hnd 经济学1报告
HND财政预算报告outcome 1
Beijing Institute of Technology SQA HND AssignmentTable of contentsIntroduction (3)Part A (3)Part B (5)Conclusion (6)Reference (6)Appendix (7)IntroductionThis report is for Tricol plc which makes a range of furniture and kitchenware. One of the most popular products is the Zupper expandable table. It will do some variance analysis in the Part A. It will includes direct material usage, direct material price, direct labor rate direct, labor efficiency and total overhead. Some suggestions will be given following the analysis. In Part B, there will take two methods to analyze the project that is whether to accept. It will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, finding out the best methods that is suit for the company. At last, some other factors such as environment, technology, legal, and customers will be discussed for the managers. Furthermore, some needed appendixes will be followed the report.Part AVariance analysis and reportingOnce the variances have been calculated, they should be analyzed to find what the problems are. The criterion that the rate of variance needs to be analyzed is more than 3%, and according to the Appendix 3, as a result, it needs to analyze all the variances.Direct material usage:According to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct material usage is favorable, which is about ￡8000 and the rate of direct material usage variance reaches 12.5%. This is a high level and it may due to the two reasons such as higher quality materials and higher grade workforce. The company chooses the higher quality materials could reduce the spoilages during the producing. And it could reduce the inferiors in the finish products. To reduce the materials is as a result. Giving the labor higher workforce may reduce the mistakes by labors during the producing that will reduce the rejection rate and save the materials.Direct material priceAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct material price is adverse, which is about ￡5600 and at the rate of 8.75%. There may be two reasons for this result. One is higher quality materials. Because of the higher quality, this kind of materials will be more expensive than other low quality materials. It will increase the costs of the materials. Also, the loss of discounts will be another reason to make the material price increase. Tricol may cooperate with a new supplier; company may not get the discounts received because of the low reliance.Direct labor rateAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct labor rate is ￡3520 in adverse, and at the rate of 12.2%. There may be also two reasons for this result. One is salary increase award. Company made the labor rate become ￡10 per hour, which is higher than standard labor rate for ￡1 per hour. This could encourage the staffs to work hard and improve their efficiency and reduce the mistakes. Another reason may be the unplanned overtime. For this situation, company may pay more wages to the staffs for their overtime work.Direct labor efficiencyAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of direct labor efficiency is adverse with ￡2880 in the rate of 10%. There are two reasons for this. One is may be the low morale. Because the company let its labors to work overtime for the unplanned goals and the high workforce will make the staffs unsatisfied. The second reason is that there may be shortage of skilled labor, which results in more labor hours and labors to finish the goals.Total overheadAccording to the Appendix 2, the variance of total overhead is ￡400 in adverse, and at the rate of 3.51%. It may due to the higher insurance, and higher administration. Company may spend too much on the insurance of its staffs. Some wages of the managers may be higher.Recommendation for the managementThe direct material usage is a good sign for the company. Company should continue to reduce the spoilages during its producing. However, the price of the materials are little higher. It is not a good sign. Company may purchase the lower quality materials from the new supplier. And try the best to get some discount received. The price of materials should be lower than before but quality could not be too lower. This action will reduce the costs in the materials and insurance the low rejection rate. According to the labor, company should not raise the employees’wages easily to motivate the staffs and it should not do much the unplanned overtime. Because of the much unplanned overtime, the staffs may against this action and become morale. So, company should reduce the unplanned overtime and use the other ways to encourage its staffs often. However, in order to finish the unplanned overtime, the company may hire some new employees to