marketing barriers in international trade
Marketing市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表
市场营销专业词汇中英文对照表Marketing Management营销管理New Products Development新产品开发Service Industry Marketing服务业营销Advertising广告Business Negotiation商业谈判International Marketing国际市场营销Sales Channels销售渠道Public Relationship公共关系Consumer Behavior消费者行为Systems of Management Information管理信息系统Marketing Research营销调研accessibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 附属设备市场account management policies 客户管理策略positioning定位market segmentation市场细分sales promotion销售促进advertising feedback 广告反馈advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising message 广告信息advertising source 广告信息来源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折让alteration 退换American Marketing Association 美国营销协会annual marketing plan 年度营销计划assurance 保证attitudes of consumers 消费者态度availability 可获得性/供货能力awareness （产品)知晓度/知名度baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow—Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc。
关于外贸的英语作文
In the era of globalization,international trade has become an integral part of the world economy.The English language,being the lingua franca in business,plays a crucial role in facilitating international trade.Here is a comprehensive essay on the topic of foreign trade,highlighting its importance,challenges,and the role of English in this domain.Title:The Significance of English in International TradeIntroductionIn todays interconnected world,the exchange of goods and services across borders is a common phenomenon.Foreign trade,or international trade,is the backbone of many economies and is facilitated by the widespread use of English as a common business language.This essay will explore the importance of English in the context of international trade,the challenges faced by traders,and the benefits of proficiency in English for businesses engaging in global commerce.The Role of English in International Trademunication Medium:English serves as a bridge between different cultures and languages.It is the primary language for international business communication,enabling traders from diverse linguistic backgrounds to interact and negotiate effectively.2.Documentation and Contracts:Most trade documents,such as commercial contracts, invoices,and shipping documents,are drafted in English.Proficiency in English ensures that traders can understand and draft these documents accurately,reducing the risk of miscommunication and legal disputes.3.Marketing and Branding:English is often used for marketing materials,product descriptions,and branding.A strong command of English can help businesses present their products and services in a manner that appeals to a global audience.4.Negotiation and Trade Talks:English is the language of choice for trade negotiations, whether they occur in person,over the phone,or via video conferencing.Being fluent in English can give traders an edge in these discussions.Challenges in International Trade1.Cultural Differences:Understanding the cultural nuances of international trade partners is crucial for successful business relationships.Misinterpretations can lead to failednegotiations or strained partnerships.2.Legal and Regulatory Compliance:Each country has its own set of laws and regulations governing trade.Navigating these can be complex,especially when language barriers are involved.3.Currency Exchange and Financial Risks:The fluctuation of currency values and the management of financial risks are significant challenges in international trade. Understanding these aspects requires a deep understanding of the global financial landscape.4.Logistics and Supply Chain Management:Coordinating the movement of goods from one country to another involves complex nguage barriers can exacerbate these challenges,leading to delays and increased costs.Benefits of English Proficiency in International Trade1.Enhanced Communication:A strong grasp of English allows for clearer communication with international partners,reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings.2.Access to a Wider Market:English proficiency opens doors to global markets,as businesses can effectively market their products and services to a broader audience.3.Improved Negotiation Skills:Being able to negotiate in English can lead to better deals and more favorable terms in trade agreements.4.Increased Competitiveness:In the global marketplace,businesses that can communicate effectively in English are often seen as more professional and reliable, giving them a competitive edge.ConclusionEnglish is more than just a language it is a tool that facilitates international trade.It is essential for communication,documentation,marketing,and negotiation in the global business environment.While challenges such as cultural differences,legal compliance, financial risks,and logistics management are inherent in international trade,a strong command of English can mitigate these challenges.As the world becomes increasingly interconnected,the importance of English in international trade will only continue to grow,making it a vital skill for anyone involved in global commerce.。
国际货运代理英语(货代英语)
International trade is also a branch of economics, which together with international finance, forms the large branch of international economics.
