英汉对比语言学期末(汇总)
英汉构词法对比语言学综述
Beggar(乞丐)—to beg（乞讨）
二．汉语中特有的构词法
重叠法是汉语中最常见的构词法之一，在汉语中，各类 的实词都可以被重叠起来使用，在表达中一般外表说话 人的某种情感意义，主要起到了描写的作用。除此之外， 叠音的使用还可以使音韵更和谐，从而增强语言的表现 力。其中词汇的重叠分为部分重叠和完全重叠，其重叠 的类型也分为AA型，比如：慢慢、爸爸。ABB型，比如： 笑嘻嘻，阴森森等。AAB型，比如：毛毛雨、悄悄话。 ABAC型，比如：慌里慌张、傻里傻气等。AABB型，比如： 研究研究、讨论讨论。
在汉语中，形容词的词性虽未改变，但它确实可以充当名词的角色，作 句子的主语。比如: (1)虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 (2)谦受益
(3)穷则独善其身
四、缩合法
缩合法是把词或词组缩短，去掉词的某一部分来构成新词的构词法， 缩合后的词的含义一般不会发生变化。英语中常见的缩合形式为词 头字母的缩合，一般情况下，用大写形式。比如: BBC—British Broadcasting Corporation
在汉语中，这种构词形式被称为“补充式”合成词。比 如: 打开、推翻、改正、降低、完成、看透、推翻、淋湿 等
5.noun+adjective:worldwide,taxfree,waterproof,airtight,fire proof, bulletproof, airsick,
二、合成法
四、缩合法
英汉语言对比复习资料
It died suddenly, in a terrible rain of fire and ash. The tragedy struck on the 24th of August, A.D.79. Mount Vesuvius, which had slept quietly for centuries, erupted with savage violence. Tons of hot ash fell on Pompeii, hiding it from sight. For three days the sun did not break through the clouds of volcanic ash that filled the sky. And when the eruption ended, Pompeii was buried deep. A city had perished.庞贝古城，猝不及防地湮灭于从天而降的火焰和灰烬中。
这场悲剧发生在公元79年8月24日。
在那一天，沉睡了几个世纪的维苏威火山，释放了它狂暴的破坏力。
火山喷发出成吨的灼热火山灰，它们洒落到庞贝古城，灰幕笼罩其上空达三日之久，这座城市再无天日。
火山喷发平息后，庞贝古城已深埋于灰烬中。
一个城市就此毁于一旦。
Springs are not always the same. In some years, April bursts upon our Virginia hills in one prodigious leap and all the stage is filled at once, whole choruses of tulips, arabesques of forsythia, cadenzas of flowering plum. The trees grow leaves overnight.In other years, spring tiptoes in. It pauses, overcome by shyness, like my grandchild at the door, peeping in, ducking out of sight, giggling in the hallway. “I know you are out there,”I cry. “Come in!”and April slips into our arms.春天并非总是一模一样。
英汉对比语言学期末(汇总)
英汉对比语言学Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. Contrastive linguistics isa branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages with the aimsof discovering their differences and similarities(especially the former) and applying these findings to related areas of study.A language is a system of human communication which consists of units like morphemes, words, sentences, and utterances. It is a system of symbols which combine sounds and meanings together.language and thinkingThe Features of Language1) reflexivity (自反性）2) arbitrariness（任意性）3) duality（双重性）4) displacement （异时异地性）5) productivity （能产性）6) cultural transmission（文化传递性）The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, arbitrary . There is no inherent relation between the two.Grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language.1.The part of speech of a word does not correspond to its function in the sentence.2. Compound words, phrases and sentences have similar structure.3.4 Cite examples to demonstrate the generally believed opinion that word Order and functional word are important means in the Chinese language for expressing grammatical meanings.Chinese is an isolating language, as its words do not undergo morphological change when serving different grammatical functions.morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms, and the way they combine in word formation.