英汉新闻标题对比与研究
中英文报纸新闻标题互文性对比研究的开题报告
中英文报纸新闻标题互文性对比研究的开题报告题目：中英文报纸新闻标题互文性对比研究研究背景与意义：随着全球化和信息技术的迅速发展，中英文报纸新闻在传递最新信息和启发读者思考方面发挥了重要作用。
尽管中英文新闻主题和内容可能不同，但从新闻标题的表现形式来看，它们往往具有相似的特点。
因此，本研究旨在探讨中英文报纸新闻标题的互文性对比研究，以进一步了解中英两种文化之间的相似性和差异性。
研究内容和方向：本研究将通过以下几个方面对中英文报纸新闻标题的互文性对比进行研究：1.标题长度：中英文标题长度是否存在巨大差异？如果有，那么为什么？长度是否会影响阅读体验和新闻传播效果？2.标题内容：中英文标题的内容是否存在差异？具体而言，会不会出现中文标题比英文标题更加简略，或者英文标题比中文标题更加通俗易懂的现象？3.标题表现形式：中英文标题的表现形式是否存在差异？比如，中文标题是否倾向于使用成语或者俗语来表达新闻的主题，而英文标题则更倾向于使用简练的单词和短语？4.标题的翻译：对于同一篇新闻，中英文的标题是否相似？如果不相似，那么这些差异主要源于哪些因素？翻译是否对新闻传达产生了影响？研究方法：本研究将采取定量方法来比较中英文报纸新闻标题之间的差异性和相似性。
具体而言，研究者将会从中英文报纸中挑选一定数量的新闻，并将它们的标题提取出来。
然后，研究者将通过计算标题长度、使用的词汇类型以及其他相关因素来进行统计分析。
此外，本研究还将采用质性方法来深入探讨标题翻译的问题。
预期结果：通过本研究，我们期望能够更全面地了解中英文报纸新闻标题的互文性对比。
具体而言，我们预计在以下几个方面获得一些有意义的结果：1. 从标题长度和内容方面来看，中英文标题的表现是否存在显著差异？2. 英文标题相对于中文标题，是否更倾向于使用简单的单词和短语？3. 在标题翻译方面，翻译是否会对新闻传达产生影响？4. 本研究的结果是否能够帮助中英两种文化之间更好地理解对方的新闻传媒？。
英汉新闻标题的词汇经济性对比研究
校园英语 / 语言文化英汉新闻标题的词汇经济性对比研究汉口学院外语学院/彭芹【摘要】本文从词汇方面探讨英汉新闻标题的语言经济的形式。
本文以英汉报刊中的新闻标题为研究对象，以语言的“经济原则”为指导，根据语言经济性不同的表现手段进行归类和对比分析，我们力图掌握英语和汉语新闻标题的语言经济性的规律。
【关键词】经济性 英语新闻标题 汉语新闻标题一、引言新闻是一种应用文体，是我们日常生活中接触频率最高的文体之一。
新闻标题是新闻语言的一个不可分割的组成部分。
随着文体学的发展，英语新闻标题的研究也比较成熟。
但是，此类研究总是倾向于整体的文体特征，对某项文体特征的专项研究较少，对英汉语文体特征的对比研究也不多。
本文打算侧重于新闻标题的重要的文体特征——语言的经济性，结合语言的“经济原则”，探讨英语和汉语新闻标题中的词汇表现手段并进行对比分析。
二、语言的经济性Grice (1975:48)提出的“合作原则”包含了四个准则，其中的“量准则”规定了人们说话时应该提供的信息量：使自己所说的话达到(交际的现时目的)所需求的详尽程度，不能使自己所说的话比要求的更详尽。
也就是说，话语量必须恰到好处。
英国语言学家Leech(1983:177)在《语用学原则》一书中提出了“经济原则” (Economy Principle)。
经济原则指的是在所传送的信息内容不受影响的情况下减缩文本，并因此减少听者和言者在编码、解码时所花费的时间和精力，从而使言语交际变得快捷而轻松流畅。
简言之就是在不引起歧义的前提下尽量用较少的语句或词或音节表达意义。
从以上学者的研究可以看出，语言的经济原则以保证完成语言交际功能为前提，同时对言语活动中力量的消耗做出合乎经济要求的安排，它符合人类在语言运用中实现最优化的认知规律。
对于新闻的读者来说，新闻标题的简洁可以节省读者阅读的时间，吸引读者的注意力。
对于新闻媒体来说，新闻标题的简洁可以节省版面的空间，从而容纳更多的有效信息。
英汉新闻标题的异同及英语新闻标题的汉译-英语新闻标题
英汉新闻标题的异同及英语新闻标题的汉译|英语新闻标题摘要：英语新闻标题的汉译应当充分考虑两种语言和两种语言标题的特征。
英语新闻标题与汉语新闻标题的相同点主要体现在三方面：言简意赅、突出重点、匠心独运。
它们的不同点体现在词汇选择、语法结构和修辞偏好上。
英语新闻的汉译应当遵循三个标准：真实准确而不带翻译痕迹；保留和转换作者的艺术表现手法：注意传播对象的转换。
通过了解中英新闻标题的异同和掌握翻译标准，可以使英语新闻的汉译水平更上一层楼。
关键字：新闻标题英汉异同翻译标准如何在尽可能短的时间内将新闻进行跨语言的转换，一直都是考验新闻翻译工作者的难题。
而新闻标题，作为新闻中最富技术含量的部分(大多数标题都是由编辑反复阅读新闻稿后再添加上去的，而非作者本人自拟)，其翻译也总是让人拿捏不定。
尤其是近些年来，越来越多的英语国家媒体开始关注中国，各种各样的新闻标题更是让人眼花缭乱，如何将英语新闻的标题准确合理地译成汉语，从而使得中国读者准确流畅地从一段英语新闻中提取重点信息并收人脑海，理解英汉新闻标题之间的异同与英语新闻的汉译标准至关重要。
了解英语新闻标题与汉语新闻标题的相同点，有助于我们的汉译与原标题保持一致无论是汉语新闻标题还是英语新闻标题，都具有言简意赅，让人一目了然的共性。
这就要求译者选择简明的汉语词汇对英语新闻的标题进行表达。
例如：《Chi-na to witness 9.8％GDP growth》(《中国日报》)。
此则标题直接简练地指出中国的GDP增速有望达到9.8％，“to witness”，动词不定式的用法在英语新闻中表示“将来”之意，用一个“to”就可以表示即将发生的事情，简单直观。
一则内容相同的汉语新闻标题也很简练。
例如《2010年我国GDP增长速度将达10％左右》(和讯新闻)。
二者都突出核心词汇，最大程度上节省空间，且避免生僻词汇。
这就要求译者对于新闻标题的重点词汇进行把握，以免舍本逐末。
例如《Toyota“deeply sorry”for safety flaws》(《中国日报》)。
中英新闻标题的语言修辞比较研究
中英新闻标题的语言修辞比较研究新闻标题在新闻报道中起着至关重要的作用。
新闻写作中，新闻标题往往是新闻故事重心的高度概括。
在竞争激烈的现代社会中，很多人都没有充裕的时间从头到尾地看完一篇新闻报道，所以大多数读者都试着花最短的时间得到最多的信息。
由此可见，新闻标题标题特殊作用不容忽视。
而一个完美的新闻标题就像新闻报纸的脸蛋和眼睛，只有当脸蛋迷人眼睛动人这篇文章才能抓住读者的眼球才能体现其价值。
为了吸引读者，新闻标题通常会使用多种多样的修辞手法。
而修辞手法是一种运用准确、独特、生动的语言来表达思想的技巧。
因此，修辞技巧被频繁地用于新闻写作中以此达到说服、透明化和表达优美的效果。
以往对中英新闻标题的研究大都从文体特征、翻译技巧等分别进行宏观性的研究。
本文将运用归纳论证、演绎论证与对比论证等等研究方法对中英新闻标题中的修辞进行对比研究，使研究更具有现实感和指导意义。
IntroductionNews is usually composed of three parts: headline, lead and body. The headline is a concentrated generalization of the news content, revealing to the reader the main idea of the news in the most concise form. In order to attract readers, both Chinese and English headlines usually use various rhetorical devices in the forms such as clipped words, initialisms, acronyms, short words, loanwords, invented words, slangs, etc. Rhetoric is a kind of artifice that use accurate, distinct and vivid language to express one‟s mind. Researches carried out in the past are mostly on the styles of writing characteristic, translating artifices and so on with a macroscopical view. On the basis of some research results about Chinese and English headlines in the past, this paper analyzes and compares the rhetoric between Chinese and English headlines. Then I will set forth concretely the major factors affecting the differences between them. The main body of my thesis is unfolded mainly from following aspects: Part I is to explain the universality of rhetoric in the headline, and it includes the definition, categories and necessity of rhetoric in news headlines.Part II is the main point of this paper. This part analyzes characteristics of rhetoric both in Chinese and English news headlines and differences between them.Part III illustrates several typical examples of Chinese and English headlines tocontrast.Part IV is also a comparatively important part, concretely analyzing the factors affecting the differences: different cultures and modes of thinking.This paper makes use of many study methods such as illustration, comparison, analogism and so on., which make my study have more. real feelings and guiding significance.from /1.The Universality of Rhetoric in News Headlines1.1 Definition of RhetoricRhetoric is a branch discipline of linguistics. It is not a new subject.It has a long history both in the West and in China.The word “rhetoric” originated from Greek “rhetorike” and was first defined as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation by Aristotle. Rhetoric has ever been given different definitions by many scholars in the history. Such as Aristotle, in the 4th century B. C., first defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion which was found to suit any subject. And John Locke,an English philosopher of the late 17th century, describes rhetoric as the science of oratory or the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force. In The Philosophy of Rhetoric, I. A. Richards(1893一1979)defines rhetoric in two ways: “how words work in discourse” and “the study of misunderstanding and its remedies”(Hu Shuzhong, 2002).According to Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics, “Rhetoric is traditionally a discipline concerned with the effective use of language, to persuade, give pleasure, and so on”In fact, the word can be used in various contexts, and sometimes it takes on a derogative meaning, that is, elaborate language which is intended to impress but is often insincere, meaningless or exaggerated.But as an academic term, it is now widely acknowledged that “rhetoric” refers to the “art of using language impressively or persuasively, especially in public speaking” (Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, Fourth Edition). In China, Chen Wangdao, in his Origin of Rhetoric，defined rhetoric as an effort to adjust the language so as to convey thought and feelings appropriately. Luo Xiaosuo in his Modern Rhetoric(1994 ) statesthat rhetoric refers to methods, techniques or laws of language application, whose purpose is for a better conveyance of thought and feeling as well as a good adaptation to a certain context. While the book Comparison and Translation (1994) explains that rhetoric is a kind of language activity, a science exploring the rules on how to enhance the language expressiveness.These definitions show that different people have studied and defined rhetoric from different perspectives. These definitions also reflect the functions of rhetoric in a language, especially in speeches. Rhetorical devices are quite largely applied to achieve the purpose of persuasion. Apparently, rhetoric can efficiently embody the speaker‟s mind, arouse emotional climax, create magical charm,promote mutual understanding and so on. In general, rhetoric is closely concerned with language form (lexical form, phonetic form and grammatical forms for the purpose of strengthening the expressiveness.) There are three basic elements in rhetoric: fact, reason and feeling. Any piece of written discourse contains a combination of these elements. Knowing how to combine these elements will help writers shape, elaborate and refine their own work in order to achieve a better rhetorical effect.1.2 Classifications of Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical devices are generally classified into two categories: communicative rhetorical devices and aesthetic rhetorical devices. They are also respectively equal to passive rhetoric and active rhetoric in Origin of Rhetoric raised by Chen Wangdao. Communication rhetorical devices emphasize the diction and sentence organization, stressing the logical thinking and accurate narration, while aesthetic rhetorical devices mainly focus on the use of figures of speech. Figures of speech refer to those rhetorical devices dealing with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply. For example, it is more vivid and colorful to say that sun “jump from the horizon like a yolk” in the sky instead of saying simply that it “rise from the horizon”in the sky. Here “jump from the horizon like a yolk”is both a simile and a personification. Such figures of speech as simile, metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, personification, and paradox, make up the most commonly used ones nowadays. They are ways of making our language figurative. Figures of speech