work. But there is shortage of skilled labor. Company should give them some training to improve their skills. The total overhead is not very good for the company. The insurance and administration may be higher for the company. Company should go to the greatest extent of reducing the costs in the insurance. It may be possible for company get some discount allowed form theinsurance company. And control the spending in the managing.Part BAssumptionThe premise of payback period methodsIdentify all of the costs of initial investment. Assume that they will be paid now. Find the cash inflow for each project. Add up cash flows each year until cost of project covered. Pick the project with the shortest payback period. If the payback period is only one year then it should be compared with an internal figureThe premise of discounted cash flow techniqueUncertainty does not exist. There is no inflation. The appropriate discount rate to use is known, to avoid unnecessary calculations. When undertaking DCF questions, the discount rates have been computed for you, and are given in the discount tables .Unlimited funds can be raised at a competitive rate.Analyzing payback period methodAccording to the payback period method, the original capital that the company invest is ￡1,000,000 and there are 5 years for the company to get the return that is the budgeted payback period. According to the program, 4 years and 1.5 months that the company will get its all investments. At the last year, company will get the return about ￡280,000. As a result, based on the period method, the project will be profitable and is worth to invest.Analyzing discounted cash flow techniqueIf the company uses the discounted cash flow technique, according to the peogram, the investment is ￡1,000,000, and the net present value is 10%. The budgeted payback period is 5 years. After 5 years, the NPV for the project will be ￡-64,800. It shows that the return is less than the investment. It will be the loss of ￡64,800 to invest this project. So this project will not be profitable and is not worth to invest.RecommendationAccording to the two methods, it is not difficult to find that the company would better to choose the payback period method. The company chooses payback period method could get the profit of ￡280,000 and less 5 years could get the all investment. And for the discounted cash flow technique, it will cost 5 years and loss ￡64,800 at last of the project. So, based on the profit, the company would better to choose thepayback period method.Consideration of other factorsFirst, the environment is one factor that the managers should to consider. Tricol makes a range of furniture and kitchenware. It may make pollute during the producing. If the company does not pay attention to the environment, it may get some fine.Technology is one factor that the managers should to consider about. If the company uses the new technology and equipment in the project, it could improve its productivity. And improve its profitability.The company should also think about the legal. The company should insure that the project is not against the legal. If not, company may be punished by the government and even be banded.At last, company should consider its customers. It should consider that its products, making by the project, will be attracted by the customers. If no customers like it, they may get little profit for the project.ConclusionAs an advisor for the company, this report can help the company make the flex budget and variances and use the two methods to analysis the investment and help the company choose the best method. This will help company make much profit. ReferenceSQA, preparing Financial Forecast (version 3),China Modern Economic Publishing House, 2004./definition/direct-labor-efficiency-variance.html/wiki/Payback_period/terms/d/dcf.aspThe calculation of the variances would be:1.Direct material total variance(standard units of actual production × standard price) – (actual quantity × actual price)[(4kg × 1600) ×￡10]–￡61600=￡64000–￡61600=￡2400 ( F )2.Direct material usage variancestandard price × (standard units of actual production－actual units)=￡10 × (4kg × 1600－5600kg)=￡10 × 800kg=￡8000 (F)3.Direct material price varianceactual quantity × (standard price－actual price)=5600kg × (￡10－￡11)=5600kg ×￡1=￡5600 (A)4.Direct labor total variance(standard hours of actual production × standard rate ph)－(actual hours × actual rate ph)[(2h×1600) ×￡9]－(3520h ×￡10)=(3200h ×￡9)－￡35200=￡28800－￡35200=￡6400(A)5.Direct labor rate varianceactual hours × (standard rate ph－actual rate ph)3520h × (￡9－￡10)=3520h ×￡1=￡3520(A)6.Direct labor efficiency variancestandard rate ph × (standard hours of actual production－actual hours)￡9×[2h×1600－3520h]=￡9×(3200h－3520h)=￡9×320h=￡2880(A)7.Total overhead variance（budgeted variable overhead + budgeted fixed overhead－(actual variable overhead + actual fixed overhead)(￡3200+￡8200)+(￡3200+￡8600)=￡11400(A)－￡11800(A)=￡400(A)Appendix 3Variance ratio:The rate for direct material total variances is £ 2400/£ 64000×100%=3.75% The rate of direct material usage variance is £ 8000/£ 64000×100%=12.5% The rate of direct material price variance is £ 5600/£ 64000×100%=8.75% The rate of direct labor variance is 6400/28800×100%=22.2%The rate of direct labor rate variance is £ 3520/£ 28800×100%=12.2%The rate of direct labor efficiency variance is £ 2880/£ 28000×100%=10% The rate of total overhead variance is £ 400/(£ 3200+8600)×100%=3.51%Payback Period:Discounted Cash Flow:。
HND大二经济学导论报告参考Outcome三
An Evaluation of UK Government Policy on Mentalhealth and behavior in schoolsTable of Contents1 Introduction (1)2 Market failure (2)2.1 Merit goods (2)2.2 Public goods (2)2.3 Impertfect competition (2)2.4 Externalities (2)3 UK Governments policy (1)3.1 Introduction to the policy (2)3.2 instruments used (2)3.3 Justification of the performance of policy (2)4 Conclusion (2)References (5)Appendices (6)Appendix I: (6)Appendix II: (6)1IntroductionThis report aims to explain the‘market failure’and the role of government in relative to merit goods, public goods, imperfect composition and externalities.The policy about mental health and behavior in school will also be introduced.Then it will describe the instruments used to achieve the policy and evaluate the policy.2Market failureMarket fail, that is, they do not provide all of the goods and services needed by the government,nor by society(SQA,2013a p184).2.1Merit goodsThe government provides services that might not be provided by the private sector in sufficient quantities or of a sufficient quantity (SQA,2013a p188).For instance,medical services,education and so on.In China,the government provides the public universities and nine year education,which support children to go to school and get a better education.2.2Public goodsThese are commodities, which would not be provided by the private sector because they would find that many people, even if they benefited from them, would refuse to pay(SQA,2013b p190), for example, grills in the park and Automatic Pet Water Fountain and so on.In many countries, the government provides the Automatic Pet Water Fountain, which is convenient for passerby to drink water whenever they want.2.3Imperfect competitionA company which control their own market , and they have no rival. A monoplist can adjust prices output in the market.for example, on February 5, 1991, pierpont Morgan bought Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller,several iron ore and all the steel business,became the largest steel company , 65% of steel production by their control.The government could establish perfect competition through the establishment of enterprise competition policy (Peter,2013)2.4ExternalitiesAn externality is an effect of a purchase or use decision by one set of parties on others who did not have a choice and whose interests were not taken into account (SQA,2013d p188).For example, the negative externalities include car exhaust, smoking, kara OK noisy,which will do harm to the environment and people’health.As far as I am concerned, the government should have odd-and-even license plate rule and provide new energy electric vehicle.The positive externalities include new technology like purify the water and restoration of historical buildings.I think the government should support the enterprise to create more new technology.3UK Governments policy3.1 Introduction to the policy--Mental health and behavior in schoolsThe purpose of this policy is to let all pupils benefit from learning and developing in a well ordered school environment that fosters and rewards good behaviour and sanctions poor and disruptive behaviour. Their behaviour and discipline in schools advice sets out the powers and duties for school staff and approaches they can adopt to manage behaviour in their schools. It also says that schools should consider whether continuing disruptive behaviour might be a result of unmet educational or other needs. Published on16 June 2014，last updated on18 March 2016(Gov,UK,16 June 2014)3.2 Instruments usedInstruments- economic variables that governments can control directly for example, tax, public spending(SQA,2013e p194).The government take actions via government spending and relevant regulation.They found the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to deal with it.The specific services offered by CAMHS vary depending on the needs of the local area. The best way to influence those services overall is to get involved with the local health