_格林利夫_中荣格的集体无意识理论痕迹
荣格集体无意识表现说
从鞋具内部黑洞洞的敞口中,凝聚着劳 动步履的艰辛.这硬梆梆沉甸甸的破旧农鞋 里,聚集着那寒风料峭中迈动在一望无际的 永远单调的田垄上的步履坚韧和滞缓。鞋皮 上沾着湿润而肥沃的泥土。暮色降临，这双 鞋底在田野小径上踽踽而行。在这鞋具里， 回想着大地无声的召唤，显示着大地对成熟 的谷物的宁静的馈赠。表征着大地在冬闲的 荒芜田野里朦胧的冬冥。这器具浸透着对面 包的稳靠性的无怨无艾的焦虑，以及那战胜 了贫困的无言的喜悦,隐含着分娩阵痛的哆 嗦,死亡逼近时的颤栗。
无意识的转移升华说：
艺术的实质就是作家无意识 的转移和升华。
一般人通过梦等形式使无意 识的到了宣泄，而作家除了通过 梦的形式，还通过写作把自己的 无意识转移和升华了。创作，也 就成了作家的“白日梦”。
实际上，作家在某种程度上 就是一个精神病人，在艺术作品 中宣泄自己的无意识压抑。
荣格：集体无意识表现说：
鲁迅先生提出诗歌产生 的“吭吁吭吁说”。
他同时提出“休息说”。
最后，原始人的劳动决定 和制约着原始艺术的内容和形 式。原始劳动生活是原始艺术 直接的描写对象。
最古老的诗歌之一《弹 歌》：“断竹、续竹，飞土， 肉”，《击壤歌》也这样唱道： “日出而作，日入而息。凿井 而饮，耕田而食。帝力于我何 有哉！”班固《汉书》所言 “饥者歌其食，劳者歌其事”。
集体无意识是遗传下来的保存
有人类普遍性的深层的蒙胧的精
神。
艺术最深层的本质就在于表露
了这种深层的集体无意识。因此，
作家在写作的时候，就不是单纯
的个人无意识的宣泄，而是整个
民族的某种集体无意识的言说，
是一个人代表千万个人在说话， 荣
它不再是自己而是一个“集体
பைடு நூலகம்
人格心理学考试真题试卷
人格心理学考试真题试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 弗洛伊德的人格结构理论中，哪一部分负责现实检验？A. 本我B. 自我C. 超我D. 外我2. 荣格的分析心理学中，集体无意识中的普遍概念被称为什么？A. 原型B. 潜意识C. 集体意识D. 个体意识3. 以下哪项不是马斯洛需求层次理论中的一个层次？A. 生理需求B. 安全需求C. 归属与爱的需求D. 权力需求4. 艾里克森的心理社会发展理论中，青春期的主要发展任务是什么？A. 建立信任感B. 自我认同感C. 建立自主性D. 形成亲密关系5. 以下哪个理论不是人格心理学中的主流理论？A. 行为主义理论B. 认知理论C. 人本主义理论D. 心理分析理论6. 根据大五人格理论，以下哪个特质不是大五人格的维度之一？A. 开放性B. 责任心C. 外向性D. 情绪稳定性7. 阿德勒的个体心理学中，哪个概念用来描述人们追求优越的心理动力？A. 自卑感B. 社会兴趣C. 优越性D. 动力性8. 以下哪个选项不是人格特质的测量工具？A. 明尼苏达多项人格问卷（MMPI）B. 16种人格因素问卷（16PF）C. 艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）D. 韦克斯勒智力量表（WISC）9. 根据奥尔波特的人格理论，以下哪个概念用来描述人格的独特性？A. 特质B. 动机C. 个性D. 态度10. 以下哪个理论强调了人格的稳定性和一致性？A. 情境主义B. 交互主义C. 行为主义D. 特质理论二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述弗洛伊德的人格结构理论，并说明本我、自我和超我各自的功能。
2. 描述荣格的集体无意识理论，并解释原型是如何影响个体行为的。
3. 解释马斯洛的需求层次理论，并讨论其在现代人格心理学中的应用。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述艾里克森的心理社会发展理论，并结合实际例子说明个体在不同阶段可能遇到的危机。
2. 讨论大五人格理论在组织行为学中的应用，以及它如何帮助我们更好地理解个体在工作环境中的行为。
心理学基础人格的试题及答案
心理学基础人格的试题及答案一、选择题1. 弗洛伊德的人格结构理论中，哪一部分负责道德判断？A. 本我B. 自我C. 超我D. 他我答案：C2. 根据卡尔·罗杰斯的理论，以下哪项不是自我概念的组成部分？A. 自我形象B. 自我理想C. 他人评价D. 自我感觉答案：C3. 荣格的分析心理学中，集体无意识是指什么？A. 个体经验的总和B. 个体潜意识的总和C. 人类共同的心理结构D. 社会文化的影响答案：C4. 以下哪个选项不属于人格的五大特质？A. 开放性B. 尽责性C. 外向性D. 情绪性答案：D5. 根据艾森克的人格理论，神经质高的人倾向于：A. 情绪稳定B. 情绪不稳定C. 社交能力强D. 社交能力弱答案：B二、判断题1. 人格是个体行为和心理特征的总和。
（对）2. 人格特质理论认为人格是由几个基本维度构成的。
（对）3. 弗洛伊德的人格结构理论中的本我遵循现实原则。
（错）4. 荣格认为人格发展是一个自我实现的过程。
（对）5. 艾森克的人格维度包括外向性、神经质和开放性。
（错）三、简答题1. 简述弗洛伊德的人格结构理论。
答案：弗洛伊德的人格结构理论包括三个部分：本我、自我和超我。
本我是人格结构中最原始的部分，遵循快乐原则；自我是现实原则的代表，调节本我和超我之间的冲突；超我是道德原则的代表，内化社会规范和道德标准。
2. 描述荣格的人格类型理论。
答案：荣格的人格类型理论基于两种态度（外倾和内倾）和四种功能（思维、情感、感觉、直觉）。
这些类型组合起来形成八种不同的人格类型，每种类型都有其独特的特点和行为模式。
四、论述题1. 论述人格发展的影响因素。
答案：人格发展是一个复杂的过程，受到多种因素的影响，包括遗传、环境、文化、教育、社会互动和个人经历等。
遗传因素为人格提供了生物学基础，而环境因素则在个体成长过程中塑造人格特质。
文化背景影响个体的价值观和行为规范，教育和家庭环境对个体的人格发展具有深远的影响。
荣格的集体无意识理论浅析(AbriefanalysisofCarlJungx27scolle
荣格的集体无意识理论浅析（ A brief analysis of Carl Jung'scollective unconsciousness theory )A brief analysis of Carl Jung's collective unconsciousness theory2007141057 Zhou ChaofengAbstract: the main contents of collective unconsciousness are various archetypes. Prototype, in fact, is the basic mode of psychological activity, it is the vestige of human ancient social life, and the accumulation and enrichment of typical experience that people repeat hundreds of millions of times in social life. Manis an image inherited from his ancestors, which inherits the same innate tendency of grasping the world and reflecting the same as his ancestors. This predisposition is inherited from brain tissue from generation to generation.Carl Jung attaches great importance to the study of archetype, and tries to reveal the hidden unconscious behind the consciousness, especially the collective unconscious secret through the study of the prototype. There are many archetypes of collective unconscious, but the most important ones are the archetypes, namely, the Pers ona, Anima (anima) and Arnim J (animus), f (theshadow) and sel (the).Key words: collective unconsciousness; Carl Jung; archetypal instinctText:The human mind is a very complex and fascinating world, great achievements of Freud is he bravely into the deep areas of the world, reveals the deep secret consciousness in this