canbe divided into three groups in light of the linguistic level they are practiced. They are figures of speech as practiced with sounds, figures of speech as practiced with words, and figures of speech as practiced with sentences.The news rhetoric as a kind of tactic meaning must obey certain principles in the news execution. Firstly, it should be correct and frondose, fresh and vivid, popular and understandable. Finally, it should obey the principle of truth, balance and neutrality.1.3 The Necessity of Exploring Rhetoric in News HeadlinesNewspapers serve mainly to provide information on events from all over the world. It is, however, difficult and impossible for most readers to read all the news articles in the daily newspapers because of their various interests and the time constraint. They have, therefore, to be selective in reading newspapers and readers rely on the headlines in making such a selection. The main function of news headlines is to provide a gist of the main content of the news articles so that readers still have the general picture of the news stories even without reading the texts. In addition, the special typographical layouts of news headlines, such as large and colorful fonts, can make them stand out so that readers can locate them easily and at the same time, attract readers‟ attention.Bell and Baskette et al. note that the reading process and the production process of newspapers are different. Generally, we read newspapers in this order:Headlines ----------------------------------News texts However, The creation of news headlines actually is the final stage of the newspaper production. The spatial constraint in newspapers does not allow editors to put every thing into the headlines. Instead, they have to pick out the salient information from the news stories to be highlighted in the headlines. They will choose appropriate linguistic expressions, sentence structures or rhetorical devices which can best fit the information to be expressed in the headlines. In addition, information which is assumed among the readers or can be inferred from the context is always elicited from the headlines (Chin & Tsou 1997). Therefore, the language used in the news headlines is not a random choice. What‟s more, the language used in newsdiscourses is not just to convey information to readers, but it also can manifest the use of language in the community and subsequently, namely, it can “reflect and influence the formation and expression of culture, politics and social life” (Garrett & Bell 1997). It is admitted that headlines are one of the key components in newspapers and they are considered to have their own characteristics and status in the news discourses (van Dijk 1986 and Bell 1991).It is claimed that the features embodied in news headlines are not solely linguistic phenomena, “but also relate to the role which this kind of language has to play, in other words, …extra-linguistic factors‟ will be also taken into consideration” (Vandenbergen 1981, p. 29). These so-called “extra-linguistic factor s” highly correlates to the social, political and cultural context of the corresponding community. Therefore, the comparative study of the words in different news headlines can reflect some social differences between the communities.2. Rhetorical Comparison between Chinese and English Headlines2.1 Characteristics of Rhetoric in Chinese News HeadlinesIn Chinese, rhetoric is translated as xiuci. In fact, it is not an appropriate translation because the connotations of two do not coincide in many aspects preferred to use xiuci as a catachresis of rhetoric. It is believed that with the introduction of western rhetorical theories into China, the coinciding aspects of two disciplines would be more. In our country, the wo rd “rhetoric‟‟ is always associated with tropes and other means of polishing language. Chen Wangdao figures that rhetoric is an “endeavor”. Zhang Zhigong held that it is a “process” while Wang regarded it as an “activity” (Hu, 2002). No matter “endeavor”, “process” or “activity”, the main theme in the studies of rhetoric in Chinese tradition is always something about the effect of language. Liu Fuyuan (1999) held rhetoric in ancient China emphasized transfer of feelings and meanings while western rhetoric stressed persuasion, which was determined by different thought styles of two traditions, that is, Chinese think much of feelings while western people prefer logic.Gu Yueguo (1989) proposed