6. Steps （步骤）of International Trade
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Starting with market research Seeking customers Contact each other by sending inquiries Status inquiry（询价状况） Quotations or offers;acceptance or non acceptance Order; contract Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C ，receiving L/C Preparation of goods by the seller Inspection or survey of goods Reserving shipping space（订舱） Effecting insurance Customs clearance Shipping advice Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary Redemption of documents （赎单）under L/C Customs clearance for import Delivery of goods Lodging and settling claims （索理赔）(if any)
专有名词
Terms1.free trade 自由贸易Free trade is a policy in international markets in which governments do not restrict imports or exports.2.barriers-to-trade(trade barriers)贸易壁垒Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. The barriers can be divided into two types, including tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The non-tariff barriers can take many forms, mainly including the following:3.risk investment（Venture Capital）风险投资The risk investment is provided to early-stage, high-potential, growth-startup companies. If the investment is successful, the investors will get huge rewards. If it fails, the money will go down the drain.4.terms of trade进出口交换比率Terms of trade (TOT) refers to the relative price of exports in terms of imports and is defined as the ratio of export prices to import prices. The data can be used to measure a country's international purchasing power.5.excess demand过度需求It is the situation that market demand exceeds the enterprise can provide. It’s a disparity between the demand for a product or service and its supply in a market. Specifically, a shortage occurs when there is excess demand.进口许可（import licensing）出口许可（export licensing）进口配额（import quotas）进口禁令（import prohibition）技术性贸易壁垒（technical barriers to trade）出口限制（export restrictions）政府采购（government procurement）补贴（subsidies）反倾销（anti-dumping）。
对口升学英语作文范文10篇
对口升学英语作文范文10篇1. The Importance of English in Higher EducationIn the pursuit of higher education, English has become an indispensable tool for students worldwide. It is the language of academia, where the majority of scholarly articles, textbooks, and research materials are published. Proficiency in English opens doors to a wealth of knowledge and opportunities for international collaboration. It also prepares students for the global job market, where English is often the common language for communication.2. The Role of Technology in Language LearningTechnology has revolutionized the way we learn languages. With the advent of language learning apps, online courses, and virtual classrooms, students can now access resources and practice their language skills at their own pace. This has made language learning more accessible and efficient, allowing students to overcome geographical barriers and learn from the best educators around the globe.3. Cultural Exchange Through Language LearningLanguage is not just a means of communication; it is a gateway to understanding different cultures. Learning a new language exposes students to the customs, traditions, and values of the people who speak it. This cultural exchangeenriches the learning experience and fosters a deeper appreciation for diversity.4. The Benefits of BilingualismBeing bilingual offers numerous cognitive and social advantages. It enhances problem-solving skills, improves multitasking abilities, and can even delay the onset of cognitive decline in older adults. Socially, bilingualism allows for greater interaction with people from different backgrounds, broadening one's worldview.5. Overcoming Language Barriers in International BusinessIn