实用英语文体写作第八章 指南、说明书及手册-文档资料
实用英语写作8(安徽财经大学梁良)
of school activities. He is a quiet person but mixes well and is popular with his fellow students. He is responsible and hard-working and I have no hesitation in recommendating him for any position for which he may apply. Yours faithfully,
参考答案参照教材P.328
Task 2: （E→C）
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that Mr. Liang is a member of IEMC (Institute of Education for Mass Communication) since 1982. To the best of my knowledge, Mr. Liang has been a senior lecturer teaching in the Dept. of Mass Communication, Beijing University since the beginning of 1984.He is also teaching some courses in Joint College. I would like to mention that Mr. Liang is responsible，aggressive and gets along with his colleagues very well. Hence, he also demonstrates superior scholastic capacity and his potential for further academic growth. If there is any information regarding this gentleman, please do no hesitate to let me know. Best Regards. XXXXX Director of IEMC
《实用商务英语教程》教学课件—第8章 商务信函翻译
译文： 我们将为你方的货物投保盗窃和提货不着险。
例8.5：It would be appreciated if you would let us know by returning your lowest
possible price for the following goods on FOB London.
译文：请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价。
(2) 某些词汇的词义在商务语境与一般语境中有较大的区别。如“document”1在
一般语境中表示“文件”，而在商务语境中表示“单证”。“offer”在一般语境中 表示“提议”，而在商务语境中表示“发盘”。“coverage”在一般语境中表示 “覆盖”，而在商务语境中表示“险种”。一些常见的词汇常常被赋予特殊的用法， 如“enter(进入) ”在商务英语中被赋予新的用法：enter into agreement(订约)， enter into making contracts with …(与……订立合约)。要是理解、翻译有误, 就会产生不必要的纠纷或损失。
商务信函英语的句式特征
1
（1）商务信函主要使用陈述句。
例8.10：
Dear Sirs,
We thank you for your promptness in delivering the coffee we ordered on 20th, July.
The number of bags delivered by your carrier this morning was, however, 160 whereas
信头、日期、封内地址、称呼、信的正文、信尾敬语、签名属于必要部分，案号、
注意项、事由栏、缩写名、附件及分送标志部分属于可选择部分，视需要而定。
实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第八章 商务文本的翻译
（二）商务合同
商务合同是在商务活动中签署的具有法律效 力的文件，是一种非常庄重的文件。总体而言， 商务合同具有篇章结构程式化与表述结构条目 化、句式结构复杂、用词正式规范、内容完整 具有针对性等文体特点。因为商务合同用词准 确明晰，文体正式，多格式化结构和表达方式， 所以翻译时应该把忠实原文放在首位，主要采 取直译的方法，同时要注意细节的处理。译者 在翻译过程中应该遵循以下步骤及翻译要点。
（二）商务合同
（1）通读全文，从宏观上把握合同的总体概貌 和篇章结构。翻译过程中保持原文程式化、规范化 和条目化的篇章结构和行文，力求周密严谨、纲清 目明、凝练规范。 （2）细心研读每个章节，可逐字、逐句、逐条、 逐段、逐章地仔细研读，反复推敲，以求达到细致 深入的理解。商务合同句式讲究、条理清晰、长而 不乱、逻辑性强的特点，翻译时要耐心推敲。 （3）准确表达。翻译过程中要力求译文与原文内 容保持等值，尤其是词汇中古体词、外来词、法律 术语、并列词语等的准确翻译，避免出现歧义或差 错。
第一节 商务英语的语言特点
2．具有商务意义的普通词语 & 一词多义 人们熟知的英语单词，在商务英语中往往被赋予 新的、特殊含义，很容易让翻译工作者望文生义，掉 入陷阱，如：
例3： Upon receipt of these sellers’ delivery advice, the buyers shall, 15-20 days prior to the delivery date, open a transferable, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the sellers for an amount equivalent to the total amount of the shipment.
新编实用英语(第二版)unit8.ppt
Text-related Information
Generally speaking, you will find few health hazards when traveling in England. The water is safe to drink unless a sign says otherwise (for example on trains), milk is pasteurized and you should find few problems with food if it is cooked properly. However, a change in climate, diet, and water supply in itself can cause problems such as an upset stomach, so take care, especially with your diet.
