with about 200000 molecular we from which the polymers from are known as monomers, the picture as follows:
关于高聚物与小分子化合物另一个显著的不同点就是溶解过程。例如，将氯化钠放入大量的水中。代表低分子化合物的这种盐，溶解在水中并且会有一个饱和点。继续加入这种盐后，将不再溶解，并且会保持原来的外观状态。这个溶解盐的粘度与水不同，当用高聚物做同样的实验，挥发性聚氯乙烯不会立即溶解于水中，而是聚氯乙烯首先会形成小球，并逐渐吸水碰撞并扭曲，经过长时间后踩逐渐溶于水中。我们可以加入大量的高聚物于等量的水中，甚至不会出现饱和点。当加入更多的水时，高聚物溶解的时间将要花费的更长，最后的混合物依然是面团絮状物。另一个需要特别指出来的是，在水中，聚乙烯醇绝对不会达到诸如过量氯化钠饱和点的原始单体状况，最终结论：我们可以说，（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解时间话费的更长（2）没有出现饱和点（3）溶解于水中出现不断增长的粘度特征，是典型的大分子高聚物才有的特点。低分子化合物与高分子聚合物的溶解过程可以参照图1.2
由此一个小分子如何成为一个大分子聚合物的。它本质上是由一种大分子组成的聚合物，与我们常见的化合物例如苯是是有所不同的。例如，固态苯，在5.5℃时会变成液体，加热后，又成为气态苯。与这种易于分辨的宏观表现聚合物相反，高聚物如聚乙烯醇不会在一个特定的温度下溶解为液体。聚乙烯醇是逐渐变软，最终形成一个黏性的团状物。继续加热后，黏性团状物也不会转为气体，并且它已经变形，不再是聚乙烯醇了。
forth paragraph
第四段
another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns thedissolutionprocess.Let us take, for example, sodiumchlorideand add it slowly to a fixed quantity of water.The salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to a point(called saturation point)but,thereafter, any further quantity added does not go intosolutionbut settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid.The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of water.But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it to a fixed quality of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately.The globules of polyvinyl alcohol firstly absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution.Also, we can add a very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached.As more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increase and the mix ultimately assumes a soft, dough-like consistency.Another particularly is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature as the excess sodium chloride does in a saturated salt solution.In conclusion, we can say that(1)the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution,(2)the absence of a saturation point, and（3）the increase in the viscosity are alcharacteristicsof a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer.The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer ondissolutionare illustrated in Fig.1.2.
什么是高分子，一方面，他们是复杂的、巨大的分子，与低分子化合物如盐是不一样的。为了对比其不同性，如盐的分子量只有58.5，而高分子聚合物的分子量可以达到数十万甚至超过数千个分子。这些高分子量或超高分子量是由许多小分子单体组成。这些小分子化合物，可以与大分子相结合，成为一个或多个化合物。例如，许多环形聚合物具备一样的大小，是由同样的物质组成。当这些分子链环交联后，形成的链可以被认为代表来自于相同化合物形成的高聚物。或者，单独的链可以形成不同的尺寸和物质，可以称作来自不同化合物的分子所形成的高聚物。
PART A polymer chemistry and physics
Unit 1 what are polymers?什么是高聚物？
first paragraph
第一段
what are polymers?For one thing, thy are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like ,say, common salt.To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousands, even more than thousand molecules.These big molecules or macro-molecules are made up of much smaller molecules.The small molecules, which combine to from a big molecule, can be of one or more chemical compounds.Toillustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material.When these rings are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound.Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and material, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.
第三段
one can thus see how a substance( monomer) with as small a molecular weight as 54 grows to become a giant molecular (polymer)of (54×4000≈)200000 molecular weight。It is essentially the giantness of the size of the polymer molecular that makes its behavior different from that of acommonlyknown chemical compound such as benzene. solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5℃and, on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene. as against this well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into clean liquid.Instead it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass.Furtherheating of this hot ,viscous, molten polymer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene.