英语语言学教程Chapter 1 PPT
英语语言学第一章
functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.
《英语语言学》ppt课件
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
语言学教程第1单元
ran away with the gun.
Language is hierarchical. Stratification is the physical manifestation of the infinite use of finite means
3. Creativity （ 创 造 性 ） : language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness Words can be used in new ways to mean new things. Language has its potential to create endless sentences. e.g. He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who…
朱永生, “论语言符号的任意性与象似性”， 《外语教学与研究》2002年第1期
Design features of language
2. Duality （ 二 重 性 ） : the property of having two levels of structures, units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization The mad man
《语言学教程》Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language; some important distinctions in linguisticsTeaching procedures1. Language1.1 Why study language?A tool for communicationAn integral part of our life and humanity人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知.1.2 What is language? 什么是语言1.2.1 different senses of language 语言的不同意义1. What a person says (concrete act of speech)a person’s consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2. A Webster’s New Dictionary offers a frequently used sense of the word “language”:a. human speech 人类的言语b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过言语来交流的能力c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; 用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统d. the written representation of such a system 系统的文字表达3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语言是言语交流的一种方式.Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人类区别于动物.1.2.2 definitions1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.3 Design features of language 语言的结构特征Design features------ refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, and displacement.1.3.1 What is arbitrariness? 任意性a. arbitrariness---- arbitrariness(任意性): one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (人类语言的本质特征之一,指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系.)It was discussed by Saussure first. The link between them is a matter of convention.E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese)Mansion (French)房子(Chinese)(1) arbitrary between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning语言的音和义之间的任意性a. By “arbitrary”, we mean there is n o logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言的意义和语音之间没有逻辑关系。
语言学第一章课件
Linguistics●Why study linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. (Lyons,1968).the process of linguistic study1st : O bserving & questioning2nd: Formulating hypotheses3rd: Verifying the hypotheses4th: Proposing a theoryFour principles in linguistics study:●exhaustiveness●consistency●economy●objectivity(大连外语考研)●Language and LinguisticsLinguistics:a brilliant and fascinating exploration of the basic weapon by which man has advanced from savagery to civilization.-----Mario Pei马里奥·佩●“We sometimes overlook the fact that th ere is much that we can knowand need to know about our universe and ourselves. By the same token, we are too prone to reject knowledge for which we cannot find an immediate practical application.”Chapter 1When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the “human essence”, the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man. (Noam Chomsky, 1972, Language and Mind)●乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky, 1928--）●“Chomsky is currently among the most-cited writers in all of the humanities(behind only Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristotle, Plato, and Freud) and the only living number of the top ten.” (Pinker,1994)● 1. What is Language?●Definitions of Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Key words:Language as systemSound <Phonetics发音学< Phonology 音韵学Structure <morphology 形态学<Syntax 句法学meaning <Semantics语义学<Pragmatics 语用学●Definitions of Language:●Language is a means of verbal communication.It is instrumental; it is social and conventional.(P3)2.Origin of language●The …Divine‟ origin:●The “bow-wow” theory “汪汪理论”●Imitation of the sounds of the animal●OnomatopoeicProblematic (P9)●The “pooh-pooh” theory噗噗理论●instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.●interjections●Problematic (P9)●The “yo-he-ho” theory“哟-嗬-哟理论”rhythmic grunts●Problematic (P9)● 3. Design Features of Language●Design features (本质特征) refer to the defining properties of human languagethat distinguish it from any animal system of communication. (P4)●Language distinguishes human beings from animals in that it is far moresophisticated than any animal communication system.● 2.Design features2.1 Arbitrariness2.2 Duality2.3 Creativity2.4 Displacement● 1. Arbitrariness●--Ferdinand de Saussure 索绪尔(Swiss)●the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural (logical, intrinsic)relationship to their meaning●At lexical level:词汇层面“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”---Shakespeare in Romeo and JulietCan onomatopoeia change the arbitrary nature of language?●at the syntactic level●language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.●(a) He came in and sat down.●(b) He sat down and came in.●(c) He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and convention●Duality(双重性)●Duality means that language has two levels of structure, the primary leveland the secondary level.●At secondary level are elements which have no meaning but which combine toform units at primary level which do have meaning.●Secondary level is made up of meaningless sounds, and primary level ofmeaningful words.●Does the traffic light system have duality?Creativity （创造性）Recursiveness （递归性）means that one sentence can expand into endless possible sentences in a way of recurring.Displacement （移位性）●Displacement enables us to talk about a wide range of things.Unlike animal communication systems, human language is （）（电子科大2003考研）(p8)A.Stimulus freeB.Stimulus boundC.Under immediate stimulus controlD.Stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest4. Functions of language1 Informative(信息功能)2 Interpersonal function(人际功能)It embodies the use of language to express, establish and maintain social relations. The ways you talk to different people show your social status.3 Performativ e (施为功能)It means that language is also used to “do things”, to perform actions.It is primarily to change the social status of a person, or the state of a thing.4 Emotive function(感情功能)It is the use of language to reveal some feelings and attitudes of the speaker.5 Phatic communion (寒暄功能)It refers to language used for maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas.6 Recreational function (娱乐功能)It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it.7. Metalingual function (元语言功能)The metalingual function is used to clarify meanings or what the other personhas said.5. Important Distinctions1 Descriptive vs. prescriptive2 Synchronic vs. diachronic3 Langue vs. parole4 Competence vs. performance1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive (描写式和规定式)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.The description of a language at any one time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.__________ studies a particular state of language;__________ studies the historical development of a language.Parole refers to the realization of langue._______: abstract_______: specific_______: stable and systematic_______: subject to personal and situational constraintsAs a social product, langue is a set of conventions that members of a speech community seem to abide by. Parole, on the other hand, is the concrete use of the conventions.Competence is the language user’s intuitive knowledge of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.A speaker’s competence is s_____, but his performance is often influenced by p___________ factors.Where does the knowledge of language come from?Chomsky’s solution is to invoke the innate properties of the mind.What is the difference between these two pairs of distinction?Similarity:Difference:Saussure looks at language from a ___________ point of view;Chomsky looks at it more from a _____________ point of view.According to Saussure and Chomsky, which should be studied, the abstract knowledge or the actual speech?The significance of these two distinctions lies in defining the task of linguistics, which is to discover langue from instances of parole, to discover the language knowledge of the speaker from his performances.。
新编语言学教程 Chapter 1 Introduction(课堂PPT)
1.2 Linguistics vs. Traditional grammar 1.3 The differences between linguistics and
• The course is intended to introduce undergraduates the major components of modern linguistics, the main concerns, explorations, and discoveries of this subject, the principles and methods of its different branches, the views and contributions of influential researchers, and important models and disputes between traditions and schools.