and wellbeing board.The government take actions to help them in referring pupils effectively to specialist CAMHS and otherwise working well with the service for the benefit of their vulnerable pupils. These include:1.The government hire some people documenting evidence of the symptoms or behaviour that are causing concern,encouraging the pupil and their parents/carers to speak to their GP2.The government spent some money working with local specialist CAMHS to make the referral process as quick and efficient as possible(Spence, S.H. 2003)3.1Justification of the performance of the policyI think the policy is successful, the mental health care benefits can make children to have a happier life.Thanks to the policy, children now have the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually.However,I think the policy also has some disadvantages.It has greatly increased government pressure.For example,Set up the CAMHS organization to support the school and some public organization。
大学生经济学专业实习报告（精选5篇）
大学生经济学专业实习报告（精选5篇）大学生经济学专业篇1一、：为了加强对营销管理知识的理解，完善自己的知识理论体系。
参观、学习企业的生产、销售流程和理解企业文化精髓，有利于加深对现代企业营销管理现状的了解，加深对企业管理活动的感性和理性认识，并通过实习调研活动，锻炼分析实际问题的能力，培养认真、严谨的工作作风，为就业和将来的工作提供一些宝贵的实践经验。
针对于此，我在进行了三年专业课学习之后，通过对《管理学原理》、《西方经济学》、《人力资源管理》、《创业管理》和《管理思想史》等专业课的学习，可以说对有关管理学的专业基础知识、基本理论、基本方法和结构体系已经基本掌握了，但这无非只是纸上谈兵，倘若能将这些理论性的知识和实际工作相结合，那必定会事半功倍，达到我的学习初衷。
“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，只有把从书本上学到的理论知识应用于实际的企业管理操作中去，才能真正掌握这门知识。
二、实习时间：20xx年6月29日至20xx年7月24日三、实习地点：吉林x有限公司。
办公地址：四、实习单位概况：吉林x有限公司始建于1997年8月份，座落于美丽的长白山脚下、图们江畔。
是集科研开发、生产销售、设计施工于一体的综合性防水材料企业。
是国内较早生产改性沥青防水卷材、聚乙烯丙纶高分子防水卷材以及防水涂料的专业生产企业之一，是中国建筑防水协会会员单位，在同行业率先通过了is09001：20xx国际质量管理体系认证。
企业拥有雄厚的经济技术实力，拥有国内先进的大型现代化流水生产线设备，年产量已突破600万平方米，产品的配方、工艺及性能指标等方面都达到了国内先进水平。
企业目前已形成了“禹威”牌改性沥青防水卷材、聚乙烯丙纶高分子防水卷材以及防水涂料等系列产品，其中包括柔性体、弹性体(sbs)、塑性体(app)改性沥青防水卷材、聚乙烯丙纶高分子卷材、聚氨脂防水涂料、js复合防水涂料等，这些产品能全面满足防水工程方面多层次的需求。
均获得省市优质产品称号，被吉林省政府命名为“吉林省名牌产品”、“用户满意产品”，被吉林省消协评为“消费者信得过产品”，被质协评为“质量担保产品”，被吉林省工商局评为“著名商标”、“重守信用单位”。
hnd经济,市场,人力(中文)
经济学：
Section1:
什么是市场失灵？
解决的四个方面a.公共产品b 鼓励性产品c 内外控制d 调整
什么是垄断：对社会的影响
Section2:
选择一个政策（福利政策，竞争政策，环境政策）
.a 说明这个政策
b. 政府用什么工具达到这个政策
c. 评估这个政策
人力：
1，组织结构的类型，和主要产品
2，给一个建议说明哪种组织结构适合这个公司，可以让这个公司更好的发展，给出充分的理由
3，组织结构的决定性因素是什么，为什么布局成这样
4，分析这个公司的各种关系
5，权利的分部：
在政府，责任，代表团是怎样表现的
市场学：
1，什么是市场学，结合公司
2，宏观，微观对组织的影响
3，市场调研
4，市场细分（好处，过程，给企业带来的好处）
市场细分的目的
5，市场组合：7个“P”每个都要解释并且结合案例
6，市场营销组合随着环境的变化而变化。
hnd大三经济学报告 (1)
I. IntroductionThis report introduction some economics about the world economy including free trade, exchange rate, balance of payment, NIC and LDC and so on. In this report i will analyze 14 elements to make a clear explanation about world economy.II. Text1.Explain free trade including the theory of absolute advantage and comparative advantageFree trade had the original intention that goods and services could be exchanged freely between countries with no barriers to this exchange.Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, or TPP, as it’s more commonly know. 12 countries like America, Japan, Australian and so on, they reach on agreement about TPP on 5th of October in 2015. Between TPP members, the products and service price will decrease and logistics speed will increase. Add the 12 countries which accounts for 40% of the global economy. The TPP will reduce or decrease tariff on 18000 categories of products.Absolute advantage is said to occur when one country can produce a good or service to a pre-determined quality with less resources than another country.The benefit or advantage of an economy to be able to produce a commodity at a lesser opportunity cost than other entities is referred to as comparative advantage in international trade theory.In 1970s, manufacture industry take up large proportion in UK, its manufacture industry has absolute advantage. However, its industry began transfer to overseas from 1980s. Particularly manufacture industry, UK environment become very bad duoto much manufacture industry, so UK government decide close some domestic factory and invest Financial industry. Financial industry rose sharply base on this opportunity. Financial industry don’t have to cause pollution, and its profitability also very good.2. Identify three gains from international tradeFirst of all, goods and services could exchange freely between countries with no barriers to this exchange. And the goods can decrease cost, and that can increase employment rate and rose the economic in the local area.Second, International trade can improve global productivity because that can use absolute advantage and comparative advantage to make cost deduction and after that the productivity will increase.Third, International trade customer can get more products from other countries, and low product cost can make the goods become more cheaper