world. His successors, the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, is on the basis of Freud, deep into the deeper areas of the human mind, deeper into the field of the collectiveunconscious of the humanmind, discusses the collective unconscious of the human heart the deepest secret.First, the concept of collective unconsciousnessCarl Jung's great ideological system is based on the theory of collective unconsciousness, so what is collective unconsciousness?We know that people's psychological activities can be divided into two levels of consciousness and unconsciousness, actually unconscious mental activity can be divided into two levels: the first level is the unconscious Freud said, it is associated with the individual life experience of not being aware of the psychological activities, such as forget the memories, unpleasant experiences, repressed desire and motive etc.. The unconscious is called individual unconsciousness; in contrast, in the humanunconscious and part is beyond the individual life experience acquired is not dependent on personal experience and the existence of a beyond the individual and even the nation, race is commonin all humanbeings and collective psychological activity, this is the collective unconscious.The collective unconscious is a deeper unconscious, refers to the individual human ancestors inherited from the inheritedcommon unconscious psychological elements, similar to the instinct, restrict and promote the role of individual behavior and social civilization, namely when the scene and some ancestors experienced roughly the same. This factor will be activated and play a role as innate pattern, act like ancestors react to things around, as people often on dark, snakes have an innate sense of fear and does not need to be acquired experience, because of the formation of our ancestors in the long-termlife experience of darkness and snake fears to us, this is a manifestation of the collective unconscious. It is the common ancestors of generations of human experience, through repeated accumulation, accumulation, and concentration, concentration, mental content in the form of a trace buried in the brain structure, is a part of the brain structure, is a part of human psychology, is hereditary left to the universal spirit the function, in the final analysis, is the common congenital tendency, reflecting the schema.Before Carl Jung, people's knowledge of unconsciousness remained at the first level. Only through the discovery of Carl Jung did people make a great leap forward in the realization of the unconscious. The discovery of collective unconsciousness is undoubtedly another milestone contribution in the history of psychological development. It makes people realize that there is someconsistency in humanspiritual life, which may be the basis of humansympathy. From the perspective of collective unconsciousness, human beings are integrated in the spiritual depths. Collective unconsciousness is hardly ever realized in human life,But it will profoundly affect individual and social behavior.Two. The background of collective unconsciousnessAs a theory of the formation and development, there is a certain social, scientific, subjective and other background, formation and development of Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious, also have their own particular social and historical background.First, Freud's psychoanalytic psychology. Among the many factors that influence Carl Jung's theory of collective unconsciousness, Freud's psychoanalysis should be the first one, and Carl Jung himself is outspoken. Carl Jung is based on Freud's study, uses his unconscious theory, adopted the method of Psychoanalysis (analytical method, themethod of free association, dream and self analysis), the research field of psychoanalysis, a step forward.Second, social background. Carl Jung's era is the era of great development of human civilization, the common progress of material civilization and spiritual