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The scope or major branches of linguistics
• Theoretical linguistics 1. Phonetics 2. Phonology 3. Morphology 4. Syntax 5. Semantics • Use of linguistics 1. Applied linguistics 2. Sociolinguistics 3. Psycholinguistics
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1.1.2 Linguistics as a science
chapter 1(1) 英语语言学,第一章
养的。”
记者将他的话公诸于
众，华盛顿的议员们一定要马
克 ·吐 温 在 报 上 登 个 启 事 ， 赔 礼
道 歉 。 于 是 ， 马 克 ·吐 温 写 了 这
样一张启事：“以前鄙人在酒席上发言，
说某些国会议员是狗娘养的，我再三考
虑，觉得此言不妥，而且不合事实，特登
报声明，把我的话修改成：
某些国会议员不是狗娘养的。
❖ ② language is arbitrary and symbolic. There is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing. It is symbolic in that linguistic elements are symbols or signs, not objects, actions or things, but they are associated with objects or actions.
Definition of language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
① language is a system: elements in language are arranged according to rules. The elements can not be produced and combined at random. If so, language can not be used and learned consistently.
❖ A Sketch of the Course
❖ Chapter 1: general introductions to language and linguistics
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Chapter One Invitation to Linguistics
(1) Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics. (2) Teaching difficulties: design features of language; functions of language; some important distinctions in linguistics;
A system----since elements in it are
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) The child the street alone crossed. (×) bkli (×) xbo (×)
Time allocation:
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 weeks) Chapter 8 Invitations to Linguistics (2 weeks) Speech Sounds (2 weeks) Lexicon (2 weeks) From Word to Text (2 weeks) Meaning (2 weeks) Language and Cognition (2 weeks) Language, Culture, and Society (2
1.1 Why study language?
Myths about language:
Language is only a means of communication. Language has the form-meaning correspondence. The function of language is to exchange information. English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. Black English is not standard and should be reformed.
Students learning this subject
(1) This course is intended for English majors, generally for 3rd year college students (undergraduates), or at any level of proficiency from intermediate upwards, who need to know the fundamentals of linguistics. (2) Please note that a fairly good knowledge of linguistics is required in any postgraduate entrance exam, so we strongly advise prospective MA students to spend adequate time on this course. (3) If you choose linguistics as your future research interest and you plan to do more advanced work in this academic field, it is the right time for you to know the ABCs of general linguistics.
Linguistics
Lecturer Profile
Li Qingfeng BA (East China Normal University) MA (The University of Melbourne, Australia) Associate Professor of English Professor of English School of Foreign Languages and Cultures Ningxia University Email: qingfengli1203@
Something students need to know:
students learning this subject time allocation duration of this course ways to study this course ways to do well in assessment
What is language?
Our understanding and definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
How do you understand the underlined words?
What is language? (p. 2)
Different senses of the word “language”: 1. Language is human speech; 2. the ability to communicate by this means; 3. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; 4. the written representation of such a system (Webster's New World Dictionary)
Fundamental views about language:
Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. Language operates by rules. All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics. Everyone speaks a dialect.
A public mailbox for the students registered in this course: Username: linguisticssubject@ Password: linguistics After each chapter, a PPT version of teaching notes will be posted to this mailbox. Please do not delete any mail.
Ways to study this course
(1) You are kindly required to attend every class and you need to take notes. (2) We are not going to deal with each section. You are required to read important sections in the book. (3) It is advisable to understand linguistic theories, ideas or notions through examples instead of memorizing word by word without comprehension. (4) Please review regularly what you have learned after class, and do additional exercises to strengthen the knowledge in your mind.
Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic)
Symbols----words are just the symbols
associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.
Language slowly changes. Speakers of all language employ a range of styles and a set of jargons. Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them. Writing is derivative of speech.
connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. Different language have different words for the same object. 椅--chair； 桌--table; 玫瑰--rose People might call a rose something else.