that in terms of the form of rhetorical thought; “language-as-center” is the soul of Chineserhetoric while “purpose-as-center” is the cor e of western rhetoric. He also concluded the influence of this difference on the development of rhetoric.First, Chinese rhetoric manifests in choosing and polishing language while how to realize the purpose is the most essential in western rhetoric.Secondly, because of this difference, Chinese rhetoric focuses more on the unit of sentence or smaller units. The research of a discourse is the domain of other disciplines. Western rhetoric has already been applied to many aspects of human life, no matter of language or non-language. The objects of studies are much broader.Thirdly, in recent years, the scope of Chinese rhetoric has been broadened to the type of writing, which is an inev itable result of the “language-as-center” characteristic of it. However, in western world, the research about the type of writing is only a branch of linguistics instead of rhetoric.2.2 Characteristics of Rhetoric in English News HeadlinesRhetorical figures are also called “figures of speech” or “figures of rhetoric”. In the ancient western rhetoric, the basic meaning of rhetorical figures is “the use of a figurative word or expression (mainly nouns) to substitute the name of one thing”(Cong Xingzi, 1990, 136). Quintilian, the great rhetorician of ancient Rome, once defined rhetorical figures as “manners of speaking that are far removed from the ordinary and natural manner” (Dubois, 1981,10).Western rhetoric has much broader scope of study and has already been applied to many aspects of communication. The emphasis is put not only on the form of language and its c ontext but also on how communicators try to control and make favorable elements to realize their purposes. The English people favor direct styles, the linear way of writing. When they are writing, they are inclined to come quickly to the core of a message. English headline writers are unlikely to seek rhetorical devices for help because each English letter takes up a space unit. More words could only add to the difficulty of word counting. Among the different rhetorical devices discussed, English headlines show a preference for alliteration. Written English, ever since it was born, is a representative of spoken English. And ancient western scholars put much emphasis frequently on spoken language. As a result, alliteration, closely related tosound, is used.2.3 Rhetorical Differences between Chinese and English HeadlinesChinese headline writers take greater advantage of figures of speech than English ones. Sometimes when the news gist is not so complicated and allows more space for the headlines than is needed, Chinese headline writers may turn to figures of speech to fill in the space or to perfect the headlines so as to make them impressive. English headline writers are unlikely to seek rhetorical devices for help because each English letter takes up a space unit. More words could only add to the difficulty of word counting.Among the different rhetorical devices discussed, English headlines show a preference for alliteration while dui‟ou is the favorite in Chinese headlines. Written English, ever since it was born, is a representative of spoken English. Ancient western scholars put much emphasis frequently on spoken language. As a result, alliteration, closely related to sound, is used. For example,1)“Bye, bye balanced budget”Alliteration is used in the news headline. The repeated “b” sound at the beginning of the words makes the headline sound witty and lively.2)“Fit or Fat?”This is the headline of an article that tries to persuade people to exercise more. Alliteration is used to be very precise and expresses the potential caution.Generally speaking, styles of Chinese and English news title are quite different. Chinese headlines are wrriten much more for literary grace and get used to antitheses and rhyme, while English headlines seem plain and simple.It foucus on present the facts.The betaking of rhetorical devices in English headlines are limitied,and there are more commonly used as following: allusion, metaphor, personification, assonance, alliteration, repetition, pun, transferred epithet ,inversion and so on; Chinese authors prefer parallelism, metonymy, loop, aphorisms, dingzhen, antithesis, pun, euphemism and so on(from /)3. Cases Study on the Rhetorical Comparison between Chinese and English headlines3.1 The Common Figures