civilization, so that human face the reality, began to reflect on the past, explore the true meaning of humansoul. Therefore, the social and time factors play a very important role in Carl Jung's thought and research.Third, the scientific and philosophical background. Since nineteenth Century, the humanities and social sciences have been greatly developed, such as life science, culturology, anthropology, etc.. At that time the Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics, namely the predecessor learns through experience things, do not need to re learn can be left to future generations, habits gradually became instinct; Darwin's theory of biological evolution and widely spread, Carl Jung's high school and college life is spent in this atmosphere. He not only inherited the Lamarckian inheritance of acquired character theory, and the absorption of Darwin's natural selection theory of evolution, both not only provides specific ideas for Carl Jung, and also provided psychiatric research phenomenon and psychological phenomenon for his theory.Fourth, personal subjective factors. Freud and A De's theory of music can not be separated from their personal subjective factors and life experience. Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory can not be separated from his personal subjective factors. Carl Jung's parents' marriage, feelings of distorted shadows, limbo difficult family life, he created the character of loneliness, introversion, self-confidence, emotion rich, that made him pay more attention to subjective world and various inner mysterious body face and dream on. The investigation in the depthof Africa was the first time he exposed the primitive mentality of the primitive nation, and had a personal experience of the primitive people's mentality and collective unconsciousness.Fifth, occupational factors. Carl Jung's occupation for him also has great significance, it not only provides a lot of opportunities for contact with him and study the collective unconscious, but he analyzed a lot of dreams, fantasies, empathy phenomenon,access to the collective unconscious of the truth.Three, the content of collective unconsciousnessThe main contents of collective unconsciousness are various archetypes. Prototype, in fact, is the basic mode of psychological activity, it is the vestige of human ancient social life, and the accumulation and enrichment of typical experience that people repeat hundreds of millions of times in social life. Manis an image inherited from his ancestors, which inherits the same innate tendency of grasping the world and reflecting the same as his ancestors. This predisposition is inherited from brain tissue from generation to generation. Carl Jung called the "original image" or "ghost heart", the physiological structure as we have many ancestors traces, so our psychological structure. The development of human psychology is actually the process of consciousness rising and expanding from collective unconsciousness.Carl Jung attaches great importance to the study of archetype, and tries to reveal the hidden unconscious behind the consciousness, especially the collective unconscious secret through the study of the prototype. There are many archetypes of collective unconsciousness, and Carl Jung believes that there are many archetypes in how many typical situations there are in life". He found many prototypes in his own research,Such as birth, death and regeneration of the prototype prototype prototype, prototype, prototype, God demonold wise man, the hero archetype prototype, prototype of mother earth and many natural objects such as the sun, the moon prototype prototype prototype, wind, water and fire prototype, and there are manycreations such as weaponssuch as prototype prototype, but the most important is four the prototype, namely the persona (the Pers ona), Anima (anima) and Arnim J (animus), the shadow (theshadow) and the self (the sel f).The persona that people can play a social role, innate tendencies conform to the society expectations, it ensures that people can show some personality in order to adapt to the society, this is not the real character of personality, but its side publicly displayed, its purpose is to make a good impression to get social recognition. Persona is necessary for human existence. It ensures people can get along well with others and achieve personal goals. But the excessive development of personality mask will suppress people's real personality and nature, and even lose themselves.Anima and Arnim J are the opposite of the opposite sex in man's psychology. The former is the female side of the male psychology, while the latter is the male side of the woman's psychology.Every man has a female image in the depth of his unconscious, which affects his attitudes towards women. This image is not a specific woman, but only a vague and uncertain about the female form, it is the day after tomorrow and individual life gradually get women experience especially initial experience together will form his concept of women.The prototype of Nimes is just the opposite. The existence of these two archetypes tells us that each person is born with some nature of the opposite sex. Psychologically, each person's mind is a mixture of the sexes. These two archetypes will profoundly influence people's attitudes towards theopposite sex and ways of communication. For example, when people are looking for love, they are often looking for the opposite sex of Anima or Nimesarchetype. In case of love at first sight, a man or a woman to see each other from the heart feel the other side is looking for love and even a kind of deja vu intimacy, this is no consciousness of Anima or Nimes, the prototype is activated. The prototype of Anima and Nimes helps people better understand and communicate with the opposite sex, but their excessive development may lead to sexual confusion or even heterosexual.Shadowis a prototype that represents a person's own gender and affects his relationship with the same sex. It is one of the oldest and most primitive archetypes of human beings, and it is also the most powerful and dangerous one, more than any other prototype. Onthe one hand, the shadowis full of life vitality, passion and creativity, contains the most valuable intuitive wisdom for human beings, on the other hand the shadow and accommodatethe human"evil", such as aggressive, destructive, so it is the people all the best and worst of the East West birthplace. Whenthe persona of an overly strong and weaken the power of the shadow, people will live a dull, lack of passion and creativity of the pale life, and if the shadow of severely repressive society or society can not provide appropriate vent channels, often lead to collective disaster. Behind every large-scale war or social upheaval, there is a huge shadow behind it. This may be the tragedy of civilization. To understand this, we may understand why large-scale war and be brutal and inhuman for thousands of years of humanhistory, the most destructive massacre happened not barbarism tribes but had highly civilized people, why go to the human civilization and progress, but more frequent and brutal war.The prototype of self is the most central prototype in collective unconsciousness, which shows that the humanspirit or personality has a congenital organizational principle and a tendency toward wholeness, which is a prototype of unity, organization and order,All other prototype and manifest these archetypes in consciousness and complex are attracted to it around (the so-called complex, is found, another important psychology Carl Jung certain behavior refers to the relatively independent personality unit or psychological tendency, formed by the combination of a series of related experience can influence and control or for some the event, attitude) so that they are in a state of harmony, the unity of personality. This is the ultimate goal of the development of human spirit.The above four archetypes are the most important archetypes in human beings, which determine the way people grasp the world and react to various life events. The strength and strength of various archetypes are different in human beings. Some archetypes are too powerful and often constrain the development of other archetypes, such as the repression of the persona to the shadow. In addition, different archetypes can be combined with each other, thus changing the personality. This is also one of the fundamental reasons for the difference between people.Four, collective unconscious manifestationCollective unconsciousness exists in the deepest and lowest level of humanspiritual life, so it is difficult to be realizedin human life. But it can still manifest itself in individuallife and social culture in various forms. The following is a brief talk about the basic manifestation of collective unconsciousness.First of all, it can be shown in fairy tales and fairy tales.Myth is the true portrayal of the primitive humanconsciousness in the Enlightenment period, when the human consciousness was just born out of unconsciousness, and the unconscious force was still very strong and directly affected the consciousness of mankind. Therefore, primitive and unsophisticated myths, which are not processed by later generations, are often the direct manifestation of humanunconsciousness, especially collective unconsciousness.Second, collective unconsciousness can manifest itself through human dreams. Dreams are a window into the unconscious. The content of dreams is the direct manifestation of unconsciousness, including collective unconsciousness.In addition, collective unconsciousness may also manifest itself in some schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia is actually the disintegration of a state of consciousness that causes the unconscious content to flow out and dominate the individual's personality and behavior without any hindrance, and there are many collective unconscious contents.These are the typical and direct manifestations of collective unconsciousness, but the collective unconscious is in various forms. It exists in every corner of human social life, for example in ancient ethnic and tribal culture and traditional ceremonies, in various works of literature and art, religionand ritual in the symbol of every hue on there are generationsof oral communication and so on, we can find the collective unconsciousness hidden in the depths of its shadow. Each person's soul and the whole social culture.Five. The significance of collective unconsciousnessThe concept of collective unconsciousness refers to the"independent spirit", which is beyond the material determinism and opposed to the hypothesis of the soul",Is not out of the flesh but the inherent spiritual instinct.He extended the unconscious from the individual to the collective, and pushed the collective unconscious source to the spiritual remains of the ancient race. Because Carl Jung couldn't find a better place than the hypothesisTo explain the collective unconscious phenomenon scientifically without deviating from the principle of his independent spirit. Ad locumNor can Freud describe this collective phenomenon as a consequence of the traumatic experience acquired from the day after tomorrow, for exampleIn this way, collective unconsciousness is also an acquired spiritual reflection related to experience, which is very unfavorable to both of themThe establishment of psychology based on the independent spirit of opposing the spirit of the soul and against the spirit ofmaterial determination. So, he's got to be toughThe collective unconsciousness is the common and unconscious structure of human nature, not the psychological function. Emphasis on human unconsciousnessThe deep layer reveals the inborn instinct and behavior pattern of human beings, and finds an important position for the irrational factors of human beingsThe unconscious is the deepest of all human conscious activities,The