New Practical English 1
Text
Para.3 At all times, personal
cleanness is of the biggest importance. 3 You
should always wash your hands after using
the toilet and before preparing or eating food. About 20-50 per cent of tourists suffer from diarrhea caused by infections of various kinds of bacteria or viruses. Para.4 If you are with some
英语写作手册第八章
Part Eight•The Research Paper•I Purpose•II Process•The process of writing a research paper is generally divided into five steps or stages（P 220，keep in mind the sub-topics）•1. Choosing a topic•The a topics for Graduation Thesis for every student is prepared by to-be tutor r when it is time for the teachers to assign a variety of graduation thesis, which are usually put into the college education system for the students to choose.•1）Selecting a general topic P 221•2）Reading and thinking•2 Collecting Information•1）Using the library or Internet•2）Reading and thinking•3）Taking notes•4）Quotation of sources P 230•3 Analyzing the information，organizing ideas, and working out an outline P 233•Layers of the paper. Not the same as P 234!•4 Writing the first draft （Keep in mind 1-6）•The first draft of a research paper should be prepared by the following way——•1）Using your own words （P 237）•2）Using proper tenses （P 238）•3）Using facts and views （P 240）•4）Paying attention to logic and organization（P 240）•5）Making your tone objective rather than personal （P 241）•6）Choosing the right style （P 241）•5 Rewriting the draft and finalizing the paper •（P 241）•III Format•1. The Structure of a research paper•Generally speaking, a research paper consist of five parts（P 242, keepin mind 1-5）:•1）Thesis statement and outline•2）Introduction•3）Body•4）Conclusion•5）In-text notes and works cited•Review 1: Basic Theoretical Skills•（From Contents to Text）•1. Level of words（P 7）•The words from a stylistic point of view may be divided into three types:formal, common and informal.•2. Types of sentences （P 37）•1）According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory；•2）According to their structures, sentences are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.•2）According to their rhetorical styles, sentences are loose, periodic and balanced.•3. Effective sentences （P 37）•Effective sentences should include the following five qualities （elements）（P IV）•1. Unity•2. Coherence•3. Emphasis•4. Variety•4. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph（P IV）•1. Unity•2. Coherence•3. Transition•5. Ways of Developing Paragraphs （P IV）•Developing by•1. Time; 2. Process; 3. Space; 4. Example or generalization; 5. Comparison and Contrast;•6. Cause and effect; 7. Classification; 8. Definition; 9. A combination of methods.•6. The Whole Composition•A well-developed composition are made up of three parts:（P IV）•1）A Beginning•2）A Middle•3）An End•7. The Types of Writing （P IV）•1）Description•2）Narration•3）Exposition•4）Argumentation•8. Description （P 116）•Description is painting a picture in words of a person, a place, an object or a scene.•A description is usually developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one’s senses——sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.•Writing a description, the writer should choose those details that can help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the readers’ attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give.•9. Narration （P 127）•When writing a narrative composition, one has usually to pay attention to the following five aspects（points）:•1）Purpose•2）Selection of details•3）Context•4）Organization•5）Point of view•10. Exposition (P 133)•Exposition means expounding or explaining.•We are writing a description when describe the appearance of an object; but we are writing an exposition when we explain how it is made, how it is used, and how it may change.•When we narrate a historical event, we tell what happened, when and where it happened, and we took part in it. In a exposition paper, we discuss its cause and effect, its nature, and its significant in history.•11. Requirements for a Good Argumentation （P 180-182）•1）A debatable point•2）Sufficient evidence•3）Sound logic•4）Good organization•5）Good use of the other three types of writing——description,narration and exposition, and especially the various methods of exposition.•6）An honest and friendly attitude•12. A Summary for Differences of The Four Writing Types （P 133, 180）•Description mainly deals with appearance and feelings, and narrationwith events and experience. Unlike the two, exposition deals with processand relationships.•The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentationis to convince.•Argumentation is actually exposition with additional purpose ofconvincing or persuading.•Review 2: Practical Skills•1. Paragraph （Unity, Coherence, Transition）•When writing, we have to make all the paragraphs coherent andtransitional.•Paragraph Rearrangement Exercise.•Carpool lane.doc•Paragraph Rearrange Exercise .doc•Study carefully the texts on P 137, 159, 165, 179, and 188, and then understand how the paragraphs got coherent and transitional.。
实用英语写作(practical english writing)8
• To speak English fluently, a constant practice is important. • To speak English fluently, we need to practice constantly. • Returning home, the sound of music still echoed in our ears. • When we returned home, the sound of music was still echoing in our ears. • Being a fine day, we’d better go out and breathe fresh air. • It being a fine day, we’d better go out and breathe fresh air. • Because /As it is a fine day, we’d better go out and breathe fresh air.
• industrious and hard-working • hard-working • We hope that you will reapply with our company again next year. • We hope that you will apply with our company again next year. • In addition, we are also including a current price list. • In addition, we are including a current price list. • The auditors usually arrive unexpectedly, but we'll be prepared no matter when the auditors arrive. • The auditors usually arrive unexpectedly, but we'll be prepared no matter when they arrive.