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. Lexicalization :The process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a language's lexicon.Words have four types of motivation:1) phonetic motivation, Grammatical motivation, Semantic motivation, philological motivation P 41English is a phoneme language, whose letters do not represent any meaning, while Chinese is a morpheme language, or an ideographic language.Discrete words are separated-united words: Verb-object expressions which have at least one component that cannon stand alone and which can occur either togetheror with an object.Grammatically, most languages have units of five levels: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. （P 38)Many scholars now agree that character rather than word is the basic unit of the Chinese language. Comment on this opinion with supporting ideas or examples.（P39）A derivative word is a word which has one free form and one or more bound forms.A compound word is word which consists of more than one free morpheme. (填空）derivation (affixation) Compounding reduplicatio acronym blending What is affixiation in word-building? Is there affixiation in the Chinese language word-building? Why or why not? Explain your opinion with supporting ideas or examples if necessary. (P68)State, with at least 3 examples for each, the five types of word compositions in the Chinese language? (P 76)An acronym is a word formed of the initial letters of several words, for example, WHO stands for World Health Organization.Amerindian, Chinglish, sitcom, psywar are all examples of blending in the English language word formation.Literal translation 直译生态危机(ecocrisis) 同性恋(homo sexuality) 多媒体(mu lt imedia) 软件(sof tw are) 软着陆(sof t land) 快餐(fast food) 超市(supermarket) 绿色食品(green food) 绿卡(green card) 连锁店(chain sto re) 飞碟(flying saucer) 贸易战( trade war)黑色幽默(black humo r) 热线(hot line) 冷战(cold war) 白领(white collar) transliteration 音译尼古丁( nicotine ) , 尼龙( nylon ) ,扑克(poker ) ,布丁(pudding ) , 雷达( radar ) ,三明治(sandw ich) ,色拉( salad) ,沙龙( salon) ,休克( shock) ,沙发( sofa) ,探戈( tango ) ,坦克( tank) ,free(liberal) translation 意译民主(democracy, 音译“德谟克拉西”) 科学(science, 音译“赛恩斯”)按摩(massage, 音译“马杀鸡”)青霉素(penicillin, 音译“盘尼西林”) 电话( telephone, 音译“德律风”)最后通牒(ultimatum , 音译“哀的美敦书”)小提琴(violin, 音译“梵婀玲”) 等。
英汉对比研究期末考试重点汇编
英汉对比研究期末考试重点：第二章刚性与柔性P53.Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。
The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.谈判期间，各国的利益变化不断，好像万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。
A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earth.人们所知道的几千个星球并不比地球大多少，但绝大多数的星球却大得足以容下成千上万个地球还绰绰有余；我们到处都能遇见大得足以容纳千千万万个地球的巨星。
P59不到黄河不死心。
One will never stop until one reaches one’s goal./Ambition never dies until all is over.这姑娘长得漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。
汉英语言对比 期末考试
2011-2012学年第二学期《汉英语言对比》期末考试试题1．英语汉语的差别，可以大致分为八类：刚性与柔性; 聚集与流散; 形合与意合; 物称与人称; 被动与主动; 静态与动态; 抽象与具体; 显性与隐性。
选取其中之一，结合所学内容，按照自己理解，自拟题目，写结课论文一篇，字数不少于1000字。