of Speech in English and Chinese Headlines,1 .Alliteration and End RhymeAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. Journalistic writing aims to attract the readers. Alliteration is a very effective way to reach this aim. It is used for the sake of brevity，short but and vividness. It is one of the oldest devices in English poetries, and still in wide use nowadays. Let‟s look at some examples:(1) Jazzy in Jazzy, Sassy in Sweater. (The Times, Oct 27, 2001)In this sentence, there are two “J” and two “S” in initial. It makes the headline sound witty and lively. In fact alliteration is the commonest figure of speech employed in English headlines. It can produce a musical effect. Besides alliteration, assonance and consonance can once for a while be found in English headlines. Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds while consonance the repetition of interval consonant sounds:(2) Rolls-Royce rally gets green light (The Times Oct 16, 2001)The consonants [r], [1] and [g] are repeated.The vowel repetition occurring at the end of the words is welcome in Chinese headlines. It is a kind of rhyme, sameness of sound between words or syllables at the end of the lines. For example:(3)“毛病”都一样抄你没商量( People ‟s Daily Nov 19, 2001)(4)宣纸照片留奇景诗话摄影古换新( People's Daily Nov 15, 2007)In these two sentences, the vowel [ang] and [in] are repeated at the end of the lines. This is the end rhyme.2.AntithesisAntithesis means the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in a balanced structural form to achieve force and emphasis. Antithesis is the symmetry on aesthetics. This well-balanced form as well as condensed content leads to linguistic brevity and rhythm.(5) Best of times, worst of times (Time, 1991)(6) England's blessing, Ireland's curse (The Times, Aug. 13, 2001)(7) AIDS: accept it, fight it (21st Century, June 28, 2006)(8) Talks go on, bombs go off (21 S` Century, May 5, 2005)Antithesis makes the headlines above sound beautiful. When we make pauses in reading the examples above, we find “best of”,“times”, “England's” and “accept it”rhyme with “worst of”, “times” “Ireland's” and “fight it” respectively. Example (8) doesn‟t want to be lagged behind and use alliteration (“go on”and “go off”) to take rhyme‟s place.Sometimes different Chinese headlines are put together on the page to form a dui‟ou and usually set vertically so that they look like a couplet(对联). Here are two heads (originally set vertically) taken from Guangming Daily on Oct 3, 2001:(9)江苏两岸同胞话团圆西宁高原月明照升平“江苏”and“西宁”,“两岸”and“高原”，话”and“照”，and“团圆”and “升平”are couples of correspondence.3. MetaphorA metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more unlike things achieved by identifying one with the other(see Li Guonan, 1999).The Chinese counterpart of metaphor may be yinyu，jieyu and niwu. In a yinyu, both the tenor and the vehicle appears; in a jieyu the tenor is simply left out; in a niwu the person is compared to an object or is given the characteristics of an object. Whatever forms it is in Chinese, the metaphor is condensed and thus finds favor in the headline writer's eyes, especially in the Chinese writer‟s. Here are examples:(11)Go on you donkey, laugh! (The Mmes Aug 25, 2001)(12)Betrayal, the secret weapon of war (The Times Oct 23, 2001)(13)泳池三花争艳(China Youth Daily Nov 18, 2001)(14)城市“蜘蛛网”入地(People Daily Nov 1, 2001)“Donkey”here refers to circus clowns and “betrayal” is compared to the secret weapon of war, while the three flowers“三花”are the Chinese female swimmers“罗男”，“齐晖”and“罗雪娟”who were the winners of Ninth National Games. And“蜘蛛网”is in fact wires set up privately and in a mess, which look just like spider webs.Of the three Chinese counterparts of metaphor,metonymy i s the most frequently used device, because it leaves out the tenor and is therefore more compact.4. Metonymy, Synecdoche and AntonomasiaThe substitution of one word for another which it clearly suggests, as the effect for the cause, the concrete for the abstract, etc., is known in rhetoric as metonymy. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy-the substitution of the big for the small and vice verse. Antonomasia is the substitution of the proper noun for the common noun and vice verse(ibid, 26).All these English devices are included in a Chinese figure of speech- metonymy. Some examples are listed below,(15)Wall Street falls again (The Times Sept 4, 2001)“Wall Street” in effect means the Wall Street stock market: the big substitutes the small.