Phonetics 语言学方面
语言学chapter 2 phonetics
To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.
语言学知识点
语言学知识点语言学是研究语言的科学，旨在理解人类语言的本质和语言的使用方式。
它涉及语音学、语法、语义、语用学等多个领域。
本文将介绍语言学的一些基本知识点。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）语音学研究的是语音的产生、传播和接收。
语音学家使用国际音标来表示语音。
国际音标包含了各种音素的符号，用以表示特定的语音。
2. 语音语调（Intonation）语音语调是对词语和句子的声调、强弱和节奏的研究。
它包括音高（pitch）、音量（volume）、语速（tempo）等方面的表达。
语音语调可以影响对话的意义和情感。
3. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言学中研究句子结构的学科。
它研究句子如何组成、如何变化以及如何表达语义。
语法分为句法（Syntax）和词法（Morphology）两个方面。
4. 句法（Syntax）句法研究句子内部成分的组合规则。
它关注句子的结构、语序以及成分之间的关系。
研究句法可以帮助我们理解和构建正确的句子。
5. 词法（Morphology）词法研究词的内部结构和变化规律。
它关注单词的构成要素（词根、词缀等）以及单词形态的变化。
6. 语义学（Semantics）语义学是研究词义和句义的学科。
它关注语言符号与现实世界之间的关系，研究词语和句子的意义。
语义学可以帮助我们理解语言的意义和表达的方式。
7. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学研究语言在具体语境中的使用和解释。
它关注的是说话人的意图、听者的理解以及背后的非字面意义。
语用学帮助我们理解语言的社交功能和交际规则。
8. 语言变体（Language Variation）语言变体指的是同一语言在不同社会群体之间产生的差异。
这些差异可以体现在发音、词汇、语法以及语用等方面。
语言变体是语言学中一个重要的研究领域。
9. 二语习得（Second Language Acquisition）二语习得研究的是学习第二语言的过程和条件。
它包括语言输入、语言输出和语言环境对第二语言学习的影响等方面。
《语言学教程》Chapter2phonetics
《语言学教程》Chapter2phoneticsIntroduction to Phonetics:Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): Articulatory Phonetics:Articulatory phonetics focuses on how speech sounds are produced and articulated by the vocal organs. These organs include the tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords. The sounds are produced by manipulating these organs to create different configurations and airflow patterns. For example, the sound [p] is produced by closing the lips and then opening them to release a burst of air.Acoustic Phonetics:Acoustic phonetics analyzes the physical properties of speech sounds in terms of sound waves and their frequencies. Sound waves are vibrations that travel through the air and reach our ears, where they are processed and interpreted as speech sounds. Different speech sounds have distinct acoustic properties, such as their pitch, loudness, and duration. These properties are measured and analyzed to better understand the characteristics of each sound.Auditory Phonetics:Auditory phonetics investigates how speech sounds are perceived and processed by the human auditory system. When we hear speech sounds, our ears detect the sound waves and send them to the brain for interpretation. The brain then matches these signals to specific speech sounds and recognizes their meaning. Auditory phonetics explores the mechanisms and processes involved in this perception and interpretation.Segmental and Suprasegmental Features:In linguistics, speech sounds can be classified into two categories: segmental and suprasegmental features. Segmental features pertain to individual sounds or phonemes, while suprasegmental features refer to properties that extend beyond individual sounds, such as stress, intonation, and rhythm. These suprasegmental features contribute to the melody and rhythm of speech and can carry additional meaning and emphasis.Phonetic Transcription:Conclusion:。
语言学第2-3章Phonetics & Phonology
• Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: • how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. • Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
• [t] and [d] are thus important sounds in English, because they enable us to distinguish tin and din, tie and die, and many more word pairs. • Similarly, [f] and [d] can be shown to be important units too, because they distinguish between fish and dish, fine and dine and many other pairs.
Phonetics & Phonology
Phonetics: Speech Sounds
• Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Many languages in the world today are both written and spoken. • Language is first perceived through its sounds. Thus the study of sounds is of great importance in linguistics. Naturally, linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication.