英语实用文体写作系列考研英语应用文写作完全手册
2006年考研英语应用文写作完全手册2006年考研英语增加一篇应用短文写作。
考生应能写不同类型应用文，以及一般描述性、表达性、说明性或议论性文章。
A节要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)应用性短文，包括私人与公务信函、便笺、备忘录、摘要、报告等。
考生在答题卡2上作答，总分值10分。
应用文都有一定格式，但了解格式只是应用文写作最起码要求，要想在10分钟左右写好一篇既定情景应用短文，这既需要具有熟练运用语言文字根本功，同时又需要有根据既定情景迅速构文能力。
因此，考生对这一局部应给予足够重视，在复习过程中要针对应用文写作做足量专项练习。
针对此变化，我们为广阔莘莘学子特意编辑了这期应用文写作完全手册专题，有望尽各位一臂之力！———————有志者事竟成破釜沉舟百二秦关终属楚天不负有心人卧薪尝胆三千里越甲可吞吴各种类型文章写作· 演讲与致辞· 证书· 证明· 合同与协议· 产品说明书· 天气预报· 食谱· 广告· 贺卡· 日记· 启事· 自我介绍· 海报· 通知· 简历--举例· 简历--概述· 摘要--常见句型· 摘要--概述· 备忘录--举例· 备忘录--概述· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--回复友人问侯· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--借物· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--抱歉· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--约请· 便笺(便条)与短信--分类举例--请假· 便笺(便条)与短信--概述· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--祝福信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--请求信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--求学信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--感谢信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--邀请信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--求助信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--推荐信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--应聘信· 私人与公务信函--分类举例--私人介绍信· 私人与公务信函--常用句式· 私人与公务信函--概述演讲与致辞一篇好演讲稿，通常要有很精彩演讲词，以及很好文体特征与篇章构造，同时还得考虑所演讲对象。
实用英语文体写作第八章 指南、说明书及手册-精品文档
Writing Requirements of Brochure
简明性 产品说明书的形式多样，篇幅长短不一，但都要简明扼 要，重点突出。随着生产和消费活动的不断发展，越来越 多的产品说明书配有生动活泼的图画，内容也不再是简单 的产品说明，还会介绍厂家的品牌、优势、售后服务，甚 至增加了一些生活、健康常识。无论形式如何变化，产品 说明书都应该采用用户能够接受的形式，清楚醒目地介绍 产品。 语言正式 产品说明书的内容一般都会分项列出，语言简练而正式 ，大多使用单音节词语，例如“禁”、“忌”、“慎”等 。
Formats of Brochure
Brochure一般包括标题、正文、附加信息三大部分。 (1). 宣传手册的开头作为第一部分，一般包括标题， 有时还有副标题。标题主要表明该机构或宣传手 册中介绍对象的名称。副标题通常是对宣传对象 的一些简短的描述。有时候，接着标题或副标题， 还列有联系方式，如电话号码、电传、电子邮件 等。 (2). 正文部分是对宣传对象的详细介绍。其内容可 以包括宣传对象的建立、历史、特点、业绩、目 标、日程，以及其它的相关信息。可以用列举方 式，也可以按照普通的文本格式书写。 (3). 最后可以是联系方式或注册登记表格等。
[Sample 4] Sample of ordering instructions
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE READING ROOM (1) Read and study seriously and be concerned about world affairs. (2) Keep quiet and pay attention to cleanliness. (3) Do not talk or laugh loudly; do not smoke or eat; do not litter the floor with waste paper. (4) Spit only in the places designated. (5) Produce your student card or identity card when borrowing books. Borrow only one book at a time. (6) Protect public property. Do not scribble on the pages of books or tear them out. Pay the cost price for any damage done. (7) Do not move the desks or chairs about. Close the windows when leaving. (8) Let the readers and librarians help each other and jointly nm the reading room well.