要求：立论明晰，例证充分，方法合理，结构完整。
或：2．下列是朱自清散文《匆匆》中的一段话和三个译本，试从汉英语言对比角度，简单评述。
要求：字数不得少于150字。
燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。
但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？——是有人偷了他们吧：那是谁？又藏在何处呢？是他们自己逃走了吧：现在又到了哪里呢？我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。
在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音，也没有影子。
我不禁汗涔涔而泪潸潸了。
1）Rush （translated by Zhu Chunshen）Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of re-greening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? — If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide then? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment?I do not know how many days I have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days has already slid away from me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time, soundless, traceless. Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tears welling up in my eyes.2）Transient Days (translated by Zhang Peiji)If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again. But, tell me, you the wise, why should our days go by never to return? Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where could he hide them? Perhaps they have just run away by themselves. But where could they be at the present moment?I don't know how many days I am entitled to altogether, but my quota of them is undoubtedly wearing away. Counting up silently, I find that more than 8,000 days have already slipped away through my fingers. Like a drop of water falling off a needle point into the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. At the thought of this, sweat oozes from my forehead and tears trickle down my cheeks.3）Days Gone By (translated by Zhang Mengjing)When the swallows have gone, there is still time to return; when the poplar and willow trees have become withered, there is still time to see green; when the peach flowers have already faded, there is still time to blossom. But please tell me, the genius, why then have my days gone and never returned? If some people have stolen them, then who are they? And where are they hidden? If they have escaped by themselves, then where are they now?I don't know how many days I have been given, but the in my hands are becoming numbered. Counting silently, eight thousand days have slipped by. Just like water drops a pinpoint dripping slowly into the vast ocean, my days been dripping into the river of time, quietly and invisibly. I can’t help dripping with sweat and weeping many tears.注：格式：5号宋体（英语部分用times new roman），题目用黑体。
英汉语言对比考试复习资料
一、单选题1.英语经历了古英语、______ 和现代英语三个时期。
A、中世纪英语B、早期现代英语C、中古英语D、盎格鲁—撒克逊答案： C2.下列汉语少数民族语言地名英译正确是A、雅鲁藏布江 the Yaluzangbu RiverB、乌鲁木齐 WulumuqiC、呼和浩特 HuhehaoteD、日喀则 Shigatse答案： D3.中国新式标点符号诞生的时间是？A、1921年2月B、1919年4月C、1920年2月D、1919年6月答案： C4.英汉缩略词有哪些不同点？A、还原难度B、简而不明C、省时省力D、不稳定答案： A5.How are you Lennox? Good to see you ______ and about.A、upB、onC、downD、in答案： A6.下列哪一组汉语姓氏来源于官职A、姬，云，龙B、司马，司徒，帅C、秦，韩，赵D、石，陶，巫答案： B7.下列汉字由会意造字法造出的一组是A、明武信林B、拉河山森C、忘想小大D、武木林足答案： A8.“pull one's leg”的译文是______?A、扯后腿B、开玩笑C、赶紧，快点D、阻止某人答案： B二、判断题1.综合语的特征是运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确2.分析语的特征是用语序及虚词来表达语法关系。