last, most important decision. It has a modern WestThe basic tendency of humanism with the characteristics of irrationalism.Carl Jung overcame the limitations of Freud's theory and combined psychological research with social factors and historical and Cultural StudiesHad manymajor theoretical innovation. For Carl Jung's theory, many accused him of adding to the mystery of PsychoanalysisMost people generally agree that Carl Jung's theory is the cradle of many primitive concepts. In the field of psychoanalysis, he has direct influenceAnd inspired his followers. They inherited and developed the main ideas of Carl Jung's psychology, especially his views onarchetype,And the formation of a post Carl Jung school with extensive international influence has become a major force in Contemporary Western psychotherapy. andMoreover, Carl Jung's influence is not confined to the field of psychoanalysis. As a matter of fact, Carl Jung is paid more attention to in the prevailing postmodern trend of thought.Collective unconsciousness profoundly influences individuals and society. For individuals, the collective unconscious is our spiritual wealth of ancient ancestors, it determines our view of the world, understand theworld and a variety of responses to the ways of the world; for the society, the collective unconscious is the source of every kind of the spirit of the times, any kind of spirit of the times, whether it is good or bad, no it should be a collective consciousness in a prototype. Whenmost of the people in the community are in the collective unconscious, some archetypes are activated, and people will show some highly consistent behavior and ideas, which constitutes a certain spirit of the times. The development of individual and society is also influenced by collective unconsciousness. The prototype of self may makethe individual go towards the maturity and perfection of personality, and make the society towards harmony and unity, but in the process, there is also the danger of destruction or even destructive influence by other archetypes, such as shadow. Who is the final winner, only history can answer? From this point of view, the fate of human beings is in the hands of their own, and the answer lies in the deepest spirit of the law that we know today. Therefore,recognizing the existence of collective unconsciousness and its significance is undoubtedly of positive significance to the development of human beings themselves. As a old saying "you the fate of the stars in your own heart, indeed, the deepest secrets are hidden from all human unconscious.Reference ：1, Yang Yanping, on the collective unconsciousness in Carl Jung's aesthetic theory system, Journal of Liuzhou Teachers College, June 2009, twenty-fourth volume, third2, Hu Fan, analysis of Carl Jung's collective unconsciousness, Journal of Pingxiang College, 2003, second;3, Lv Kai, on collective unconsciousness and its performance, Journal of Guangxi Institute of education, 2003, first;4, Adel Tail, Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory andJack London's call of the wild, Journal of Henan NormalUniversity (PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDITION), 2000 second;5, Dai Guibin, Carl Jung collective unconscious review, Journal of Hubei Radio and TV University, 1999 third;6, Shi Desheng and Carl Jung's theory of collective unconsciousness and its formation background, Journal of Qinghai University for Nationalities (SOCIAL SCIENCESEDITION), second issue of 1994;7, Zhou Yiqi, Li Min, Carl Jung "synchronic" rule analysis, Nankai sociological review, 2003;8, Lu Qingzhong, WangFang, an interpretation of "Yi" and "Tao" -- Also on Carl Jung's synchronic law, Zhongzhou journal, November 2000 SixthA brief analysis of Carl Jung's collective unconsciousness theoryZhouchaofengTwo billion seven million one hundred and forty-one thousand and fifty-seven 2010.01.03。
荣格的集体无意识理论浅析
五、 集体无意识提出的意义
集体无意识概念是指一种超越物质决定论又反对灵魂假定说而重新假设的“自主精神”，