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简明性
产品说明书的形式多样，篇幅长短不一，但都要简明扼 要，重点突出。随着生产和消费活动的不断发展，越来越 多的产品说明书配有生动活泼的图画，内容也不再是简单 的产品说明，还会介绍厂家的品牌、优势、售后服务，甚 至增加了一些生活、健康常识。无论形式如何变化，产品 说明书都应该采用用户能够接受的形式，清楚醒目地介绍 产品。
语言正式
产品说明书的内容一般都会分项列出，语言简练而正式 ，大多使用单音节词语，例如“禁”、“忌”、“慎”等 。
Formats of Instruction
大多数说明都是关于如何操作器具的说明，此类操作说明的内容通常分 为标题、使用前注意事项、操作、索引。
（1）标题主要是标明要介绍的器具名称 （2）使用前注意事项说明的是在使用前应当了解的信息，如安装、电源、
Formats of Brochure
Brochure一般包括标题、正文、附加信标题，
有时还有副标题。标题主要表明该机构或宣传手 册中介绍对象的名称。副标题通常是对宣传对象 的一些简短的描述。有时候，接着标题或副标题， 还列有联系方式，如电话号码、电传、电子邮件 等。 (2). 正文部分是对宣传对象的详细介绍。其内容可 以包括宣传对象的建立、历史、特点、业绩、目 标、日程，以及其它的相关信息。可以用列举方 式，也可以按照普通的文本格式书写。 (3). 最后可以是联系方式或注册登记表格等。
Writing Requirements of
Brochure
Brochure的种类主要是根据其宣传对象的内容而 分的，其宣传对象主要为公司、会议、协会、城 市、旅游景点等。公司宣传手册是对公司或企事 业单位的职能、产品或服务、特点等方面进行的 简单介绍。会议、论坛、展览会等的宣传推广手 册主要是关于其主题内容的简要介绍，并对潜在 的参与者发出邀请，还可以列出将出席或发表演 说的重要人物。协会介绍是对该协会的历史、宗 旨、发展情况、入会方式等的说明。旅游景点简 介是用尽量简短的语言，对其最突出的特点进行 描述，并说明其中相对著名的景点。
说明书最常见的为产品说明书。产品说明书随产品附送， 是一种常见的说明文，是生产者向消费者全面、明确地介 绍产品名称、用途、性质、性能、原理、构造、规格、使 用方法、保养维护、注意事项等内容而写的准确、简明的 文字材料，用于指导产品的使用，在社会经济生活和人们 的日常生活中起着重要作用。归纳起来，产品说明书的主 要功能有：向消费者传授相关商品知识、指导消费者和宣 传企业。这些独特功能作用决定了产品说明书的语法特点， 体现在其用词专业、语言简洁、意思高度浓缩。
第八章 指南、说明书及手册的 书写
Brochure, Instruction & Manual
第一节 指南
Brochure
Definition
Brochure是指包括推销材料或产品信息的 小册子，即说明书、背景资料、简介等。 Brochure与广告有相近之处，都是一种宣 传手段，但也有很大的区别。广告是对产 品和服务的宣传，而Brochure不仅如此， 还可以是对会议、公司等的介绍与宣传， 同时，内容也更加详尽，格式也不相同。
产品说明书必须具备四个基本特点：
科学性 产品说明书的资料和内容必须真实、客观、准确，反映 产品的实际情况，不能夸大其词，更不能无中生有，不能 为了追求经济利益而丧失了商家应有的职业道德。此外， 还应清楚地标记出使用产品时的注意事项和可能产生的问 题，让用户放心安全使用。
实用性 产品说明书必须根据产品的特点进行宣传，从而引导用 户。说明书主要是帮助用户正确认识和使用产品。产品说 明书必须在遵守科学性的前提下尽可能通俗易懂，使用户 能对照说明书正确使用产品。
维修、服务、版权、商标等。 （3）使用前注意事项之后，是对该器具如何使用的详细说明。此部分的
开始通常是准备开始，而其他操作内容根据该器具的不同而不同。 （4）最后是索引部分，索引是为了方便使用者迅速查找需要的部分，它
可以按照不同的顺序排列，但绝大多数情况下是按字母顺序。 （5）还有些说明类似于规则或指令，用来对某些场所或机构进行规范。
它们通常按顺序列出要求。
Sample Reading
[Sample 1] Sample of Title
[Sample 2] Sample of Precaution
[Sample 3] Sample of detailed operation
[Sample 4] Sample of Index
Writing Requirements of Instruction
Instruction同样按其说明的内容划分，大 致可以分为产品说明、操作说明等。产品 说明是用来说明产品的性能特点、功能、 使用与保管方法．不同的产品，说明的方 法也有出入，但基本的特点是相似的。操 作说明主要是关于器具，尤其是电器一类 产品的操作步骤及注意事项等。
Sample Reading
[Sample 1] Samples of the heading
[Sample 2] Samples of the body
Version
第二节 说明书
Instruction
Definition
Instruction指关于操作、实施步骤的详尽的指导，即操作 指南、指导方法意见、书刊介绍等。
下面是SONY相机索引的部分节选，由于中文拼音与英文字母顺序不尽相同，而两种语言的版本的排列顺序 并不相同。
[Sample 4] Sample of ordering instructions
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE READING ROOM (1) Read and study seriously and be concerned about world affairs. (2) Keep quiet and pay attention to cleanliness. (3) Do not talk or laugh loudly; do not smoke or eat; do not litter the floor with waste paper. (4) Spit only in the places designated. (5) Produce your student card or identity card when borrowing books. Borrow only one book at a time. (6) Protect public property. Do not scribble on the pages of books or tear them out. Pay the cost price for any damage done. (7) Do not move the desks or chairs about. Close the windows when leaving. (8) Let the readers and librarians help each other and jointly nm the reading room well.