A、正确B、错误答案：正确3.“我家的后面有一个很大的园，相传叫作百草园。
”该句最符合英语表达习惯的译文是Behind our house was a great garden commonly known as Hundred-plant Garden.A、正确B、错误答案：正确4.汉语句子流散的原因：缺乏形态变化、固定语序、主题突出特点、主语跳跃A、正确B、错误答案：正确5.She is such a trouble-maker that no one likes to be in the same team with her.该句最符合汉语表达习惯的译文是她是个会制造麻烦的人，没人愿意跟她呆在一组。
语言学常用术语英汉对照表
语言学常用术语英汉对照表语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Ling ｕistics语言学简介1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性4、petence 语言能力５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学11、dｕａlｉty二重性12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能18、lanｇuｅ语言１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉ?'gwｉstｉks] 语言学２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学2６、pragmaｔics 语用学2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法) 2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学２9、paｒole言语3０、ｐerformance语言运用31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性32、pｏetic funｃtioｎ诗学功能3３、phatic mｕniｏn 交感性谈话34、reｆerentｉal fｕncｔion所指功能35、semanｔiｃs语义学3６、ｓｏciａl functiｏｎ社会功能37、socio-ｌiｎguistics 社会语言学３８、synchｒoniｃlingｕistiｃs共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textｕal funcｔiｏn语篇功能41、Tｒaｄiｔional Gｒamｍar传统语法Chapｔer 2 Phoｎｏlｏｇy 音系学1、ａcouｓtｉcｐhonｅtics声学语音学2、ａrticｕlatｏｒy pｈonetｉｃs发音语音学３、affricate破擦音4、aｌlｏpｈonｅ音位变体5、aｌveolａr齿龈音6、aｕditoｒy pｈonetｉｃs听觉语音学7、ａsｐｉｒaｔiｏn送气８、assｉmｉlatioｎrules同化现象9、bａck vowel后元音１0、ｂilabｉal双唇音1１、broad tranｓcriptiｏn宽式音标１2、central voweｌ中元音13、clｏse vowel闭元音14、ｐlemeｎtaｒｙdｉstriｂｕtioｎ互补分布15、ｄｅlｅtｉon rｕles省略规则16、deｎtaｌ齿音17、diｐhthｏnｇ双元音１8、friｃative摩擦音1９、ｆront vowｅl前元音２0、gliｄe滑音21、glｏｔtal声门音22、hard palate硬腭２３、InteｒnａtionａlＰhonetｉcs Ａｌpｈabｅt国际音标24、intoｎation语调２5、labｉｏdenｔaｌ唇齿音26、liquid流音２7、mａnner oｆartｉｃｕｌａｔｉon发音方式28、ｍinｉmal pａir 最小对立体2９、mｉｎｉmaｌseｔ最小对立组３0、mｏnｏpｈtｈong单元音３1、narｒow trａnscription严式音标32、nasaｌ鼻音3３、nａsaｌcaｖity鼻腔3４、open ｖｏｗｅl开元音35、oral caｖｉty口腔３6、ｐalatal硬腭37、ｐｈａryngeaｌcａvity咽腔3８、plaｃe of artｉcｕlatiｏｎ发音部位39、phoｎｅ因素4０、phｏnｅｍe音素41、phｏnemic ｃoｎtｒast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、seｍi－ｃlose vowel半闭元音4４、semi－ｏpenｖoｗel半开元音45、ｓｅquｅｎtial ｒuｌes序列规则４６、segment切分成分4７、ｓegmenｔation切分４8、soft paｌate软腭49、stop塞音50、stｒesｓ重音51、suprasegｍentａｌfeaｔuｒes超切分特征5２、teeth riｄgｅ齿龈5３、ｔoｎe声调5４、unrounｄed ｖoｗeｌ非圆唇元音５5、uｖuｌa小舌56、veｌaｒ软腭音５7、vｅｌｕｍ软腭58、ｖoicｉnｇ浊音化Ｃhａpter 3 Ｍoｒpｈology 形态学１、affiｘ词缀2、allomorpｈ语素变体3、ｂasｅ词基4、bound morphｅmｅ黏着语素5、ｌexｉcｏｎ词汇6、closed clａｓsｗoｒｄs封闭词类7、pound ｗords 合成词８、derivａtion派生;派生过程9、ｄerivationａl morphｅm派生语素１０、free moｒpｈeｍe自由语素11、inｆlectiｏnalｍorphemｅ屈折语素12、infinitｉｖe markｅr不定式标记１３、morph形素14、moｒpｈoｌｏgical rｕｌes形态规则15、open clasｓwｏrdｓ开放词类1６、root词根１7、sｔeｍ词干Chapter 4Synｔax 句法学１、ａuｘiliary助动词2、caｔegory范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、pｌｅment clause补足分句5、ｃｏordｉnaｔioｎruｌe并列规则6、cｏordinａｔe struｃtｕre并列结构7、deep stｒuctｕre深层结构8、deterｍiｎer限定词９、head中心词1０、head movemｅnt中心词移位11、insertion插入１2、inverｓｉon倒装1３、ｍajoｒlexiｃal categｏries主要词汇范畴14、matrｉx clａuse主句15、minor lｅxiｃａl categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase stｒuｃturｅ短语结构1７、mｏｄifier修饰成分18、ｑｕalifier后置修饰成分19、ｓpecifiｅr标志语20、sｕbcategoｒizａtion次范畴化21、surfaｃe struｃture表层结构２2、sｙnｔactic category句法范畴２３、trace语迹2４、trａnｓfoｒｍation转换Chapｔeｒ５Seｍａnｔiｃｓ语义学1、antonｙmy反义现象2、ａrgumenｔ谓元；变元3、behａｖiorism行为主义4、co－hypoｎym并列下义词5、colloｃationaｌｓynｏｎym搭配同义词6、ｐlｅmenｔａrｙaｎtoｎyｍ互补反义词7、ｐletｅhｏmｏnｙm完全同形异义词8、pｏｎentiａl analyｓｉs成分分析9、coｎceptualist ｖｉew概念论１０、ｃonｔexｔuａlism语境主义11、ｃontradiｔioｎ自相矛盾得说法1２、ｄｉalectal syｎｏｎym方言同义词1３、emoｔｉｖe ｍｅaｎing情感意义１4、entailｍeｎt蕴含15、eｖａluatｉve mｅaninｇ评价意义1６、graｄable antonym层级反义词１７、homogrａph同形异义词１8、ｈoｍonyｍy同音同形异义关系19、homophonｅ同音异义词20、ｈｙpｏnｙm下义词21、hｙｐonymｙ下义关系22、inｃoｎsｉsteｎcy自相矛盾２3、ｐolｙｓemy多义关系２４、polysymous word多义词25、ｐresuｐｐｏsitｉoｎ预设26、predicatｉｏn anａlysis述谓分析27、predicａtｅ谓词28、nａminｇtheｏry命名论２9、nｏ－plａce preｄicaitoｎ空位述谓解耦股３０、one－ｐlacｅprediｃａtiｏn一位述谓结构31、referencｅ（所指）语义32、referｅnt所指物;所指对象3３、ｒｅlａtiｏｎal opｐosｉｔe关系反义词34、semantic trｉanｇle语义三角35、sense意义３６、sｔyｌｉstic syｎonym语体同义词37、suｐｅｒorｄｉnatｅ上坐标词3８、sｙmboｌ符号3９、ｓynonyｍ同义词40、synonymy同义关系4１、ｔwo-plaｃe prｅdiｃaiton二位述谓结构42、tｈree-plａｃe predｉｃaｔion三位述谓结构Chaｐteｒ6 Prａgmａtics语用学１、mｉｓｓives承诺类２、CｏｏpｅrativeＰrinciple合作原则3、cｏnstatives述事话语４、conｔexｔ语境5、cｏnventioｎａl impｌicaturｅ规约含义６、ｄecｌaｒationｓ宣告类７、direｃｔives指令类8、ｅxpressｉves表情类9、ｉllocｕtｉoｎarｙacｔ言外功能10、illｏcｕｔiｏnary ｐoiｎt言外之得1１、impｌicature蕴含；含义;会话含义；言外之意１２、inｄirecｔsｐeech ａｃt间接言语行为１３、ｌocuｔioｎary act言内行为1４、maxiｍofｒｅlation关系准则1５、mａｘimｏf manner方式准则16、mａxim of quality质准则１7、maｘiｍoｆquantity量准则18、particｕlariｚed cｏｎveｒｓａtiｏｎal ｉmpｌicatuｒe特殊会话含义１9、pｅｒfomatives行事话语20、perｌｏcutiｏnarｙact言后行为21、ｐreｓupｐoｓｉｔiｏｎ前提2２、prｉmaｒｙspeecｈact 主要言语行为23、represenｔatiｖes表述类24、secondary speecｈacｔ次要言语行为25、sentｅnｃe ｍeａniｎg句子意义26、ｓpeｅcｈacｔtheorｙ言语行为理论27、ｕｔterance meanｉng话语意义Chaｐｔｅr 7 LangｕaｇｅChaｎｇe语言变化1、acronｙｍｓ词首字母缩略词2、back-formatiｏn 逆成法3、bleｎdｉng混成法4、borrowｉｎg借词5、cｌipped ｗoｒｄs截略词6、coiｎagｅ创新词7、functionaｌshift功能性变化8、histoｒical ｌinguistics历史语言学９、MｉdｄleＥnｇｌisｈ中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语1１、mｏrpｈologiｃalｃhange形态变化１２、neｇation rule否定规则13、Ｏｌd Eｎglｉｓh古英语１4、pｈonｏlｏｇical ｃｈaｎｇｅ音位变化15、seｍantic cｈange语义变化16、semａntｉｃshift语义转移17、syntａcｔｉc cｈａngｅ句法变化Cｈapter 8 Languageａｎd socieｔy语言与社会1、bilｉngｕaliｓm双语制2、Bｌack Englｉsｈ黑人英语3、creolｅ克里奥尔语４、diｇloｓsia双语；双言制５、eｔhnｉc dｉalect种族变体６、fｉｅld of ｄｉｓcouｒｓe语场7、gｅndｅr性别8、ｉｄioleｃt个人变体９、mode oｆdｉscourse语式10、mulｔilinguａｌism多语制11、pidｇiｎ洋泾浜语12、rｅgiｏｎaｌｄiａｌect地域方言13、rｅgｉsｔer语域14、sociｏlｅｃt社会变体15、speecｈmunｉtｙ言语社团１６、sｐeｅch vaｒiety言语变体17、ｔeｎor of disｃoｕｒｓe语旨Chａpter ９Laｎｇuage ａnｄcultｕre语言与社会1、ａccｕｌturａtion 同化过程2、amａｌgamation混合3、ａssimｉｌatioｎ同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connoｔａtivｅｍｅaｎing内涵意义５、colｏur words颜色词6、culturaｌoverｌａｐ文化重叠7、culturaｌｉmｐerｉalisｍ文化帝国主义８、denotaｔiｖe meanｉnｇ外延意义9、ｌingｕｉsｔｉc ｒelatiｖity语言相对性１0、ｍeｔａｐhor隐喻1１、Sａｐir-Ｗhorf Hypoｔhesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、ｓocｉalizatｉｏn社会化13、ｔabｏo禁忌语1４、inｔeｒｃulｔural municaｔioｎ跨文化交际15、linguisｔiｃｉmpｅrialiｓm语言学中得帝国主义16、ｌiｎguｉstｉcｎaｔionaliｓm语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Ｌangｕａge aｃquisiｔｉoｎ语言习得1、ａphasｉa失语症2、ｂeｈａviｏrｉst 行为主义者3、caretaｋer ｔalk保姆式语言4、cogniｔivｅｌiｎｇuｉsticｓ认知语言学５、ｃoｎｔeｎt worｄ实词6、Critical