(16)World of grief captured in photo project (The Times Oct 27, 2001)The headline writer employs an antonomasia and substitutes “America” with "world of grief ‟.(17)辽宁锐气足大连失误多国脚统领辽连大战(China Youth Daily Nov 2, 2001) “辽宁”is the substitution for Liaoning football team(辽宁足球队)，“大连”for Dalian football team(大连足球队)and“国脚”for the national footballers(国家足球队员).5. AllusionAllusions in writing are references to well-known persons, things or events, which writers assume are familiar to their readers. English has a tremendous amount of allusions, which result from mythology, legends, fables, fairy tales, the Bible, famous literary works, historical figures or events. Not only do writers use allusion to save time and space, but they also give their readers the pleasure that comes from seeing similarities or hearing echoes of ideas. Thus, allusion is widely employed in the news headline to help it convey its intended meaning in a brief and attractive way.(18)The hell that is Afghanistan is no myth, even Prometheus found it tough (The Times Oct 19, 2001)Prometheus is a god in Greek mythology, who stole fire to human kind and thus was chained to a crag of the Caucasus, while his liver was chomped daily by an eagle and organ-transplanted by the Olympian Health Service by night. Here the writer wants to show that the Afghanistan people are always involved in wars and their livesare hard, even harder than Prometheus‟.(19)游客岂是“唐僧肉”(People Daily Nov 5, 2001)“唐僧”is one of the main characters in The Journey to the West, whose flesh, once eaten, is believed to keep one permanently alive, and thus he becomes the hunt of demons and ghosts. The writer uses a rhetorical question to show that tourists travel simply to be relaxed not to be cheated out of their money.Most of the allusions in headlines are presumed by the head writer to be known to native readers, and their presence can make headlines simple and short, but with complex meanings indeed. However, to foreign readers, such allusions may be an obstacle to reading comprehension. Therefore allusion demands foreign readers' knowledge of the native culture, literature and history.8. PersonificationPersonification is a figure of speech, inanimate objects. Personification is favorably which attributes human qualities to used in news headlines.(20) With this ring BT, 21 Via Net wed (China Daily, Mar. 8, 2002)This piece of news is co-operate Endowing with Chinese to inform people that British Telecom is scheduled to privately owned telecom service provider 21 ViaNet.21 ViaNet with life and comparing BT to ring, example (1) seems more attractive than the straightforward one “BT takes 21ViaNet as partner”. The tone of the straightforward one is neutral and plain, while the original reveals the author's sensation towards the benefits of WTO and the Chinese company‟s cooperation with the oversea s. By metaphor and personification, we can even sense the author‟s sincere congratulation to the engaged 21 ViaNet in this headline.(21) Come on, daisy, light my life (The Times Aug 25, 2001)“Daisy” is a kind of flower, but in this head it is personi fied so that it seems able to understand the writer's words.(22) 被剥皮的红豆衫在流泪(Nanfang Daily Oct 18, 2001)The writer uses personification simply to tell readers that firs, just like human beings, have lives and feelings, too, and that human cruel action should be accused. The head, meanwhile, presents a touching picture of miserable firs to us and so callson us to protect firs.9. Rhetorical QuestionsA grammatical question is asked for an answer, but a rhetorical one is not. It is asked in order to get a definite response. It is not asked because the writer does not know the answer, but asked for the probable effect on the audience, which has been abstained by the deliberate expression in the following content, thus making the article vivid and powerful. The headline writer often uses such a rhetorical question to lure readers into the body for the answer:(23) 13 days on, who‟s winning this war? (The Times Oct 19, 2001)There is no clue to the answer in the headline, and readers have to go on to the body if they are curious. The answer indeed lies in the body: America and Britain are not likely to win the war on Afghanistan.