and international trade make the market become large and increase product will make scale effect.3.Explain barriers to trade including two forms of protectionTrade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including the following tariffs and non tariffs.Give a example about tariffs, 35% tariffs on Chinese tyres imposed on the United States on 11th September in 2009. It make Chinese tyres firms have to increase price if sales in America.For example about non tariffs, Russia to Ukraine for embargoes which suspension of Ukraine imports of juice on 29th July in 2014. It make Ukraine’s juice not allow sale in Russia.4.Explain why government may wish to rise barriers to international tradeBecause government want to protect the country’s job opportunity and avoid anti-dumping. For example, Local shoemaker in Elche, the capital of Spain’s once flourishing footwear industry, argue that “Made in China” is taking away their jobs by means of ultra-low pricing.For example about anti-dumping, earlier in May 2012, solar panel manufacturers in the United States led the U.S. Government to impose anti-dumping duties, ranging from 31% to 250% on solar panel imports from China, which were accused of selling panels in the U.S. Market at prices below cost.5. Describe the role of WTO in development of free tradeThe WTO was founded in 1994 on April 15. WTO has 164 member states, headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. WTO objective is improve life level ensure sufficient job opportunity and solar improve income level and keep the sustainable development road and ensure developing country’s interests.WTO basic on open, equality and mutual benefit, escalate decrease tariffs and non tariffs and eliminate discriminate between the member states in the international trade. That will promote the development of free trade.On 7th December 2013, 18 years have passed since the establishment of the WTO’s first global trade agreement was born. That will promote the development of tree trade.6.0 Explain how EU promote free tradeEuropean Union or EU establish 1st of November in 1993. There are 28 member of country in the EU now like Netherlands, France, Italy and so on. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The purpose of EU is Strengthen the coordinated development of economy and society and establish the economic and monetary union of the final implementation of the unified monetary union, and promote the balanced development of economic and social development of the member states.EU make many rules for member states like removal of the member countries of the border control, member states capital can flow freely. These rules help EU member countries escape the trade barrier.And other rules like free trade between member states, and use a same currency which is euro to make trade, these rules help the member states expand market to economic growth.7.0Explain the composition of the UK's balance of payments and its recent trends in the last 30 yearsThis accompanying picture above shows detail about balance of payment in the UK in 2010.This above table gives information about current account, capital account and financial account in UK from 1980 to 2010. In terms of current account,according to the data, there just four years the figure is positive when between 1980 and 1983. And then the figure almost negative from 1984 to 2010. And the figure gain the lowest number about -55190 million in 2008. This situation illustrate UK’s economic development is not very good.In terms of capital account, according to the data this account experience a fluctuate trend. At first, the figure was -4 million in 1980 and then the figure decrease to -79 million in 1981. After that the figure was 6 million in 1982 increase to 159 million in 1987. What is funny thing is the figure fall again to -39 million in 1988. After that the figure experience a fluctuate and what is no table is the figure gain a lowest number -1527 million in 2006.In terms of financial account, the figure see an positive trend from 2157 million in 1980 to 122 million in 1986. And then the figure experience a negative trend between -9690 million in 1987 and -23296 million in 1993. And from -20261 million in 1999to -30276 million in 2010 this account experience negative trend again, and get the lowest number in 2008 because of the financial crisis the figure was -39301 million.8.0 Explain British trade trends in the last 30 yearsThe table shows the evolution of trade in goods and services in UK between 1980 and 2008. The trade in goods account stand 20 billion in 1980. The trade in goods account has remained in deficit. The deficit grew remarkable in the late 1980s to reach a peak of about 24 billion in 1989. And then decreased