是一种不脱离人的肉体但先天存在的精神本能。他把无意识从个体扩大到集体，而且把这种“集体”无意识的来源推向远古族类的精神遗存。因为荣格在这里还不能找到比假设更好
的方法，来对集体无意识现象做出科学的解释而又不偏离他坚持的自主精神的原则。在这里
四、 集体无意识的表现形式
集体无意识存在于人类精神生活的最深处与最底层，因而在人的一生中很难被意识到。但它仍然可以通过各种形式表现在个人生活与社会文化中。下面就简要谈谈集体无意识的基本表现形式。
首先，它可以在神话与童话中表现出来。神话是处于启蒙期的原始人类意识状态的真实写照，那时人类的意识刚刚从无意识中诞生，无意识的力量仍相当强大并直接影响人类的意识。所以未经过后人加工处理的原始而质朴的神话往往是人类无意识特别是集体无意识的直接表现。
人格面具指人们能够扮演某种社会角色，顺从社会期望的先天倾向，它保证了人们能够表现出某种性格以适应社会，这种性格不一定是其真正的人格，而只是其对外公开展示的一面，其目的在于给他人留下一个好印象以得到社会的承认。人格面具对于人的生存来说是必需的，它保证了人们能够与他人和睦相处，实现个人目的。但人格面具过分发展则会压抑人的真实人格与天性，甚至丧失自我。
集体无意识理论 荣格
集体无意识理论荣格精神分析的祖师爷弗洛伊德是最先总结的，之后就把精神分析给忘了，临到最后感觉还是要补一下精神分析的课，毕竟这一派对20世纪各种文论都有方法论上的启迪……精神病态是心理学起源时关心的核心，如果说弗洛伊德看到的都是压抑之下产生的疯狂，那么荣格看到的则是因为难以抑制的欲望带来的偏执，而且这种偏执来源于一个外来的神秘源头。
而且精神病理论并非把自己的应用范围限定于个体心理领域，弗洛伊德和荣格更希望证明他们眼中的精神病是普遍存在与社会当中而呈现为结构性的病症——简而言之，人类社会病了。
荣格本来和弗洛伊德保持着多年的好朋友，但他逐渐对弗洛伊德强调性动机的理论产生了怀疑，最终这种怀疑发展为对弗洛伊德力比多=原始性欲观点的公开反对。
荣格认为力比多直接解释成抽象的心理力量就好，何必把它和性挂钩，于是俩人儿就闹掰了——荣格难受了整整三年，然后站起来说qtmd弗洛伊德，老子单干了，之后自己建了一套理论，其中集体无意识这个概念影响颇大，比如著名朴素思想——也就是，naive ——文论家弗莱就是荣格的拥趸。
不过荣格本人对艺术的看法是非常神秘的，他有一套自圆其说的艺术创作理论，虽然这套理论的大体框架被后世不少文论家接纳，但其具体观点充满了对文艺扭曲的理解。
|荣格的人格结构和人格类型理论荣格认为人格是一个整体，被称为精神，是具有原始统一性的，其包括自我、个体无意识还有集体无意识三个部分。
自我就是我们自觉到的部分，其构成了意识域的中心，使人格能够在时间流中保持自我同一。
除去自我以外，精神中还有无意识部分，其中个人经历过的却被压抑隐藏的经验是个体无意识，更深层的无意识是与生俱来的，来自于人类作为一个集体在历史进程中的集体经验，是一种超越个性的心理基础。
弗洛伊德的无意识理论指强调个体经历，这在荣格看来是不够深入的。
个体无意识中提供动力的机制是情结，它是一组相互关联的观念和思想，有力地驱使人的思想和行为。
情结会造成人的偏执，但这种偏执不全是坏事，其有可能成为灵感的源泉。
心理学意识考试答案大全
心理学意识考试答案大全一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 心理学中，意识是指个体对自身内部和外部环境的感知和理解。
以下哪项不是意识的特点？A. 连续性B. 选择性C. 可塑性D. 非自觉性答案：D2. 弗洛伊德将人的心理结构分为三个部分，分别是本我、自我和超我。
其中，负责现实检验的是哪个部分？A. 本我B. 自我C. 超我D. 潜意识答案：B3. 在心理学中，以下哪个术语描述的是个体对自身行为的内在动机和原因的感知？A. 自我意识B. 认知失调C. 动机D. 情绪答案：A4. 根据荣格的分析心理学理论，集体无意识是指什么？A. 个体在成长过程中形成的心理结构B. 个体潜意识中的共同心理内容C. 个体意识中的共同心理内容D. 人类共有的意识答案：B5. 心理学中的“自我实现”是指个体追求什么的过程？A. 满足基本生理需求B. 实现个人潜能和自我发展C. 追求社会地位和财富D. 获得他人的认可和赞许答案：B6. 以下哪个理论是由卡尔·罗杰斯提出的？A. 行为主义理论B. 精神分析理论C. 人本主义理论D. 认知行为理论答案：C7. 在心理学中，认知失调理论是由哪位心理学家提出的？A. 弗洛伊德B. 马斯洛C. 费斯廷格D. 罗杰斯答案：C8. 心理学中的“自我效能感”是指个体对自己完成特定任务的能力的信念。
这一概念是由哪位心理学家提出的？A. 班杜拉B. 马斯洛C. 罗杰斯D. 弗洛伊德答案：A9. 以下哪个选项不是情绪智力的组成部分？A. 情绪识别B. 情绪调节C. 情绪表达D. 情绪抑制答案：D10. 心理学中的“认知重评”是指个体如何改变对情绪事件的认知和解释，以调节情绪反应。
这一概念是由哪位心理学家提出的？A. 拉扎勒斯B. 艾利斯C. 贝克D. 梅耶答案：A二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述意识流的概念及其在心理学研究中的意义。
意识流是指个体在一段时间内连续不断、变化多端的意识体验。
自考人格心理学试题及答案
自考人格心理学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 弗洛伊德的精神分析理论中，人格结构不包括以下哪一项？A. 本我B. 自我C. 超我D. 他我答案：D2. 荣格的分析心理学中，集体无意识包括以下哪些内容？A. 个人经历B. 种族记忆C. 社会文化D. 教育背景答案：B3. 艾森克的人格理论中，神经质维度与以下哪种情绪状态相关？A. 焦虑B. 抑郁C. 快乐D. 愤怒答案：A4. 马斯洛的需求层次理论中，最高层次的需求是：A. 生理需求B. 安全需求C. 社交需求D. 自我实现需求答案：D5. 根据大五人格理论，以下哪一项不是大五人格的维度？A. 开放性B. 责任心C. 外向性D. 情绪稳定性答案：D6. 卡尔·罗杰斯的自我理论中，自我概念不包括以下哪一项？A. 自我理想B. 自我现实C. 自我评价D. 他人评价答案：D7. 根据埃里克森的心理社会发展理论，青少年期的主要发展任务是：A. 建立信任B. 自我认同C. 亲密关系D. 生成自我答案：B8. 根据弗洛姆的人格理论，以下哪种人格类型不是逃避自由的方式？A. 权威主义B. 破坏性C. 创造性D. 市场性答案：C9. 根据阿德勒的个体心理学，以下哪一项不是阿德勒认为的人格发展的关键因素？A. 社会兴趣B. 优越性C. 家庭环境D. 个人努力答案：B10. 根据人格心理学，以下哪一项不是人格的特质？A. 稳定性B. 独特性C. 可塑性D. 遗传性答案：D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述弗洛伊德的精神分析理论中的防御机制有哪些，并举例说明。
答案：弗洛伊德的精神分析理论中的防御机制包括压抑、投射、否认、合理化、转移等。
例如，压抑是指个体将不愉快的想法或感受从意识中排除，如一个人可能压抑对亲人的愤怒。
2. 描述大五人格理论的五个维度，并简要说明每个维度的含义。
答案：大五人格理论的五个维度包括开放性、责任心、外向性、宜人性和神经质。
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引言《格林利夫》（1956）是弗兰纳里·奥康纳的著名短篇，1957年获得欧·亨利奖。
半个世纪以来，关于这个故事，国外评论界已从宗教、神话、解构主义等视角做过一些的评论，如，小詹姆斯·A·格利姆沙（James A.Grimshaw，Jr.）认为《格》讲述的是一个宗教救赎的故事①（53-54）；约翰·戴斯蒙德（John Desmond）从解构主义视角分析奥氏旨在使原本处于边缘地位的格林利夫一家中心化②（68）；苏珊·莫娄·保罗逊（Suzanne Morrow Paulson）基于神话原型探析《格》中隐喻的男、女二元对立③（40-45）。
不仅如此，我国学者也对该小说进行一些很有见地的评论，如罗婷研究《格》中妇女蜕变的苦难历程④（160）；张燕借助女性主义批评理论，剖析二战后奥氏眼中的女性社会地位⑤（64-66）。
本文拟用荣格心理学深入文本，剖析梅太太生存状况及死亡的心理层面，寻找《格》中的荣格集体无意识理论痕迹。
梅太太：阿尼玛与阿尼玛斯对立的人格面具《格》围绕南方某农场主梅太太（Mrs.May）与雇工格林利夫（Greenleaf）一家以及她与儿子们的冲突展开。
梅太太是个寡妇，她经营着一个农场。
一天一头公牛闯进了她的奶牛场并且毁坏了她家的树篱，为了弄清这头公牛的来历并设法将它赶出去，梅太太和一直跟她作对的格林利夫发生了激烈的冲突；此外，梅太太和自己的两个儿子也因处理这头公牛的事而大动干戈。
愤怒之下，梅太太不得不亲自带上枪去射杀那头公牛。
结果牛没被杀死，梅太太自己却被那头狂奔而来的公牛用犄角顶死。
心理学大师荣格（Jung）指出人类的心理是双性的，即男性心理中有女性特征，称为阿尼玛（Anima）；同时，女性心理中也有男性特征，称为阿尼玛斯（Animus）。
阿尼玛和阿尼玛斯是男性与女性在长期交往的过程中所产生的，它给男性提供女性气质，给女性提供男性气质；同时，它也提供一个指导男性与女性交往的参照系。