(24)谁来“叫板”( China Youth Daily Oct 22, 2001)The writer does know the answer. In the body he proposes that players in Chinese clubs should be bold enough to charge the Chinese Football Association with interference10. ApostropheApostrophe is a figure of speech in which “a thing, place, idea or person (dead or alive)is addressed as if present, listening to and understanding what is being said”(Sha Zhaoyu, 1995: 41).It can sometimes be found in both English and Chinese headlines: (25)The bottom line is, Kate, that women on TV do get by on looks alone (The Times Oct 29, 2001)This head is about the writer's feeling on the result of the best TV actress in Britain. Kate, as widely considered the better of the two nominees, fails because she is not as beautiful as the other nominee though she performed excellently. The writer expresses his indignant view and uses this head as if he is writing to Kate.(26) 你好，苏伊士运河(China Youth Daily Nov 17, 2001)The writer is here addressing the Suez Cannel. It seems as if the channel is capable of understanding the writer's words. Used so, apostrophe reveals the writer's kindly attitude towards and appreciation of the Suez Cannel.11. Zeugma(拈连)Zeugma is a figure of speech by which a single word is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, either properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to both in different senses (Feng Cuihua, 1983: 63).Such a device can save space and make the sentence compact, so it is sometimes employed in English and Chinese headlines:(27) It‟s cricket: bombs and borders cannot stop Afghanistan's team(The Times Oct 16, 2001)“Stop” originally can only govern“bombs”，but here it also modifies “borders”, meaning that the blockade along the Afghan border-lines cannot prevent the Afghanistan people from attending the cricket tournament in Pakistan.(28) 离婚离出蹊跷事(Wenhui Daily Oct 18, 2001)一女士要求男方拿出违约金30万The first“离”is a modifier of“婚”while the second is made deliberately to govern the phrase“蹊跷事”，which, despite so, reads smooth.3.2 Rhetorical Devices Commonly in Chinese Headlines but Rarely in English HeadlinesBesides the figures of speech discussed above there are still some devices commonly found in Chinese headlines, but rarely in English headlines:1 .Simile(明喻)A simile makes a comparison between two or more unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the unlike things exists only in our minds, in our “inward eye”and not in the nature of the things themselves ( Feng Cuihua, 1983:3).It is usuall y expressed by “like” or “as” in English and“象”，“如”，“恰似”，etc., in Chinese. Though it is rarely, if ever, used in English headlines, it is a common device in Chinese headlines, normally expressed by“如”，“似”，“象”，“好比”and so on, which are no longer than two characters. For example:(29) 机遇象条河(China Youth Daily Feb 28, 2007 )In this sentence, the writer compares the tenor“机遇”，to the vehicle“河”，to show that everyone has opportunities; the problem lies in whether we can find and take them, instead of letting t hem “flow” like a river.2 RepetitionRepetition can strengthen the language power so as to convey strong emotion andheighten the rhythm of language, and when it is used in the headline, it enables them tobe eye-catching and ear-pleasing.In Chinese headlines, however, it is usually the repetitive use of the same word or phrase, aimed at showing emotion in an emphasizing way. As the repetitive use of the same word or phrase is not appreciated in English, repetition almost never appears in English headlines.(30)孩子!孩子!孩子! ( Nanfang Daily June 7, 2005)—江西省广电幼儿园火灾直击The repetition of “children” is in fact an echo of the desperate cry on the spot. Along with three exclamation marks, the repetition vivifies the terrible scene and confusion, and thus the alarm is sounded against fire.3. Parallelism(排比)Parallelism consists of phrases or sentences of similar structures and meanings placed side by side, balancing each other(see Li Guonan, 1999: 434).English parallelism may be composed of two or more phrases or sentences, and Chinese parallelism is of more than two phrases or sentences, and is a usual device in headlines:(31)抓党风促政风带民风(Guangming Daily Oct 30, 2001)This head includes three clauses placed in a balanced structure showing their causal relationship, so it sounds rhythmical and forceful.4 Dingzhen（顶真）Dingzhen is to take the end of the text as the beginning of the next, which。
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析新闻标题是新闻报道的开端，它作为新闻报道的标志性符号，起着引导读者进一步了解新闻内容的作用。
而新闻标题中的词汇选择和表达方式也是新闻报道的重要组成部分，不同语言的新闻标题词汇特点有着不同的表达方式和习惯。
本文将对英汉新闻标题词汇特点进行对比分析，探讨其差异所在。
一、词汇长度的差异在英汉新闻标题中，词汇长度的差异是比较显著的。
一般来说，英文新闻标题的词汇长度较短，通常为3-5个单词，很少超过8个单词。
这主要是因为英文的单词通常较短，而且英语新闻标题更注重简洁和直接，力图在短短的几个单词中表达出新闻事件的要点和关键信息。