back to 20 billion in early 1990s and keep a stable at 10 billion from 1991 to 1998. In 1998 the deficit jumped by over 9 billion, and it has continued to rise since, reaching a cash record of 92.9 billion in 2008.Overall, the evolution of trade in goods experience an upward trend. With the development too fast, UK need to keep up with the times, the country must through trade in good to increase country’s income so with the passage of time, there are more and more trade in UK.The trade in services account stand 8 billion at first and the figure keep until in 1995. From 1995 to 2003 the figure keep around 18 billion. After that, the figure experience an upward trend and peak at 56billion in 2008.Overall the evolution of trade in service see an upward trend. With the development of the times, services like financial service, travel service become more and more popular for people. So the the number of trade in service will be increase.9.0 The relationship between exchange rate and balance of paymentsExchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency. Cheaper currency helps boost the export. If demand keep keep the same, the value of goods will reduce and the current account balance may deteriorate. If the exchange rate increase, the country’s goods might suffer and demand from abroad could decrease.If the demand keep the same volume, the value of exports will rise and the current account balance should be improved. For example, China allowed the yuan to rise 21% against the dollar in the three years to July 2008, but since then it has more or less kept the rate fixed. As a result, the yuan’s trade weighted value has been dragged down by the sickly dollar, while some other currencies have soared. Since March the Brazilian real and the South Korean won have gain 42% and 36% respectively against the yuan, seriously eroding those countries’ competitiveness.When currency appreciation, it benefit for overseas investment and capital outflows. On the contrary, currency devalue, it will influence overseas investment and benefit for foreign capital inflows.10.0 The advantages and disadvantages about floatingexchange rate and single currencyIn terms of advantages about floating exchange rate, first is expected to provide an automatic correcting mechanism, it will help country adjust the function of balance of payments.Second is the exchange rate will not become a target because whichever way it moves, the mechanism should start to operate quickly to restore equilibrium.Third is if a country imports more than it exports then the supply of its currency will exceed demand for it and its price will fall. Exports will become cheaper and imports dearer, restoring equilibrium.In terms of disadvantages about floating exchange rate, it adds uncertainty. Price may fluctuate in very short time scales. Purchasers have to watch two things. The price of the goods and the price of the currency. They may buy the goods at one price but when the deal is concluded find that they have to pay more for the currency than they envisaged.Second is demand may be unstable because external prices of domestic goods will be subject to change. Planning production may be difficult.Third is if there is inflation a floating exchange rate will not always deal with it effectively because the depreciation of the currency in the foreign exchange markets will make imports dearer and assist possible cost push inflationIn terms of advantages about single currency, first is can reduce costs, firms and individuals do not have to pay as they move themselves or goods or services from one EU country to another.Second is it can reduce exchange rate uncertainty, like the UK pound will be at the same rate for all Euro members.Third is increased foreign investment, direct inward investment should be attracted because of the reduction of uncertainty.In terms of disadvantages about single currency, first is loss of independent monetary policy like scope for fiscal policy adjustments is restricted by need to stay within 3% of GDP.Second is misalignment of exchange rates, an exchange and interest rate which benefits most members may not benefit all.Third is regional differences, different place have different custom, there may affect firms which be persuaded to move to more prosperous areas.11.0 Explain the influence of floating exchange rate and fixed exchange rate on economic individualAs for the individual, floating exchange rate change will influence individual, like raise the floating exchange rate that mean is native currency devalue, so it will influence people take more money in the foreign countries like travel or study in foreign countries.Second, floating exchange rate is difficult for long term trade and contracts like