ＰｅrioｄＨypotｈｅsis临界期假说7、ｄｙｓｇrａphia书写困难８、dyslexｉa失读症9、ｆeｅdback反馈１０、fuｎｃtion eleｍent起功能作用成分1１、ｈｅaring impaｉｒment听力受损1２、innaｔist语法天生主义者１3、iｎterａctiｏnist互动主义者1４、LanguａgｅＡcquｉsｉｔiｏn Ｄｅviｃe语言习得机制15、lexicaｌcontrasｔ词汇对比16、mentａl retａrdation智障1７、mothｅreｓe保姆式语言18、over－extｅnsiｏn过度扩展19、ｐｒototｙpe theorｙ原型理论2０、recast修正性重复２1、stｕtterｉng口吃22、ｔeleｇｒaphｉc speecｈ电报式言语23、under-extensｉon扩展不足2４、Uｎｉｖeｒｓａl Grammar普遍语法Ｃhapter 1１Ｓecond ｌanguagｅacquiｓitｉon第二语言习得１、affｅct/ｓocial ｓtratｅgieｓ社会策略2、ａgｅｏｆacqｕiｓｉtion习得年龄3、cognｉｔivｅstｒaｔegｉｅs认知策略4、pｒehｅnsiblｅｉnｐｕt可理解性输入5、Consｔrａstive Aｎaｌｙsis对比分析6、cｒosｓ-aｓsociatioｎ互相联想7、Erｒor Aｎａlysiｓ错误分析8、foｒｅｉｇn laｎguage外语9、foreｉgner talk外国人谈话1０、ｆossiliｚａtion语言石化(现象)１1、Input Hｙｐothesiｓ输入假说12、ｉnstrumental moｔiｖatｉｏｎ工具动机１3、intａke 纳入14、inteｇratｉvｅmoｔivation综合动机15、inteｒference干扰１6、iｎterlaｎguａｇｅ中介语17、ｉｎterlinguａl ｅｒｒors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Ｉntraｌiｎguａl eｒror语内错误1９、ｉｎtrinsic motivaｔion内在动机２0、ｉnｔｕiｔion知觉;语感２1、learｎeｒｌaｎｇｕage学习者语言22、learｎing ｓtrategieｓ学习策略23、languａge aｐtitude语言能力２4、lanｇｕａgeｔransｆｅｒ语言迁移2５、meｔacogｎitiｖe strａtｅｇｉes元认知策略26、mｏtivatｉon动机２7、moｄifｉed iｎput修改后得输入２８、ｍodifiｅd ｉntｅｒaction变化性得互动2９、negatｉve traｎsfer消极迁移;负迁移３0、ｏveｒgeneralizaｔion概括过头31、personaｌitｙ人格;性格;个性3２、positｉve transfer积极迁移；正迁移33、ｒｅｓｕlｔaｔｉｖｅmoｔivation结果动机34、secoｎｄlanguage第二语言35、seconｄlanguage acｑｕiｓiｔioｎ第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target languａge目标语Ｃｈａpter 12Language and tｈe brain 语言与大脑１、aｃquired dysgrapｈia习得性书写障碍2、ａcqｕiｒｅd dｙｓｌexｉa习得性失读症3、angular gyrｕｓ隅骨4、auｔopsy stｕdies尸检研究5、braｉn stｅｍ脑干6、Ｂroｃa’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Ｂrｏca’s area布罗卡区8、ｂｏttom-ｕp prｏcｅssinｇ自下而上处理过程ｃerｅbruｍ大脑9、ｃentral ｓulcus中央沟10、ｃerebｅllｕm小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebrａl hemisｐhere大脑半球12、cohort modｅl交股模型１3、pｕtarized Ａxial Tomograｐhｙ计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法1４、corpus(语言)素材15、ｃｏｒpｕｓcａｌlosuｍ胼胝体1６、cｏrｔex大脑皮层17、dｅep dｙslexiａ深层诵读困难18、Diｃhotｉc lｉsｔeniｎg studiｅs双耳分听实验19、eｖeｎt－ｒelaｔed potentｉａl ｅxperiｍent2０、eye movｅｍenｔｅxpｅriment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、flueｎt apｈasia流利性失语症２3、frontａl lobｅ额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Funcｔiｏnal MＲI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global ａpｈasia整体性失语症２7、gyruｓ回2８、hieｒａｒｃhiｃal strｕｃtｕre层级结构29、late closure ｐrincｉpｌe后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fisｓurｅ侧脑裂31、lａｔｅrａliｚａtiｏn侧化32、leｓion损害33、lexｉcaｌdｅciｓion词汇判断;词汇确定法3４、lｏbes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分３５、lｏngiｔuｄinaｌfissurｅ纵裂36、MagnetｉｃResonａｎce Iｍａｇing磁共振成像37、neｕｒon神经细胞,神经元3８、mｉnimaｌａｔｔachment priｎｃiｐle最低限度结合原则３９、modｕle模块；组块40、non－flueｎt ａpｈasiａ失语症４1、oｃcipｉtal lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限４2、ｐａrietal ｌobe顶叶Pｏsitron emiｓsｉon Toｍｏｇｒa ｐhy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phoｌogicaｌdyｓｌeｘｉa拼音性失读症４4、primiｎg启动45、primiｎg eｆｆeｃt启动效应46、ｐｒiming eｘpeｒiment启动实验４7、right eaｒadvantａgｅ右耳优势;右耳听力强48、ｓelｅctional restｒictｉoｎ选择限制49、sentencｅａｍbiguiｔy句子歧义５０、“Sｏdｉｕm Ａmyｓtaｌ“Ｔest阿米妥纳实验Spoone ｒiｓｍ斯本内现象51、spliｔbrain ｓtudｉｅs裂脑研究52、sｕｌｃｕs沟53、suｒface dyｓlexia浅层诵读困难54、syntａｃtic pａrｓer句法处理器55、tｅｍpoｒａｌlobe颞叶56、ｔimed-ｒeａding ｅxｐeｒiment限时阅读实验57、top-dｏｗn ｐrocｅsｓinｇ自上而下处理过程58、Werniｃke’s apｈａsia韦尼克失语症。
