Translation means translating meaning翻译,即译义

Translation means translating meaning翻译,即译义
Translation means translating meaning翻译,即译义

翻译概述-之社会符号学指导下的翻译方法

以社会符号学为取向的原则(the sociosemiotic-oriented translation principle)

社会符号学是研究符号系统与社会与人类关系的科学,是在符号学的基础上发展而来的。符号学的研究虽然可追溯到古希腊,但真正起步却是在二十世纪。对符号学发展贡献最大的应是美国学者查尔斯·皮尔士(Charles Pierce)和查尔斯·莫里斯(Charles Morris)。按他们的观点,符号是由三个方面组成的实体,即1)符号载体(a sign vehicle),2)符号所指(a represent of the sign),3)解释者(interpretant)。这三部分之间的关系产生了符号学的三种意义-形式意义(符号与其他符号之间的关系)、存在意义(符号与所指对象的关系)和实用意义(符号与解释者的关系)。它们是符号意义的总和,应用于语言研究时也就相应地将语言意义划分为三种:1)言内意义(符号与符号之间的关系所体现的意义);2)指称意义(符号与所指对象之间的关系所体现的意义);3)语用意义(符号与解释者之间的关系所体现的意义)。研究这三方面意义的学科分别为句法学、语义学和语用学,它们是符号学的三个分支。社会符号学是美国学者冈瑟·克雷斯(Gunther Kress)等人在符号学的基础上发展而来的。美国翻译理论家尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)创造性地将社会符号学应用于翻译研究和实践,提出了社会符号学翻译法。我国学者陈宏薇等人也对这一理论的继续发展作出了自己的贡献。学习社会符号学翻译法必须重点掌握以下概念:

A.翻译就是翻译意义(Translation means translating meaning.)。意义分为1)指称意义(designative meaning)、2)言内意义(intralingual meaning)和3)语用意义(pragmatic meaning)。指称意义是语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体和事件之间的关系,是词语、句子和篇章所反映的客观世界。例如:father (父亲),table cloth(桌布),The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起。)

言内意义是语言符号之间的关系,它具体体现在语音、词汇、句法和语篇等层次。语音层次主要包括各种音韵(如头韵、元音迭韵、和声、押韵)、格律及重读等方面;词汇层次有谐音双关、一语双叙等;句法层次有组合关系、排比、倒装等;篇章则有句式的变化、段落的安排和衔接、粘连等。例如:

(1)He described the claim in alliteration fashion as a composite of fantasy, fallacy and fiction. (他用押头韵的方式把这种要求描绘成"虚幻、虚妄和虚构"的混合物。)(头韵)

(2)The senator picked up his hat and courage.(参议员捡起了帽子鼓起了勇气。)(一语双叙)

(3)Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. (读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。)(排比)

语用意义是语言符号与语言符号使用者之间的关系。它包括表征意义(indexical meaning)(指话语中揭示发讯人的身份、性别、年龄、阶级和教育背景以及在交际中的态

度)、表达意义(expressive meaning)(指语言符号表达说话人的感情)、社交意义(social meaning)(指语言符号在交际过程中建立或保持人际关系的一种特殊功能)、祈使意义(imperative meaning)(指发讯人企图改变收讯人的行为或心态的意向)和联想意义(associative meaning)(指附加在指称意义上的意义,是语言符号唤起收讯人对其他事物的联想)。例如woman就有frail (脆弱的)、prone to tears(爱哭的)、emotional (易动感情的)、gentle(温柔的)、compassionate(有同情心的)、hardworking(勤劳的)等联想意义。

B.语言是一种独特的符号系统。它有着自己最重要的语义系统(即上述三种意义),这一系统体现了语言的功能。英国学者皮特·纽马克(Peter Newmark)将其分为6种:1)信息功能(informative function),2)表情功能(expressive function),3)祈使功能(vocative function),4)美感功能(aesthetic function),5)酬应功能(phatic function),6)元语言功能(metalingual function)。

C. 翻译作品质量的好坏或高低应根据译文能在多大程度上再现原文的意义和功能。总的说来,译文再现原文的意义和功能越多质量就越好、越高。然而,在不同的话语或上下文中,上述3类意义及6种语言功能的分量常常是不一样的。有时指称意义、信息功能非常突出(如科技作品),有时语用意义、言内意义及美感功能可能占有非常重要的地位(如文学性话语)。另外,译出语和译入语在3种意义和6种功能方面能同时做到对等的情况极为少见。这就要求译者翻译时应根据具体情况,在不可能把原文所承载的各种意义和功能全部传递给译入语的读者的情况下,善于抓住最重要的意义和功能,将损失减少到最低的程度。

D. 语境(context or situation)和社会结构(social structure)。语境指文本得以具有生命力的环境;而社会结构既是语言相互作用的装饰性背景,又是语义系统生存发展的基本因素。它既影响语言符号的形式和内涵,又影响对语言符号的形式和内涵的阐释。

E. 翻译的过程是解码(decode)和编码(encode)的过程。这一过程具有社会性,因此不能忽视社会效应对这一过程的结果所带来的全面影响。

翻译的过程

西方翻译界常将翻译前的各种准备工作,甚至包括与出版商打交道也视为为翻译过程的组成部分。在我们看来,翻译过程主要包括理解理解、表达和校核这三个方面。

一、理解

理解(comprehension)可分为广义理解和狭义理解。广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反映。狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理解。这中理解主要包括语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析(grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis)。理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件和重要步骤,务必正确可靠,杜绝谬误。

二、表达

表达是理解后能否保证译文成功的又一重要关键步骤,是理解的深化和体现。在这一过程中,译者要注意恰到好处地再现原文的思想内容和语体色彩,使译文既忠实于原作又符合译入语的语法和表达习惯。要做到这一点,译者就必须在选词用字、组词成句、组句成篇上下工夫,在技巧运用上下工夫。能直译时尽可直译,不能直译时则可考虑意译,灵活运用翻译技巧。例如:

The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth. 十一月的寒风,对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发,两颊通红,两眼闪光。他生气勃勃,叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。(英语material warmth字面意思是"物质的温暖",这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清,让人一看就懂。)

My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world-marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting……亲爱的姑娘们,我对你们期望很高,可并不是叫你们在世上出人头地-要你们去嫁给富人,仅仅因为他们有钱,有奢华的住房,缺少爱情的话,豪华的住房算不得上家。(英语ambitious既可表示"雄心壮志的"意思,也可表示"野心勃勃的"意思,这里选用褒义词"期望很高"翻译比较妥当。)

It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.

(英语the ripples 清晨,初升的太阳照着平静的海面,微波荡漾,闪耀着金色的光芒。

of the gentle sea译成汉语时在结构上作了调整,这样译文念起来意思清楚,行文漂亮。)

The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled.大海平静得出奇,晚霞映照的绚丽多彩,天空已有孤星闪烁。(英语原文两句译成汉语合为一句。)

表达时还应注意避免翻译腔、过分表达和欠表达。所谓翻译腔,就是指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯,佶屈聱牙,晦涩难懂。例如:

To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴,读者比以前越饮越深,直到陷入了昏迷状态。

这个句子的译文死抠原文形式,死抠字典释义,翻译腔严重,让人难以明白其意思,可改译为:读者为了满足自己的渴望,越读越想读,直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。

所谓过分表达,就是指译文画蛇添足,增加了原文没有的东西;而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。

管理信息系统外文翻译

管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号:(9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

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研究生学术英语听力答案

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学术英语(社科)8单元A翻译学习资料

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