比如《Trump signs new executive order》（特朗普签署新行政命令），这个标题里只有4个单词，但已经明确了新闻事件的主要内容。
相比之下，汉语新闻标题的词汇长度相对较长，通常为5-10个字，有时还会更长。
这是因为汉语的词语长度相对较长，虽然一个单字可以独立成词，但很多概念需要通过多个字组合才能表达清楚。
汉语新闻标题更倾向于在标题中让读者尽量多地了解新闻事件的主要内容，通常会在标题中使用更多的词语，比如《特朗普签署新的行政命令》。
二、词语表达的差异而在汉语新闻标题中，由于汉语的表达方式更为灵活多样，标题中常常会出现更多的修饰性词语，以增加标题的表现力和内容的丰富度。
比如《特朗普庄严签署了全新的行政命令》，这个标题在表达方式上使用了更多的修饰性词语和形容词，使得整个标题更具有表现力和生动性。
三、文化和习惯的差异英汉新闻标题的词汇特点还受到了文化和习惯的影响。
英文新闻标题更注重简洁直接的表达方式，这与英语国家的语言习惯和新闻传播风格有关。
英语国家的新闻传播更加注重速度和直接性，因此英文新闻标题更倾向于通过简洁明了的方式迅速吸引读者的注意力。
英汉新闻标题的词汇特点在长度、表达方式以及文化习惯等方面存在着一定的差异。
在新闻传播时，需要充分考虑到不同语言的特点，在标题词汇的选择和表达方式上做出相应的调整，以更好地适应读者的阅读习惯和语言文化背景。
英汉新闻标题对比研究
北京理工大学珠海学院信息学院学生会月大会活动策划书2011年北京理工大学珠海学院信息学院“月大会”活动策划书主办：信息学院团总支学生会2011年11月18日北京理工大学珠海学院信息学院学生会月大会活动策划书2011年目录一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十、十一、十二、十三、十四、前言活动名称活动时间活动地点活动主题活动对象活动背景活动目的活动实施流程工作人员安排注意事项工作要求细则应急预案附录 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 7 8 8 10 10北京理工大学珠海学院信息学院学生会月大会活动策划书2011年一、前言北京理工大学珠海学院概况北京理工大学珠海学院是经中华人民共和国教育部批准，于2004年5月8日正式成立的普通高等学校。
我校坐落在美丽的珠江三角洲珠海市唐家湾，占地面积5000亩。
我校依山傍海，交通便利，京珠高速公路，广珠城际铁路和广东西部沿海高速公路从学校的东北两侧通过校园内20万平方米的人工湖，波光涟漪，自然绿化和人工绿化环境达小区总面积80％以上。
目前在校人数达19000多人，是一个积极活跃的群体北京理工大学珠海学院信息学院团总支学生会团总支学生会是一个由本院学生组成并以“全心全意为同学服务和“低调做人，高调做事”为两大理念服务的学生组织。
经过几年的发展，在辅导员梁天带领的第七届学生会将是一个打造梦想的殿堂，是一个释放激情的舞台，是一个催促成长的课堂，更是一个凝聚力量、团结向上、温馨可爱的家园。
2北京理工大学珠海学院信息学院学生会月大会活动策划书2011年二、活动名称信息学院团总支学生会“月大会”三、活动时间11月28日晚7点四、活动地点教学楼JBXXX五、活动主题一日事一日毕，一月事一月结六、活动对象团总支学生会全体成员七、活动背景在已经过的两个月中，各个部门通过内培彼此熟识，在工作中互帮互助。
在之前的院运会中大一的新干事在没有各部长的带领下通过相互合作将院运会完美的组织完成。
汉英报纸新闻标题对比研究——以词法特点为例
汉英报纸新 闻标题的另一大特 点，就是频 繁运用
省 略 策 略 。英 语 标 题 省 略 最 多 的 是 冠 词 和 助 动 词 “ ｏ ｔ
ｂ ”。如： ｅ
文 的ｔ ｋ ，既是 小词又是单 音节词语 。同样，在 中文 ａｅ
、
汉英报纸新 闻标题 的词法 共性
无论是英语报 刊，还是汉语报 刊 ，其标题 都遵 循 以醒 目的文 字，简短 的语 言 ，生动形 象地概括 新闻大 意 这一 原则 。在这 一原则 的指导下 ，我 们就可在 英 汉报纸新闻标题 中找 出以下一些共 同点。 （ ）小词或单音节词语 的大量使 用 一
（ ）缩略 语 的 大 量 应 用 二
往 的不 断深 入， 阅读英语 报刊 ，掌握 世界资讯 ，将在
各 个 领 域 起 到 越 来 越 重 要 的 作 用 。作 为 新 闻 “ 睛 ” 眼
的标题 ，是 新闻 内容和新 闻价值 的高度概括 。熟练把 握 新闻标题 ，对 深入 了解 新闻 内容及 价值十分 重要 。
阔” （《 光明 日报 》，２ １年３ 日第８ ０ ０ 月２ 版）。
试 想 ，如 果 在 上 述 报 纸 新 闻 标 题 使 用 全 称 的 话 ，
如 ： “ ｐ ｃ ａ ｉ ｅ ｖ ｃ ｓ ｆ ｅ ｓ ｗ ｒ ｔ ｌ ｓ ｅ Ｓ ｅ ｉ ｌＡ ｒ Ｓ ｒ ｉ ｅ ｕ ｆ ｒ ｏ ｓ ｏ ｓｓ
ｒ０ Ｙ０ｔ ａ’ ｓ Ｐｒｅｓ ｎｔ ｔ ｔ ｉ ｄｅ ０ ａｋｅ “ｆ ｕ１１
７ ２ １ ， Ｔ ｍ ｓ （ 国空军特种部 队遭受６ 年来最 ， ００ ｉｅ） 英 ０ 大损失 ）； “ 世博场馆及配套设施 已完成９％ （《 ５” 人
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析英汉新闻标题在语言表达和文化背景上都有着显著的差异。
英语新闻标题通常简洁明了，直截了当，注重概括和突出重点，而汉语新闻标题则常常含蓄，深含文化内涵。
本文将从语言风格、文化特点和使用习惯等方面对英汉新闻标题的词汇特点进行对比分析，旨在探讨不同语言背景下新闻标题的表达方式及其文化内涵。
一、语言风格英汉两种语言在语言结构、表达方式和修辞手法上存在明显的差异，这也直接影响了新闻标题的表达。
英语新闻标题通常采用简洁明了的表达方式，强调简练、生动、直接，常常采用名词性短语或动词短语作为主干，突出新闻事件的重点。
一条英语新闻标题"The President's Speech on Climate Change"（总统关于气候变化的讲话）直接表达新闻事件的主要内容，简洁明了。
而汉语新闻标题则显得更为含蓄，往往采用成语、典故或者修辞手法来表达，颇具诗意。
比如“青城山下白素贞”、“天安门上升五星红旗”等，这些成语、典故或修辞手法都为汉语新闻标题增添了一种文化内涵和韵味。
二、文化特点英语和汉语所代表的两种文化背景有着不同的特点，这也直接影响了新闻标题的语言表达。
英语新闻标题更注重客观、事实性，强调实事求是，简洁直接，符合西方传播的理性传播风格。
而汉语新闻标题则更注重含蓄、典故和诗意，富含文化内涵，强调修饰和彰显一种文化品位。
这种文化背景的差异也从侧面反映了不同语言文字对文化的表达方式和文化精神的追求。
三、使用习惯英语和汉语的新闻标题在使用习惯上也存在一些差异。
英语新闻标题一般采用主谓结构，逻辑性强，表达直截了当；而汉语新闻标题经常采用状中结构、倒装结构、颠倒语序等修辞手法，更具有表现力和韵味。
比如一句英语新闻标题"New Policy Aims to Reduce Traffic Congestion"（新政策旨在减少交通拥堵）采用了简练的主谓宾结构，直接表达政策的目的和效果。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英汉新闻标题的差异
内容提炼程度不同 评价新闻内容方式各异 新闻标题的结构有别 修辞手法各异 编辑形式不同
形式相同,内容表现有差异
中文标题是多层次的 ,具有一定的深度和广度,且 倾向于总体性 ,着眼于尽可能详尽完整地囊括新闻内 容。中文标题本身就是一条超微型新闻。而英文标 题则能趋于“重点化”,即着力于以精炼的文字概 括出新闻中最重要的某一点或方面来吸引读者。 如： 谢军获国际象棋世界冠军 Xie Jun ends Soviet hold on chess title
——900
经常用在汉语新闻标题中的修辞手法有比喻、比 拟、借代、排比、复叠、对偶、对照、衍化、双 关、设问、质问、反问、拈连等。 如： 让外国车穿“中国鞋” 东风轮胎厂四年创汇1 600 多万美元 (比拟) 而英文新闻标题中常用的修辞手段有:押韵、幽 默、比喻、夸张、排比、双关和借用典故、成语 等。 如：Foreigners lend flair (押韵)
英汉新闻标题对比
标题的作用
英汉新闻标题的差异
标题Байду номын сангаас作用
标题(headline) 是新闻的一个不可分割的组成 部分。标题得势,则全文皆振。汉语新闻标题 的主要功能有:划分与组织新闻内容;揭示新闻 内容,供受众选择阅读内容;评价新闻内容;吸引 读者阅读;美化版面并表现报纸的风格。英语 新闻标题的作用主要表现在:提炼新闻内容;美 化版面形式。可见,英汉新闻标题作用的共同 点是画龙点“睛”,美化版面。
汉英形式相同，但是其内容和表达上有差异 如： 尘埃落定 布什发表当选演讲 Bush Gives Long - Awaited Acceptance Speech
总结
总之,汉语新闻标题侧重“动”,英语新闻标 题侧重“静”。 英语新闻标题还有其自身的措词、语法特点。 通过英汉新闻标题对比来学习翻译亦不失为一种 好方法,它对我们将来对语言学的学习会有很大 的帮助。
Thank you
汉语新闻标题的结构分为复合式和单一式。 复合式结构的标题是由主题、引题和副题 共同组成的,可以是引题加主题或主题加副 题的形式,也可以是主题、引题和副题三者 俱全的形式 。 如： （主）南信大高标准海内外招才引智 （副）最高可获百万元年薪 而英文新闻标题则主要采用单层式标题 如: Tiger’s desperate search for a win
——903
1.汉语用分隔的主谓短语,英语用完整的 句子； 2.汉语用名词短语,英语用完整的句子； 3.汉语用名词短语,英语也用名词短语,但 语序不一致； 4.汉语用简单句,英语用名词+ 介词短语 或副词短语 如： 亚太经合组织 畅谈亚太经贸 Leaders Discuss Asian Trade at APEC Summit
汉语可以通过四种方式来评价新闻内容：一、 通过对新闻事实的选择进行评价;第二、通过对标 题内容主次的安排进行评价;第三、直接对事实发 表议论;第四,可以通过语言文字的运用。而英语 则较多地选择褒贬鲜明的词语制作标题。 如： 冰人! 耐冻六十一小时 New York Gets an Icy Magic Performance