英汉语言对比分析期末考试资料 - 副本
一引入1.What Is Language Transfer?谈谈自己的想法并举两个例子Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。
奥德林Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Examples of Negative Transfer：He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。
Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。
Chinese EnglishMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形) Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意)left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言moving point of sight（视点流动）fixed point of sight（视点固定）bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk lineTopic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（语序相对固定）Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）3.中文的竹式结构，英文的树式结构能够举例说明从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。
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英汉对比语言学Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. Contrastive linguistics isa branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages with the aimsof discovering their differences and similarities(especially the former) and applying these findings to related areas of study.A language is a system of human communication which consists of units like morphemes, words, sentences, and utterances. It is a system of symbols which combine sounds and meanings together.language and thinkingThe Features of Language1) reflexivity (自反性）2) arbitrariness（任意性）3) duality（双重性）4) displacement （异时异地性）5) productivity （能产性）6) cultural transmission（文化传递性）The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is, for the most part, arbitrary . There is no inherent relation between the two.Grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language.1.The part of speech of a word does not correspond to its function in the sentence.2. Compound words, phrases and sentences have similar structure.3.4 Cite examples to demonstrate the generally believed opinion that word Order and functional word are important means in the Chinese language for expressing grammatical meanings.Chinese is an isolating language, as its words do not undergo morphological change when serving different grammatical functions.morphology----the study of morphemes and their different forms, and the way they combine in word formation.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful indivisible units of which a word is made up. Lexicalization :The process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a language's lexicon.Words have four types of motivation:1) phonetic motivation, Grammatical motivation, Semantic motivation, philological motivation P 41English is a phoneme language, whose letters do not represent any meaning, while Chinese is a morpheme language, or an ideographic language.Discrete words are separated-united words: Verb-object expressions which have at least one component that cannon stand alone and which can occur either togetheror with an object.Grammatically, most languages have units of five levels: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. （P 38)Many scholars now agree that character rather than word is the basic unit of the Chinese language. Comment on this opinion with supporting ideas or examples.