the global business landscape, overcoming language barriers is crucial for success. Companies that can effectively communicate with international partners and clients have a competitive edge. This requires not only language proficiency but also an understanding of cultural nuances and business etiquette.6. The Impact of Globalization on LanguageGlobalization has led to the spread of certain languages, particularly English, as a lingua franca. This has had both positive and negative impacts on linguistic diversity. While it facilitates international communication, it also poses a threat to minority languages that may be overshadowed by more dominant ones.7. The Challenges of Learning a Second LanguageLearning a second language is a complex process that involves not only acquiring vocabulary and grammar but also adapting to different communication styles and cultural contexts. It requires patience, practice, and often, overcoming the fear of making mistakes.8. The Use of English in Science and TechnologyEnglish has become the de facto language of science and technology. From technical manuals to scientific papers, English is the medium through which new discoveries and innovations are shared and discussed. This underscores the importance of English proficiency for those in these fields.9. The Power of Storytelling in Language LearningStorytelling is a powerful tool in language learning. It engages learners by providing context and making language acquisition more enjoyable. Through stories, learners can better understand the language's nuances and cultural references.10. The Future of Language LearningAs technology continues to advance, the future of language learning is likely to become even more immersive and interactive. Virtual reality and artificial intelligence may play a significant role in creating realistic language learning environments and personalized learning experiences.。
高一英语学科国际学术交流合作的障碍与解决方案分析单选题80题(答案解析)
高一英语学科国际学术交流合作的障碍与解决方案分析单选题80题(答案解析)1.The biggest obstacle in international academic exchanges is _____.nguage differenceB.cultural diversityC.time differenceD.geographical distance答案：A。
本题考查国际学术交流中的主要障碍。
语言差异是国际学术交流中最大的障碍之一，因为不同的语言可能导致沟通困难。
选项B 文化多样性虽然也会带来一些挑战，但不是最大的障碍。
选项 C 时间差异和选项 D 地理距离也会对交流产生影响，但相对语言差异来说不是最主要的。
2.International academic exchanges often face problems of _____.A.misunderstanding due to languageB.different research methodsC.diverse academic backgroundsD.various teaching styles答案：A。
国际学术交流中经常面临由于语言而产生的误解问题。
选项B 不同的研究方法、选项C 多样的学术背景和选项 D 不同的教学风格虽然也可能存在，但语言问题往往是最直接和常见的障碍。
3.The main difficulty in language communication in international academic exchanges is _____.A.vocabulary shortageB.grammar mistakesC.pronunciation inaccuracyck of fluency答案：A。
在国际学术交流的语言沟通中，主要困难是词汇量不足。
语法错误、发音不准确和缺乏流利度也会有影响，但词汇量不足会更严重地阻碍交流。
口译教程参考答案5
口译教程参考答案5口译教程参考答案5口译作为一门重要的语言技能，在国际交流中起着至关重要的作用。
对于想要提升口译水平的人来说，参考答案是一个非常有价值的学习资源。
本文将为大家提供一份口译教程参考答案5，希望能够帮助大家更好地理解口译的技巧和要点。
一、背景介绍参考答案5是关于国际贸易的一篇口译材料。
在这个全球化时代，国际贸易的重要性不言而喻。
掌握相关的贸易术语和表达方式对于从事国际贸易的人来说至关重要。
通过学习参考答案5，我们可以了解到一些关于国际贸易的基本概念和相关的表达方式。
二、参考答案解析1. What is international trade?International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It plays a crucial role in the global economy, promoting economic growth and enhancing the welfare of nations. International trade can be conducted through various channels, such as exports, imports, and foreign direct investment.2. What are the benefits of international trade?International trade brings numerous benefits to countries involved. Firstly, it allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services they have a comparative advantage in, leading to higher efficiency and productivity.Secondly, it expands the market for domestic producers, enabling them to sell