此外，荣格认为异性的心理特征总是处于无意识状态，属于本我的范畴，由于受到超我的压制、自我的监督，通常在人们展示出的人格面具中不易被觉察到。
⑥（181-182）梅太太生活在一个农场里，整天与男性打交道，看不到女性色彩。
丈夫死后，为了一家人的生存，梅太太更是辛勤劳作，把农场打理得井井有条，试图取代已故的丈夫，承担起男人的职责和义务。
在支撑家业的过程中，在与她的两个儿子，她的雇工格林利夫及其两个儿子的长期交往过程中梅太太渐渐成了一位生活方式男性化的寡妇。
她总是“把她的脊背挺得像耙柄似的”（引文出处见该书，以下只标注页码）⑦（49）；在林中走路时，她总是带着一根长棍（49）。
甚至在梦中，“每走一步，她都将她的棍子插在自己面前”（70）。
按照心理学理论，耙柄和长棍是男性力量的象征。
显然，由于周围环境与生活同伴的影响，梅太太的阿尼玛原型渐渐缺乏，阿尼玛斯意识在她的心理渐趋形成一种强势的本我，蠢蠢欲动。
接受了阿尼玛斯男性意识，梅太太便极力压抑自己的阿尼玛女性特征，将自己纳入男性角色《格林利夫》中荣格的集体无意识理论痕迹冯宜丽域外小说研究181贰零壹零年第贰期的行为规范中。
她开始同大多数男性一样，将功成名就、家业兴旺看作人生头等大事。
为了获得成功，她经历了无数的酷暑严寒，克服了无数的艰难困苦，辛勤地耕耘着那块贫瘠的土地。
15年来梅太太“一直不停地在工作”（64），“使一个濒临破产的农场重新焕发了生机”（54）。
梅太太经营的农场日渐成功，她的阿尼玛女性特征也日渐消失，原本还处在无意识层的阿尼玛斯得到极大的发展。
目前，家业成了她的命根子，农场成了她骄傲的资本。
当她的朋友称赞她是个像男人一样了不起的女人时，她显得非常自得，以至于“从房间的任何一个窗户看去，她都能看见自己的影子”（54）。
显然，梅太太对男性力量的渴求已经融化到她的意识之中，变成她灵魂的内核。
然而，梅太太也时常“感到疲惫、厌倦”（64）。
这时，梅太太的阿尼玛女性意识犹存，只是为了两个儿子，她的本我不得不把阿尼玛女性气质隐藏起来。
梅太太：死亡的心理诠释通过对看似无声却胜有声的格林利夫一家、文中所提及的那头牛以及性格大相庭径的儿子们与梅太太之间的矛盾表现，梅太太性格中的愤懑不平、嫉妒和偏执被刻画得淋漓尽致。
梅太太不仅生活上表现出强势的阿尼玛斯男性意识，心理上也自觉不自觉地模仿着男权社会中男性普遍具有的罪恶劣的角色特征——控制欲。
《格》中梅太太对格林利夫的控制欲决不亚于任何一个男人。
文学评论家弗莱里克·阿萨尔斯也曾说，奥氏笔下人物的控制欲，最终表现为急不可耐地将自我投射到外部世界中，以使现实生活符合他们心中的精神生活，并特别提及《格》中的梅太太。
[8]（126）当她碰见他时，梅太太总觉得自己精力旺盛，无处发泄，“仿佛受到了魔鬼的挑战，所有的力量重新回到她的身上”（60）。
“驾驭他成了她的第二天性”（52），并以能够控制他而自鸣得意。
在教训两个儿子时，她说：“这么多年来，要不是我踩着他的脖颈，你们两个宝贝也许早就大清早四点钟起来挤牛奶了。
”（54）不仅如此，梅太太还企图控制自己的死亡。
她说:“当我一切准备妥当时，我才会死。
”（54）她甚至想控制她的后事：她到她的律师那儿，限定了她的遗产继承权，规定她的两个儿媳妇无权继承她的遗产（49）。
她还恨不得在她死后禁止她的两个儿子继续雇佣格林利夫（51）。
这时，梅太太的阿尼玛女性意识处于崩溃的边缘，取而代之的是阿尼玛斯男性意识。
梅太太花了整整15年的时间与格林利夫周旋，她自以为她有能力制服格林利夫，但事实却恰恰相反，格林利夫从没有停止同她的明争暗斗。
而且，梅太太每次瞧见他时总觉得“他从某个无形的圈子外向她走来”（47）。
奥康纳用圈子的意象暗示梅太太控制格林利夫的最终失败。
梅太太阿尼玛斯原型的再度强化也正是由于她驾驭格林利夫的失败而致。
格林利夫形式上是梅太太的雇工，实际上是她的对头。
他总是仰仗自己是个男人而经常偷懒，对梅太太的吩咐常常表现出一副漫不经心、阳奉阴违的态度，还时不时跟她较劲儿。
例如当梅太太把她两个不成器的儿子吹嘘为成功的知识分子和商人时，格林利夫从不像仆人似地随声附和，反而还不失时机地显摆一下自己的儿子。
梅伊太太对外竭力抗争，做出了巨大的牺牲，为的是给两个儿子营造舒适的生活环境。
可是她的两个儿子不仅无心经营农场，还对寡母的感受漠不关心，常常在她面前摆出一种“居高临下”的姿态。
他们的模样与奥康纳的另一部短篇《发冷不已》（1958）中那个对母亲放肆、专横的阿什伯瑞相比毫不逊色。
奚落、抱怨更是家常便饭。
大儿子斯哥费尔德不仅在语言上蔑视母亲，而且跟她说话时总是“哼着小曲儿”。
一次，因为生活中的不如意，梅伊太太在饭桌上数落两个儿子不关心和不帮忙时，小儿子威斯利极为不恭地奚落母亲，甚至激起了大儿子的强烈不满。
斯哥费尔德嘲着威斯利大叫大吵，兄弟俩大打出手，弄得饭厅里碗盘摔碎，桌椅翻到。
在这些嘈杂的声响下，梅伊太太缺乏男性的关爱，也缺乏做女性的安全。
丈夫的去世，格林利夫的挑衅，儿子的不争气使梅伊太太本我中的男性心灵意象如脱缰的野马，彻底失去超我的约束。
梅伊太太公布于众的人格面具已经不再是女性气质，而是完完全全的男性气质翻版；集结在梅伊太太心理的这种以阿尼玛斯原型为摹本的男性情结是梅伊太太人格面具的主要内容，也是她在精神上和社会上饱受孤立之苦的根源。
一次，格林利夫故意让他儿182子的公牛（男性象征）闯进梅太太的奶牛场（女性象征），啃嚼她家的树篱。
格林利夫的蓄意捣毁使梅太太心中的阿尼玛原型再次受到极大的威胁，她梦见公牛“正在吞噬她和她的两个儿子，……把一切都吃光了，只剩下格林利夫一家安逸地居住在原来属于她家的农场上”（69）。
这梦折射了梅太太阿尼玛女性的焦虑，也进一步强化了她的阿尼玛斯男性意识：她不能坐以待毙，也不相信“对付一个女人你可以不费吹灰之力”（61）。
梅太太命令格林立夫立刻把他的公牛关起来，而格林利夫根本不把梅太太的命令当回事。
最后，愤怒的梅太太不得不拿上枪，决定亲自射杀那头公牛。
在她和公牛最后遭遇之前，她感到“命令得到执行带给她的欢欣”（68），她甚至不能自抑，“欢快地说：‘春天来啦！’”（68）。
此时，梅太太的阿尼玛彻底消失，阿尼玛斯原型极度膨胀，心理强势的男性意识彻底冲破前意识的检查，来到意识层，外化成她标标准准的男性人格面具。
从上述的分析中，我们清晰地看到梅太太的悲剧是意味深长的。
它说明奥氏，作为一名天主教女性作家，对二十世纪五六十年代的女权主义运动有着独特的见解。
奥氏清醒地意识到女性的阿尼玛斯男性无意识如果失去超我的压制、自我的监督，势必会被过度强化，外显成男性化的女人，难以实现真正的自我，也难逃个人命运的悲剧。
梅太太正是这样的女性。
丈夫的去世，格林利夫的挑衅，儿子的不争气使梅太太本我中的阿尼玛斯男性无意识如脱缰的野马，彻底失去超我的约束。
梅太太公布于众的人格面具已经不再是女性的阿尼玛特征，而是完完全全的阿尼玛斯原型翻版；集结在梅太太心理的以阿尼玛斯原型为摹本的男性情结是梅太太本我无意识的主要内容，是她饱受孤立之苦的精神根源。
结语文学评论的方法和角度多种多样，每一种方法和角度揭示文本不同的层面。
从荣格的集体无意识理论去解读《格》，读者可以发现，奥氏是在通过自己的小说，深层次地展示妇女对二十世纪五六十年代女权主义运动的内心矛盾。
这一种深度，可能更靠近奥康纳创作的高度，即从根本上、从深层次去解读女性的社会人格面具，而不是仅仅给读者讲述一个女性饱受孤立之苦、悲惨命运的故事。
基金项目：2009年河南省教育厅青年基金项目2009QN025。
项目名称：弗兰纳里·奥康纳小说的精神分析研究及启示冯宜丽河南机电高等专科学校外语系参考文献：①Grimshaw，James A.The Flannery O’Connor Companion[M].Westport:Greenwood Press，1981.②Desmond，John F.Risen Sons：Flannery O’Connor’s Vision of History[M].Athens and London：the University of Georgia Press，1987.③Paulson，Suzanne Morrow.Flannery O’Connor-A Study of the Short Fiction[M].Boston：Twayne Publishers，1988.④罗婷.现代美国妇女的困境与自救——论当代美国女性小说[J].外国文学研究，1994（1）.⑤张燕.《格林立夫》:弗兰纳里·奥康纳对女性问题的思考[J].洛阳师范学院学报，2003（3）.⑥Guerin，Wilfred L.A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature[M].Peking:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，2005.⑦O’Connor，Flannery.Everything That Rises Must Converge[M].New York：A Signet Book，The New American Library，1965.⑧O’Connor，Flannery.The Imagination of Extremity[M].Georgia：University of Georgia Press，1982.域外小说研究183。