（P39）A derivative word is a word which has one free form and one or more bound forms.A compound word is word which consists of more than one free morpheme. (填空）derivation (affixation) Compounding reduplicatio acronym blending What is affixiation in word-building? Is there affixiation in the Chinese language word-building? Why or why not? Explain your opinion with supporting ideas or examples if necessary. (P68)State, with at least 3 examples for each, the five types of word compositions in the Chinese language? (P 76)An acronym is a word formed of the initial letters of several words, for example, WHO stands for World Health Organization.Amerindian, Chinglish, sitcom, psywar are all examples of blending in the English language word formation.Literal translation 直译生态危机(ecocrisis) 同性恋(homo sexuality) 多媒体(mu lt imedia) 软件(sof tw are) 软着陆(sof t land) 快餐(fast food) 超市(supermarket) 绿色食品(green food) 绿卡(green card) 连锁店(chain sto re) 飞碟(flying saucer) 贸易战( trade war)黑色幽默(black humo r) 热线(hot line) 冷战(cold war) 白领(white collar) transliteration 音译尼古丁( nicotine ) , 尼龙( nylon ) ,扑克(poker ) ,布丁(pudding ) , 雷达( radar ) ,三明治(sandw ich) ,色拉( salad) ,沙龙( salon) ,休克( shock) ,沙发( sofa) ,探戈( tango ) ,坦克( tank) ,free(liberal) translation 意译民主(democracy, 音译“德谟克拉西”) 科学(science, 音译“赛恩斯”)按摩(massage, 音译“马杀鸡”)青霉素(penicillin, 音译“盘尼西林”) 电话( telephone, 音译“德律风”)最后通牒(ultimatum , 音译“哀的美敦书”)小提琴(violin, 音译“梵婀玲”) 等。
Comment on the following language phenomena.no zuo no dieYou can you up, no can no BB Tuhaogilivable people mountain people sea zhuangbilityniubilityGDP CBD WTO CCTV NBAEnglish is a typical intonation language while Chinese is a typical tone l anguage. The syllable refers to a sound unit that can be pronounced independently and can be recognized by instinct, usually formed by a vowel with or without one or more consonants. (填空）Syllables in the Chinese language have clear-cut boundaries, and sometimes you can not read them together,while English syllables have no clear boundary and often form liason in speaking and reading.Lexical gap 名词解释That fact that a concept represented by a word in one language may not form a concept in another language can give rise to lexical gap. (P116)Compared with the Chinese language, the English language has a much higher degree of lexicalization? Do you agree to this idea? Justify your argument with supporting examples if necessary.Corresponding words in two languages do not have exactly the same meaning.(P128)Explain with examples at least one cause of lexical gap between the Chinese language and the English language.Translate the following into Chinese, paying attention to the semantic gap between the Chinese character 天and its English equivalences which is caused by different reference meanings. P133蓝天白云。