专八语言学考点
语言学概论一.语言的甄别特征（Design Features）：语言的甄别特征（Design Features）包括：1. 任意性（Arbitrariness）2. 能产性（Productivity）3. 双层性（Duality）4. 移位性（Replacement）5. 文化传承（Cultural transmission）二．语言学的主要分支（the Main Branches of Linguistics）：1. 语音学（phonetics）：用以研究语音的特点，并提供语音描写、分类和标记方法的学科。
2. 音系学（phonology）：研究语言中出现的区别语音及其模式是如何形成语音系统来表达意义的学科。
3. 形态学（morphology）：研究词的内部结构和构词规则。
4. 句法学（syntax）：用以研究词是被如何组成句子，以及支配句子构成的学科。
5. 语义学（semantics）：研究语言意义的学科。
6. 语用学（pragmatics）：研究语言的意义在语境中如何被理解、传递和产出的学科。
7. 宏观语言学（Macrolinguistics）：主要包括社会语言学（Sociolinguistics）、心理语言学（Psycholinguistics）、人类语言学（Anthropological Linguistics）、计算机语言学（Computational Linguistics）。
三．语言学的流派（Different Approaches of Linguistics）：1. 结构主义语言学（Structural Lingustics）：1.1 布拉格学派（The Prague School）1.2 哥本哈根学派（The Copenhagen School）1.3 美国结构主义学派（American Structuralism）以上三个学派都受到索绪尔（Saussure）的影响，例如都区分语言和言语（Langue vs. Parole），共时和历时（Synchronic vs. Diachronic）。
语言学phonetics解析
1.2 Three Phases in Communication process
speaker encodes meaning into sounds and utters strings of sounds
Articulatory phonetics:
（发音语音学）
speech production by
1. the place of articulation 2. the manner of articulation
1.7.1 The place of articulation
▪ Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. ▪ Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. ▪ Dental 齿音 e.g. [ð] ▪ Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] ▪ Palatal 腭音 e.g. [j] ▪ Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [ʃ] ▪ Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k] ▪ Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] ▪ Retroflex 卷舌音 ▪ Uvular 小舌音 ▪ Pharyngeal 咽音ory phonetics
1.3 The process of producing speech
air breathed in lungs
air pressed out
Pharynx 咽
Larynx 喉 trachea (windpipe)
nasal cavity 鼻腔
Articulatory phonetics: （发音语音学）
speech production by speech organs
Acoustic phonetics: （声学语音学） physical properties of speech sounds
考研资料语言学名词解释汇总
考研资料语言学名词解释汇总语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及许多专业名词和概念。
对于考研生来说，掌握相关名词和概念是非常重要的。
本文将提供一份考研资料语言学名词解释的汇总，帮助考生更好地理解和应用这些概念。
一、音系学（Phonetics）音系学是研究语音发声原理、音位（语音的最小单位）和音的组合规律的学科。
它关注语音在发声器官中的产生、传播和接受的过程。
主要研究内容包括声音的分类、音标的标记和语音规律等。
二、音韵学（Phonology）音韵学是研究语音在语言中的功能和体现方式的学科。
它研究不同语音的搭配关系、音位之间的变化规律以及音位在不同语境中的发音等。
音韵学旨在分析和描述语音的系统性和规律性。
三、语法学（Grammar）语法学是研究语言的句法结构和短语结构的学科。
它涉及到语言单位的组织和排序规则，分为句法学和词汇学两个方面。
句法学主要研究句子成分之间的关系，包括主谓结构、定语从句等；词汇学主要研究词的分类、形态和句法功能等。
四、语义学（Semantics）语义学是研究语言意义的学科。
它研究词、句子和文本的意义，以及这些意义如何被表达和理解。
语义学关注词义的构成和变化、句义的生成和词汇语义的组合规律等。
五、词汇学（Lexicology）词汇学是研究词汇的学科。
它研究词汇的形成、发展、分类和意义等。
词汇学包括词源学、词义学、词汇规则和词语的组成等方面。
词汇学的研究对于理解和掌握语言的词汇系统具有重要意义。
六、句法学（Syntax）句法学是研究句子结构和短语结构的学科。
它研究句子的成分、句法关系和句法规则等。
句法学关注句子中各个成分的组合和排序规律。
准确理解和应用句法规则对于掌握一门语言的语法是至关重要的。
七、语音学（Phonetics）语音学是研究语音发声和语音特征的学科。
它涉及到发音器官的运动、声音的产生和传播以及语音的特征和规律等。
语音学的研究对于改善发音和理解语音的特征有着重要作用。
八、修辞学（Rhetoric）修辞学是研究如何使用语言来有效地表达思想和影响听众的学科。
语言学Lecture4 Phonetics
Clear [l]: 发音时, 舌尖抵住上齿龈根部, 舌前向硬腭抬起, 形成 气流阻碍. 气流从舌的两侧通过, 所以叫做舌侧音. 此时[l] 是浊辅
音, 要振动声带. 这个音与汉语的“乐”有一点相似, 只是汉语的 发音带有元音音素且更清晰.
Dark /l/: 发音时, 舌尖抵住上齿龈根部, 舌面下凹, 舌后部微微上
BROAD transcription (phonemic transcription)
This is often the form used in dictionaries for indicating the general pronunciation of a word. “back slashes”: /…/. NARROW transcription (or phonetic transcription)
Putting Sounds on Paper: transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA)
TWO types of transcription: broad and narrow
E.g. In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound /l/ in words like leaf /li:f/, feel /fi:l/, build /bild/, and health /helθ/. Question: Is [l] pronounced the same in all these four sound combinations?
