【美联英语】英语语法+高中英语语法手册32
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
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美联英语提供：高中英语语法手册32
Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。
Whose is it?(不能说whose one)
Her bike is better than her brother’s.（不能说brother’s one）
（6）one和that作替代词时的区别
①one 可以代替人或物，that只能代替物。
I haven't a book; can you lend me one? 我没有书，你能借我一本吗?
I have a brother, one in the army.我有一个哥哥，他在部队。
Look at the clock, that the wall.看那座钟，墙上那座。
②one只能代替可数名词；that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。
The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。
The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.这里的天气比北京的热。
③one 可以有前置或后置定语；而that只能有后置定语。
Your answer is better than that of hers.你的答案比她的好。
This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.这是一枝红钢笔，我还有三只别的。Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.请看地图，右边墙上的那幅。
④one（不加定语）表示泛指；that表示特指。
The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。
A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by
a Chinese poet.美国作家写的诗通常比中国作家写得难懂。
二、倒装
1、概述
英语最基本的词序“主语+谓语动词（+ 宾语）”通常十分固定，但在一些句子中，由于语法、修辞、强调或句子结构上的需要，主语、谓语和宾语不是处于正常语序，而是把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做倒装(inversion)。
2、倒装的类型
倒装可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
（1）全部倒装(complete inversion)
全部倒装就是整个谓语部分放在主语之前。
In front of the house stands a tree. 房前有一棵树。
Here comes the bus.车来了。
（2）部分倒装(partial inversion)
部分倒装就是把谓语的一部分（通常是助动词、情态动词）放在主语之前。
Never shall I forget the day.我永远忘不了这一天。
Only in this way can we finish the work.只有这样，我们才能完成工作。
3、语法倒装
（1）在疑问句中
Is breakfast ready yet? 早饭准备好了吗？
Have you finished your homework? 你做完作业了吗？
What are you doing ? 你在干什么？
（2）在“there+ be”结构中
There are some books on the desk.桌子上有些课本。
There will be a football match this afternoon.下午将有一场足球赛。
（3）以表示“运动方向”的副词开头的倒装句
为了使叙述或描绘更加生动，常将表示运动方向的副词(如here，there，out，in，up，off，down，away，back等)放在句首，谓语动词为go，come，run，rush等表示位置转移的动词，主语为名词。用一般现在时或一般过去时。
Be quick! Here comes the bus. 快点汽车来了。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。
Away went the boy. 男孩走了。
Now come s your turn. 现在该你了。
注意：如主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。
Here it is.它在这儿。
Away he went.他走了。
（4）省略了if的虚拟条件从句
虚拟结构中的条件从句省if去时，这时were、had及should须移到主语前面，从而形成倒装。
Were I in your position, I would go.要是我处在你的地位，我就去。
Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so often.如果不是票免费，我不会那么经常去看电影。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.如果明天下雨的话，我得推迟去看扬浦大桥。
（5）“so+be（have、助动词或情态动词）+主语”句型
把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）。
She can swim. So can I.她会游泳，我也会。
-I like swimming in winter.我喜欢冬泳。
- So do I .我也是。
In an earthquake, the earth shakes. And so do you. 地震时，地球震动，你也会震动。
Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了，人也跟着变了。比较：“so+主语+助动词”结构的用法
如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，表示同意对方的看法，意为“是的，确实”时，句子不用倒装语序。
-It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.你太粗心了，把衣服整夜放在外边。
-My God! So I did.天哪！还真是这样。