their products to a larger customer base. Thirdly, international trade promotes competition, driving innovation and technological advancement. Lastly, it fosters cultural exchange and mutual understanding between nations.3. What are the barriers to international trade?Despite its benefits, international trade also faces various barriers. Tariffs and trade barriers imposed by countries can restrict the flow of goods and services across borders. Non-tariff barriers, such as quotas and subsidies, can also hinder international trade. Additionally, differences in regulations, standards, and intellectual property rights can pose challenges for businesses engaged in international trade. Political instability, conflicts, and protectionist policies further complicate the international trade environment.4. How can countries promote international trade?Countries can adopt several strategies to promote international trade. Firstly, they can negotiate and sign free trade agreements with other countries, reducing trade barriers and facilitating the flow of goods and services. Secondly, countries can invest in infrastructure development, such as ports and transportation networks, to improve the efficiency of trade logistics. Thirdly, governments can provide financial support and incentives to domestic businesses engaged in international trade. Lastly, countries can participate in international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, to advocate for fair trade practices and resolve trade disputes.三、总结通过学习口译教程参考答案5，我们了解到了国际贸易的定义、益处、障碍以及促进措施。
国际市场营销专业术语
<International Marketing>国际市场营销词汇表Aaccessibility （市场细分）可接受性acquisition 收购actionability实效性actual product现实产品（形式产品）administered VMS管理系统advertising objective广告目标advertising specialities广告特写稿，号外advertising广告，广告活动affordable method财力承受力age and life—cycle segmentation年龄及生命周期细分agent代理人allowance折让,津贴American Marketing Association（AMA）美国市场营销协会analytical marketing system营销分析系统annual plan control年度计划控制Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经合组织atmospheres气氛,环境（购买现场）attitude态度augmented product附加产品automatic vending自动售货（机）available market 有效性市场Bbaby room （第二次世界大战至６０年代后）生育高峰backward integration后向一体化basing-point pricing基定定价behavioral segmentation购买行为细分benchmarking产品水准基点(与购买者比较)benefit segmentation顾客利益细分brand decision品牌决策brand equity品牌价值brand extension品牌延伸brand image品牌形象brand mark品牌标志brand name品牌名称brand品牌breakeven pricing盈亏零界点定价法bribery and corruption 贿赂、受贿Bribery 行贿broker经纪者business analysis商业分析business philosophy商业观，经营哲学business portfolio 业务组合buyer’s market买方市场buyer decision process购买者决策过程buyer-readiness states 购买状态buyer购买者Ccall norms 访问(客户）标准次数captive—product pricing组合产品定价法cash cows金牛类产品cash discount现金折扣catalog marketing目录营销causal research因果分析调查central business district中心商业区chain stores连锁商店channel level渠道层次channel members渠道成员channel system渠道系统closing结帐cluster analysis 聚类分析collaborations 合作combination store联合商店commercialization商业化company marketing environment公司营销环境company marketing opportunity公司营销机会comparison advertising比较广告competitive advantage竞争广告competitor analysis竞争者分析competitors竞争者concentrated marketing集中性市场营销confiscation 没收consumer buying behavior消费者购买行为consumer cooperative消费者合作社consumer goods消费品consumerism消费者保护主义consumer market消费者市场consumer orientation消费者导向consumer消费者contests sweeptakes contractual VMS合同系统convenience goods日用品convenience store便民店conventional marketing channel传统营销渠道cooporate chain 公司连锁core product 核心产品corporate communication公司宣传corporate VMS公司系统cost—plus pricing成本加成定价counter segmentation反细分化coupons优待券；赠券criteria 标准cultural environment文化环境culture文化cultural Change 文化变革cultural Borrowing 文化借鉴currency fluctuations 币值波动customer attitude tracking顾客态度跟踪customer group顾客群customer-structured sales force顾客结构型推销结构customer顾客custom