Three kinds of pronunciation: the /l/ in /li:f/, occurring before a vowel the /l/ in /fi:l/ and /bild/, occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant the /l/ in /helθ/, followed by an English dental sound
语言学导论-第2章(1)Phonetics
Velar软腭音: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal喉音: at the larynx (space between vocal cords) [h]
Labial
Lips
Dental
Teeth
Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音
Difference: In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
Consonants 辅音
In terms of manner of articulation 发音方式
Pah vs. Bah
•
• • •
b: voiced (bah), p: voiceless (pah) ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay What happens in between? No hybrids: either ba or pa
[k] [p] [s] (Speech sounds 语音)
What is phonetics 语音学
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds.
Articulatory(发音的)phonetics: how speech sounds are made. Acoustic(声学的)phonetics: physical properties of speech. Auditory(听觉的)phonetics: perception of speech sounds.
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学是语言学中的一个分支，研究英语的语言结构、语音、语法、语义、语用和历史演变等方面。
以下是一些英语语言学的名词解释：
1. Phonetics（音韵学）：研究语音、发音和声音的学科。
它包括语音学和音系学。
2. Phonology（音系学）：研究语音在语言中的系统性组织和规律性变化的学科。
3. Morphology（形态学）：研究词形变化和词构成的学科。
4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科，包括词义和句子意义。
6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言在实际使用中的含义和功能的学科。
7. Discourse analysis（语篇分析）：研究语言在实际使用中的连贯性和语篇结构的学科。
8. Historical linguistics（历史语言学）：研究语言的演变和变化的学科。
9. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会、文化、地理和历史等因素之间的关系的学科。
10. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科，包括语言习得、记忆和理解等。
以上是一些常见的英语语言学名词解释，它们涵盖了英语语言学的主要领域和分支。
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2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学： 研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics
• 声学语音学： 研究语音的物理特征。
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.4.1 English consonants 2.2.4.2 English vowels
2.2.5 Variations of sounds • 2.2.5.1 Liaison • 2.2.5.2 Elision and assimilation
A three-step process of speech sounds
2.2 Phonetics
2.2.1 Articulators and their functions; 2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds; 2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds; 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.5 Variations of sounds
Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
• One sound must choose two of these features ,as shown by the examples in Table 1.
Table1. Classes of speech sounds
Oral Voiced Voiceless b d g p t k Nasal mn ŋ
发音语音学；
声学语音学；
听觉语音学.
Three branches of phonetics • Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, study of ―how speech sounds are produced‖.
Three branches of phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics • Auditory phonetics • Acoustic phonetics
Three branches of phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics
发音语音学
•The oral cavity ---- the mouth; •Nasal cavity ---- the nose.
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
国际音标
I PA
---- A
standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
2.2 Phonetics
2.2.1 Articulators and their functions; 2.2.2 Voiced and voiceless sounds; 2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds; 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.5 Variations of sounds
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, ―how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.‖
Auditory phonetics
• 听觉语音学或感知语音学： 研究语音的感知。
• ―有什么需要帮助您的吗？” –Can I help you?
• ―杰丝特眸闷特，普立斯”
• “请您稍等”
• ―俺么搔瑞，挨坎翁累 丝鼻科额累偷英格历史”
• ―对不起，我只能讲简单的英语”
• 连几乎全世界人人会说的“再 见”也有了对应中国汉字“白 白”。
• 有网民戏谑地评论说：“这种 句子如果真的完全按照中文读 下來，其难度甚至会比直接读 英语还要高。”
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.2.4.1 English consonants 2.2.4.2 English vowels
Classification of English speech sounds
--- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: • Vowels; Consonants
2.2.3 Nasal and oral sounds
• Oral sounds---Sounds produced
in the way the air escapes only through the mouth.
• These phonetic features permit the classification of all speech sounds into four classes: voiced, voiceless, nasal ,and oral.
• 历时语言学 • 共时语言学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
国际音标
汉字注音雷人 “世博双语” 成网络搞笑对象
•―古的猫宁” • “古的阿夫特怒” • “古的衣服宁”
• 这种注音法被坊间称作是 “最雷人英语”。 • 专家们也表示，用这样的方 式学外语并不可取。
•―坎挨海尔扑油”
IPA音标
国际音标是一个标准的、 被国际上广泛接受的 语音描述系统。
IPA音标
由1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定，是一套可国 际通用的语音符号。
I PA
---- The
basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.
• Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.
• Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds--sounds that convey meaning in human communication.
Three branches of phonetics
• Acoustic phonetics
声学语音学
Three branches of phonetics
• Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学
• 语音学的三大分支: 发音语音学; 声学语音学； 听觉语音学.
语音学的 三大分支
IPA音标
制定原则是“一个音位，一个符号； 一个符号，一个音位”，
即“一音一符”。
• ―One symbol per phoneme‖
2.2.2 Voiced & Voiceless sounds