-John won the first prize in the contest.约翰在音乐会上会的了一等奖。
- So he did.确实如此。
-David has made great progress recently.大卫最近进步很大。
-So he has, and so have you.他确实进步很大，你也是。
（6）“neither(nor)+be（have、助动词或情态动词）+主语”句型
把neither、nor、no more放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人（或物），需用倒装语序
-Do you enjoy that trip?你旅途玩得高兴么？
-I'm afraid not. And neither did my classmates. 恐怕我不高兴，我同学也是。After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.从那以后我再也没有看到她，也没收到他的来信。
-Do you know Jim quarreled with his brothers?你知道基姆和他哥哥吵架的事吗？
-I don't know, nor do I care. 我不知道，也不关心。
The first one wasn't good and neither was the second.第一个不好，第二个也不好。
I have never been abroad. Neither has he.我从未出过国，他也没出过国。
（7）感叹句的倒装
How happy t he children are!孩子们多幸福啊！（表语前置）
What a lovely birthday present the old lady has received!这位老太太收到一份多好的生日礼物啊！（宾语前置）
（8）以表示“地点”的介词短语开头的倒装句
当句首为表示地点的介词短语时，为了保持句子结构的平衡，或为了使上下文衔接紧密时，常使用倒装结构。
On the wall hang two large portraits. 墙上挂着两幅巨大的画像。
Along the dusty road came a group of tourists.沿着尘土飞扬的路来了一伙游人。
Outside the entrance stood two police officers with guns. 入口处外面站着两个带枪的警官。
Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer. 大树底下坐着一个老农夫。
（9）many a time和next等时间、次数或顺序的副词位于句首时要到装Often did she come to my home in the past.她过去常到我家来。
Long did we wait before hearing from her.我们等了很久才收到她的来信。
Many a time have I seen her taking a walk alone.我许多次看见她独自散步。（10）well, so, gladly等表示方式、程度的副词位于句首时常到装
Well do I remember the day I saw her first.我第一次见到她的那一天，我记忆犹新。Gladly would I accept your proposal.我很高兴接受你的建议。
（11）直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时也用倒装
“I don't think so”,said Tom. 汤姆说：“我不这样认为。”
“What has happened here?”，asked a policeman. 一名警察问：“这儿发生了什么事？”
（12）however引导的让步状语从句
however为连接副词，引导让步状语从句，其意义和作用相当于no matter how。however后面接形容词或副词，其基本结构为“however+形容词/副词+主语+谓语”。However cold it is, she always goes swimming.无论天气多么冷，她总是去游泳。We'll have to finish the job, however long it takes.无论用多长时间，我们都得完成这个工作。
4、修辞倒装
（1）“only+ 状语”放句首倒装句
副词only所强调的方式状语、条件状语、地点状语、时间状语等位于句首时，引起部分倒装。
Only after liberation did they begin to be treated as human beings.只有在解放后他们才开始被当人看待。
Only by taking a taxi can you arrive on time. 只有打的你才能按时到达。
Only then did we realize that the man was blind.只在那时我们才意识到那人是个瞎子。
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.只有这样你才能在英语方面取得进步。
Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to get back home.只有在1949年当战争结束时他才能回家。
注意：only修饰主语时不用倒装的情况。如果only修饰的词不是作状语，而是作主语时，句子就不用倒装。
Only his mother was invited.只有他的妈妈被邀请了。
0nly some of the children passed the examination.只有几个孩子通过了考试。
（2）连词as/though引导的让步状语从句的倒装句
这种状语从句的结构为“形容词/名词+as/though+主语+谓语”。在句首的如果是名词，不要带冠词;但如果名词前有形容词修饰，则常常带冠词。
Clever as he is, he doesn't study well.他虽然聪明，但学习并不好。
Old as he is, he is full of energy.他虽然年老，但精力充沛。
Child as he was, he was very brave.尽管他是个孩子，但他非常勇敢。
Poor though I am, I can afford beer.我虽穷，但还喝得起啤酒。
Try as you may, you can't persuade him.尽管你很努力，你不可能说服他。
（3）以否定词开头的倒装句
为了强调句子中的否定状语，常将其置于句首，这时一般引起部分倒装。常见的含有否定意义的副词、连词或词组有：hardly, scarcely , barely, seldom, never, not, little, not only, not until, on no account(决不), in no way, nowhere, at no time, in no case, not on one’s life, no sooner, by no means, under / in no circumstances等。
Never have I seen him before.以前我从未见过他。
Not a single mistake did he make.他一个错误也未出。
Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.他不仅是我们的老师，而且是我们的朋友。
By no means do I agree with you.我一点也不同意你。
Little does he care about what others think. 他一点儿也不在乎别人怎么想。Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful place. 世界上没有别的地方能像这样美，这样幽静。
注意：否定词只否定主语或副词时就不用倒装
Not a soul was anywhere visible. 到处见不到一个人。
Hardly anybody believes that. 几乎没有人相信那件事。
（4）so/such…that引导的结果状语从句的倒装句
so/such位于句首修饰形容词或副词或名词表示强调时，主句要用倒装语序，后面通常接that引导的结果状语从句。
So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.那个湖水太浅了，里边没有鱼。Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸的力量太大了，把所有的窗户都震破了。
So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.他说话的声音那么大，楼上都听得见。
（5）表语和状语放在句首，引起主语和谓语倒装句
为了保持句子平衡，或使上下文紧密衔接时，常将表语和状语放在句首，引起主语和谓语倒装。
On the ground lay an old sick goat, which had gone into the cave to die.地上躺着一只有病的老山羊，它是到洞里来等死的。
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.我们用“洋油”的时代一去不复返了。
（6）in ,out等副词放句首倒装句
为了生动地描写动作，in, out, away, up, down, off等副词可以放在句首倒装。Away flew the bird！鸟扑地一声飞跑了！
Down went the small boat!小船沉没了！
（7）在某些习惯用语中的倒装
How goes it with you ? 你好吗？
How came it that she knew the secret?他怎么会知道那个秘密的？
What mattered it? 这有什么关系呢？
What care I?管我什么事？
What signifies it?这是什么意思？
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
（8）not it结构
在否定回答中，not有时放在主语前面。
“Will it rain?””Not it.”“会下雨吗？”“不会。”
“Are you ready?” “Not I.”“你准备好了吗？”“我没有。”
“I think you can come tomorrow.” “我想你明天能来。“
“Not we.”“我们来不了”
巧学倒装句:
一、辨清结构
A．位置副词there句，全为句子保平衡，neither,nor,so也如此，上述全部倒着行。
B. 部分倒装要记清。位置副词主人称，only否定词放句首，让步、虚拟有感情。
二、记牢引词
9N2S和only,还有little,hardly。
9N:no,not,never,neither,nor,not until,not only but also,no soonerthan,no matter。
2S:so,seldom。
三、注意位置
only,NU主倒装，NB前句也一样，NM前后不用管，NN前后全倒装。
only+状语从句和Not until+状语从句位于句首时，只有主句倒装，从句不倒装。Not onlybut also引导的并列句。当Not only位于句首时，前一个分句倒装。No matter+状语从句，主句和从句的主语谓语均不倒装。
三、点击考点
1.Look,________.
A.here the bus comes
B.here is the bus coming
C.here comes the bus
D.here the bus is coming
2.----Where is Kate?
----Look,_______.She is at the school gate.
A.there she is
B.there is she
C.here you are
D.here it is
3.Which of the following sentences is right?
A.In the teacher came
B.In did come the teacher
C.In did the teacher
D.In came the teacher
4.Out______,with a stick in his hand.
A.did he rush
B.rushed he
C.he rushed
D.he did rush
5._________,he is honest.
A.As he is poor
B.Poor is he
C.Poor as he is
D.Poor as is he
6.__________,he knows a lot of things.
A.A child as he is
B.Child as he is
C.A child as is he
D.Child as is he
7.________,you can’t lift the heavy box up.
A.Even you’re strong
B.Strong as you are
C.How strong you are
D.As you’re strong
8.So carelessly________that he almost killed himself.