union 关税同盟Ddatabase marketing 数据库营销data compatibility 数据的兼容性decision-making approach决策研究法decline stage衰退期demand curve需求曲线demands需求demand需求demographic segmentation人口统计环境department store百货商店derived demand派生需求；引发需求differentiated marketing差异性营销direct export直接出口direct investment直接投资direct-mail marketing直邮营销discount store折扣商店discriminatory pricing（需求)差异定价distribution channel 分销渠道diversification growth opportunity多样化增长机会diversification多样化，多种差异dogs狗灯产品door—to-door retailing挨户销售durable goods 耐用品Eecological environment生态环境economic community 经济共同体economic enviroment经济环境embargo禁运，贸易禁止令engel's laws恩格尔定律environmentalism环境保护主义exchange control外汇管制；外汇管理exchange function交换功能exchange rate汇价；汇率;外汇行市exchange交换Extortion 索贿exclusive distribution独家分销experience curve（learning curving)经验曲线；学习曲线exporting出口expropriation 征用Ffacilitating function便利功能fads时尚family life cycle家庭生命周期fashion 流行financing资金融通fixed costs固定成本FOB—origin pricing离岸价格forecasing预测foreward integration向前一体化form Utility形态效用franchise organization特许经营组织franchise特许经营franchising 特许经营freight—absorption pricing免收运费定价full service wholesaler完全服务职能批发商functional approach 职能研究法functional discount 功能折扣；交易折扣Ggender segmentation性别细分generic strategies 一般战略Gender Bias 性别偏见geographic organization地理细分geographic segmentation性别细分GE strategic business-planning grid 通用电气业务组合方法globalization 全球化going-rate pricing随行就市定价government market政府市场green marketing绿色营销grey markets 灰色市场growth-share matrix增长份额矩阵（波士顿矩阵）growth stage成长期Hhabitual buying behavior 习惯性购买行为head—on positioning迎头定位high—context culture 高背（语）景文化high—touch positioning 高情感定位horizontal integration水平（横向)一体化horizontal marketing system水平营销系统horizontal organisation 水平型组织human need人类需求hypercompetition 超级竞争hypermarkets特级需求Iidea generation 创意想法idea screening创意筛选impaired 干扰in-bound logistics 上游物流income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性income segmentation收入细分indirect export 间接出口indirect export直接出口industrial economies发达工业化经济类型industrial goods工业品industrializaing economies新兴工业化经济类型industrial market产业市场inelastic demand需求无弹性initiator初次使用者，发起者inseparability等一性；不可分割性institutional approach机构研究法intangibility无形性integrated marketing communication整合营销传播integrative growth opportunity一体化增长机会intensive distribution密集化（广泛性）分销intensive growth opportunity密集化增长机会internal reports system内部报告系统international marketing国际市场营销international market国际市场introduction stage投入期inventory 库存inventory control存货控制Jjoint ownership合营股权joint venturing合营Llearning 学习leasing租赁legal environment法律环境licensing许可lifestyle生活方式limited-service retailers有限服务职能零售商limited-serviece wholesaler有限服务职能批发商line extension产品线扩展Lubrication 打点Mmacroenvironment 宏观环境macromarketing宏观市场营销management contracing管理合同management science approach管理科学研究法manufacturer's brand 制造商品牌market development市场开发market growth rate市场增长率marketing audit 营销审计marketing budget营销预算marketing concept市场营销信息系统marketing database数据库营销；关系营销marketing environment市场营销环境marketing information system市场营销信息系统marketing intermediaries营销中介marketing management 营销管理marketing mix市场营销组合marketing research营销调研marketing strategy营销战略marketing市场营销学;市场营销market leader市场领导企业market orientation市场导向market penetration pricing市场渗透定价market penetration市场渗透market positioning市场定位market segment 市场细分market segmentation市场细分化market share市场份额；市场占有率market—skimming pricing取脂定价market specialization 市场专业化market targeting确定目标市场market testing试销market市场maslow's hierarchy of needs马洛斯需求层次论maturity stage成熟期media媒体merchant wholesaler商人批发商microenvironment微观环境micromarketing 微观市场营销学middlemen中间商monopolistic competition垄断竞争motive 动机multibrand strategy多品牌战略multichannel marketing多渠道营销Nnatural environment 自然环境need 需要new product development新产品开发new product pricing新产品定价new product新产品new task新购买（任务)nontariff trade barriers非关税贸易壁垒Ooligopolistic