A.he was driving
B.he drove
C.has he driven
D.did he drive
9.Early in the day______the enemy were gone.
A.the news came that
B.came the news that
C.did the news come that
D.came the news which
10.Only when you realize the importance of foreign langauges______them well.
A.you can learn
B.can you learn
C.that you can learn
D.and you can learn
11.Only after liberation_______to be treated as human beings.
A.did they begin
B.they began
C.that they began
D.had they begun
12.Not only_______to stay at home,but he was also forbidden to see his friends.
A.that he was forced
B.he was forced
C.had he been forced
D.was he forced
13.Not until his father was out of prison______to school.
A.that John could go
B.John couldn’t go
C.could John go
D.John could go
14.Never before_______such a stupid man.
A.I have seen
B.I saw
C.have I seen
D.did I see
15.Rarely_________such a silly thing.
A.have I heard of
B.I have heard of
C.I had heard of
D.had I heard of
16.Little________about his own health though he was very ill.
A.he cared
B.did he care
C.has he cared
D.he would care
17.Seldom_______him recently.
A.I met
B.I have met
C.have I met
D.I had met
18.Hardly_________down when stepped in.
A.I sat
B.I had sat
C.did I sit
D.had I sat
19.No sooner_______asleep_______she heard a knock at the door.
A.had she fallen;when
B.had she fallen;than
C.did she fall;than
D.did she fall;when
20.He did not see Smith.________.
A.Neither did I
B.Nor didn’t I
C.Neither I did
D.So didn’t I
21.----You ought to have given them some advice.
----________,but who cared what I said.
A.So ought I
B.So I ought
C.So I have
D.So I did
22.----It was hot yesterday.
----_______.
A.It was so
B.So was it
C.So it was
D.So it did
23.She’s passed the examination._________.
A.So did I
B.So have I
C.So I have
D.So I did
24.----You like football very much.
----_________.
A.So do I
B.I did so
C.So I like
D.So I do
25.If you don’t go,_________.
A.I won’t go,too
B.neither will I
C.nor do I
D.so don’t I
26.Not only______polluted but______crowded. (上海91)
A.was the city;were the streets
B. the city was;were the streets
C.was the city; the streets were
D. the city was; the streets were
27.So______that no fish can live in it. (上海92)
A.the lake is shallow
B.shallow the lake is
C.shallow is the lake
D.is the lake shallow
28.I finally get the job I dreamed about.Never in all my life______so happy. (2000春季)
A.did I feel
B.I felt
C.I had felt
D.had I felt
29.---Have a cup of tea,_______?
---Thank you.
A.shall we
B.won’t you
C.don’t you
D.haven’t you
30.The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him,______?
A.did they
B.didn’t they
C.did it
D.didn’t it
31. Only by practising a few hours every day _______ be able to master the language.
A. you can
B. can you
C. you will
D. will you
32. 0nly when the war was over in 1945 ________ to get to a college education.
A. he was able
B. he is able
C. was he able
D. is he able
33. Not until I began to work _______ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realize
B. did I realize
C. I didn't realize
D. I realized
34. Little ________ about his own safety though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he care
B. did he care
C. he cares
D. he cared
35. Not until all the fish died in the river ________ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn't the villagers realize
36.I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in all my life ________so happy.
A. did I feel
B. I felt
C. I had felt
D. had I felt
37.Not until the early years of the 19th century ________ what heat is.
A. man did know
B. man know
C. didn't man know
D. did man know
38.Not only ______ polluted but _____ crowded.
A. was the city; were the streets
B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were
D. the city was; the streets were
39.. ________ got into the room ________ the telephone rang.