competition 寡头垄断竞争opinion leaders意见领袖order processing订单处理organization image组织形象overall market整体形象Ppackaging 包装parallel imports 平行进口perishability 不可储存性personal selling 人员推销physical distribution 实物分销place utility 必要的场地political environment 政治环境polycentric orientation 多国中心主义portfolio analysis 投资组合分析potential market 潜在市场premiums 额外费用，保险费price 价格price elasticity 价格弹性price pack 包装价格producer market 生产者市场producer orentation 以产品为中心product 产品product concept 产品观念product development 产品发展production concept 产品观念product item 产品项目product life cycle（PLC）产品生命周期product line 产品线product mix 产品组合product specialization 产品特色promotion 促销promotion mix 混合促销promotion pricing 促销价格pruchase decision 分销策略psychographic segmentation 心理细分psychological pricing 心理定价法public 公众publicity 公开pubulic relations 公共关系pure monopoly 完全垄断Qquantity discount 数量折扣question marks 问题类产品quotas 配额Rreciprocity 互惠reference group 相关群体regiocentric orientation 地区中心主义relationship marketing 关系营销religious rituals 宗教仪式repositioning 重新定位reseller market 转卖者市场retailer 零售商retailer cooperatives 零售商合作社retailing 零售；零售业return on investment（ROI) 投资报酬率risk taking 风险承担role 角色Ssales force structure 推销结构sales promotion 营业推广sales quotas 销售配额sales representative 推销代表sales team 推销队伍samples 样品seal—bid pricing 密封投标竞价seasonal discount 季节折扣segmentattion variable 细分变量11selective distribution 选择性分销selective specialization 选择性专业化seller’s market卖方市场selling concept 推销观念served market(target market）目标市场service 服务services marketing 服务营销shopping center 购物中心social classes 社会阶层social environment 社会环境social marketing 社会营销观念specialty goods 特殊品specialty store 专业商品stars 明星类产品straight rebuy 直接重购strategic business unit（SBU) 战略业务单位strategic fit 战略适应strategic planning 战略规划subculture 亚文化Subornation 收买submarket 亚市场supermarkets 超级市场superstore 超级商店suppliers 供应商Ttactics 战术target profit pricing 目标利润定价tariff 关税technological environment 技术环境telemarketing 电话直销television marketing 电视直销territorial-structured sales force 地区结构型推销结构12time—series analysis 时间序列分析total costs 总成本total promotion budget 促销预算trade mark 商标trading stamps 赠品印花transportation 运输Uundifferentiated marketing 无差异性营销uniform delivered pricing 统一交货定价universal discipline 通用原则unsought goods 未寻求产品;未知产品user 用户Vvalue analysis 价值分析value chain 价值链variable costs 变动成本vertical marketing system（VMS）纵向营销系统virtual organisations 虚拟组织voluntary chain 自愿连锁Wwant 欲望warehouse store 仓储商店warehousing 仓储wheel of retailing concept 零售车轮假说wholesaler 批发商wholesaling 批发；批发业Zzone pricing 分区定价13。
Barriers to International Trade
Import quota 进口配额 Subsidy 补贴 Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Cartels 卡特尔（企业联合） Dumping 倾销
Translation
Tariffs serve two main purposes :to generate tax revenue (revenue tariff) and to imports （protective tariff). A revenue tariff raises money for the government that imposes it. Since the purpose is not to reduce imports of the product on which the tariff is imposed, revenue tariffs are rather low. A protective tariff is designed to discourage foreign business from shipping certain goods into the country. 关税主要服务于两个目的：形成税收收入（收入关税）和阻碍进口（保 护性关税）。收入关税是政府征收的为政府筹集资金的一种关税。当对 进口产品征收关税的目的不是减少进口产品时，收入性关税是十分低的。 保护性关税是政府专为阻碍外国企业向其国内输送某些产品而设置的。
Barriers to International Trade
Trade barriers are obstacles that restrict trade among countries. 贸易壁垒就是阻碍国与国之间贸易的障碍。
Trade barriers include three aspects
《国际商务英语》名词解释
4 facilities—something designed, built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service
5 revenue—收益the total annual income of state
4 amendment—修正changes made to something
5 Incoterms—a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms
5. Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-how.
6. Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.
7. Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.