A. He hardly had; then
B. Hardly had he; when
C. He had not; than
D. Not had he; when
40. ________, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he
B. However he is late
C. However is he late
D. However late he is
答案：1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.C 23.B 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.C 28.D 29.B 30.D 31.D 32.C 33.B 34.B 35.A 36.D 37.D 38.D 39.B 40.D
第二十三章直接引语和间接引语
一、概述
引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。
Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语）
Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语）
从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下：
二、直接引语是陈述句时
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。
1、人称的变化
直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。
He said , “I like it very much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它”。
→He said that he liked it very much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)
He said, “You told me this story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。”
→He said that I had told him that story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me 改为him, told改为had told)
He said to me, “She’s left her book in your room”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”
He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。（She’s→she had，her不变，your→my）
2、时态的变化
（1）主句的谓语动词是一般过去时
→He said that he was using the knife.他说他正在用小刀。
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”
→She said that she had not heard from him since May. 她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。
He said，“I came to he lp you.”他说：“我来帮助你。”
→He said that he had come to help me.他说他来帮助我。
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他说：“晚饭前我己做完了作业。”
→He said that he had finished his homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了
作业。
Zhou Lan said, “I'll do it after class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。”
→Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。
He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他说：“那时我将正在做作业。”
→He said that he should be doing his homework then.他说那时他将正在做作业。He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”他说：“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”
→He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。
注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老师说：“地球是圆的。”
→The teacher said that the earth is round.老师说地球是圆的。
He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.” 他说: “我1965年生于山东。”
→He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。
He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”
→He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时
如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变
高中英语语法大全
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that
高中英语语法最重要知识汇总
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
高中英语语法系统全解【珍藏版】
高中英语语法系统全解 第一章动词时态 在英语中，不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，这就叫做动词的时态。一、一般时 一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。 A.一般现在时 1．一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面要加-s 或-es。 They want good jobs. 他们想要好的工作。 The coat matches the dress. 外衣和裙子很相配。 This work does not satisfy me. 这项工作我不满意。 Do you understand? 你懂了吗? 2．一般现在时的用法 ①一般现在时的基本用法 a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态 He always takes a walk after supper. 晚饭后他总是散散步。 Everyone is in high spirits now. 现在大家都情绪高涨。 b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起在西方落下。 Sound travels faster through water than it does through air. 声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。
Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。 c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态 This cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很软。 I love classical music. 我喜欢古典音乐。 The President still seems able to find time to go fishing. 看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。 d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 The meeting begins at 7:00. 会议七点钟开始。 We leave here at 8:00 sharp. 我们八点整离开这里。 e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作 When you come next time, bring me some magazines. 你下次来时，给我带几本杂志。 If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。 Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home. 不管他同意与否，我都会待在家里。 ②一般现在时的特殊用法 a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中 China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful 中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功 Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow 劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科 b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中 Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.
人教版高中英语【必修二】[语法讲解
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 重点题型（常考知识点）巩固练习 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词：when, where, why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1. This is our school. It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2. This is our school. We study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. →I have read the newspaper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that 2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai. the boy =who 3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy’s =whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
高中英语语法大全(新版)
英语语法大全 第一部分：词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如： inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
高中英语语法(全英详细讲解)
必修一 语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday. ② Are you coming to the cinema? ③ He is leaving for London in two hours. ④ We are spending next winter in Australia. Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc. 扩展： What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples: “I’m going to play football on Saturday” You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you. “I’m playing football on Saturday” You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you. 语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语) Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways: by repeating the words spoken (direct speech) by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech). Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used. 1、declarative sentence陈述句 ①Change in pronoun:The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed
高中英语语法大全
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目录第一章概说 第二章名词 第三章主语和谓语的一致 第四章冠词 第五章数词 第六章代词 第七章形容词和副词 第八章介词 第九章连词和感叹词 第十章动词的基本形式 第十一章动词的时态 第十二章动词的语态 第十三章非谓语动词 第十四章助动词和情态动词 第十五章动词的语气 第十六章句子 第十七章简单句、并列句、复合句 第十八章陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句第十九章名词性从句
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