people speculation on foreign exchange is difficult for long term trade because people have no idea about tomorrow the exchange will be increase or decrease.Third is fixed exchange rate can avoid inflation, so people can avoid currency devaluation by the fixed exchange rate.As for the business, floating exchange rate will influence business,too. For example, decrease the floating exchange rate will make native currency appreciation, so it will impact business export, business will decrease export and increase import. And it will decrease business profit from foreign area.On the contrary, if rise the floating exchange rate, it will attract foreign investor and promote business export.Fixed exchange rates can reduce the risk of exchange rate fluctuations that business can avoid affect revenue and increase profit.12.0 Explain the two characteristics of NIC or LDCSomalia is one of the LDCs. Somalia has a large proportion of the inhabitants live in the countryside with subsistence agriculture, living in a family with many children and working on a small piece of land with much too little funds to purchase adequate agricultural machinery, fertilisers or pesticides. Somalia has a poor infrastructure is very likely to hinder the revitalisation of economy in Somalia. So their trade capacity is bad, too.In Somalia,unemployment is usually very high with very little industry because most people work on their own small plots of land. And high unemployment rate influence national gross domestic product,so Somalia’s GDP always low.13.0 Analysis NIC and LDC face the main economic problemsZimbabwe is belong to LDC, and Zimbabwe inflation rates are generally much higher, Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation at very beginning of the 21st century. And this country is caught in a various circle of poverty. It stay poor because it is poor, low per capitalincomes make it difficult for Zimbabwe to save and invest, a condition that perpetuates low productivity and low incomes and government gain low tax that influence Zimbabwe build infrastructure like education, medicine, military. Furthermore, rapid popular growth may quickly absorb increases in per capital real income and thereby destroy the possibility of breaking out of the poverty circle.Chinese firms might well be very critical. They have been very successful in moving their resources around the world to where they get the best return. As wage and salaries and other begin to rise in the China, with increasing labor costs, rising inflation and a manufacturer of consumer goods. Rising costs are forcing companies, such as Nike, to take a closer look at new sourcing locations across Asia.14.0 Analysis the economic impact of multinational companies to NIC or LDCAdidas company set some branch companies in the Thailand. In terms of advantages, Adidas company can being high technology, management experience to the Thai, it can let them improve their own quality. And Adidas company can supply many job opportunities that can improve Thailand employment rate and then, government can gain more tax to build some infrastructural like invest education system, medicine and military and so on.In terms of disadvantages, Adidas will use sources which from Thailand and make some pollution in Thailand. The most worst thing is Adidas basic on high technology and reputation will beat some Thailand’s firms that will make these firms have to lose down.III. ConclusionAfter analyzing these 14 elements, you may have a clear acknowledge of theinternational trade, balance of payment, LDCs and so on, It will help you to realize the world economy.IV. Reference(1)/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/positive-exte rnality/(2)/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/negative-exte rnality/(3)/terms/i/imperfect_competition.asp(4)/od/termsbeginningwithm/g/monopsony.htm(5)/financial-dictionary/economics/oligopoly-104(6)/oligopoly-examples.html。
经济实验报告格式范文(3篇)
第1篇一、实验背景与目的1. 实验背景随着经济的不断发展，市场行为、资源配置、政策调控等经济现象越来越复杂。
为了更好地理解这些现象，经济实验作为一种模拟真实经济环境的方法，被广泛应用于经济学教学和研究中。
本实验旨在通过模拟市场交易过程，探讨价格机制、供需关系以及市场效率等问题。
2. 实验目的（1）验证价格机制在资源配置中的作用。
（2）分析供需关系对市场价格和数量变动的影响。
（3）探讨市场效率与市场失灵现象。
二、实验方法与过程1. 实验方法本实验采用模拟市场交易的方法，通过计算机软件进行模拟实验。
实验中，参与者扮演不同的角色，如买家、卖家、市场管理者等，通过模拟交易过程来观察和分析经济现象。
2. 实验过程（1）实验准备：设置实验场景，包括市场类型、商品种类、初始价格、初始库存等参数。
（2）实验实施：参与者根据自身角色进行市场交易，包括报价、出价、议价、成交等环节。
（3）数据收集：记录每次交易的成交价格、成交量、市场剩余库存等数据。
（4）数据分析：对收集到的数据进行统计分析，包括计算平均价格、价格波动、供需弹性等指标。
三、实验结果与分析1. 实验结果（1）价格机制在资源配置中起到了重要作用。
随着交易次数的增加，市场价格逐渐趋于稳定，反映了市场供需关系。
（2）供需关系对市场价格和数量变动有显著影响。
在供给不变的情况下，需求增加导致价格上涨；在需求不变的情况下，供给增加导致价格下降。
（3）市场效率与市场失灵现象并存。
在竞争充分的市场中，价格能够及时反映市场供需变化，实现资源有效配置；而在垄断或信息不对称的市场中，价格可能无法准确反映市场真实情况，导致资源浪费或市场失灵。
2. 实验分析（1）价格机制的有效性：实验结果表明，在竞争市场中，价格能够及时反映市场供需变化，实现资源有效配置。
这验证了价格机制在资源配置中的重要作用。
（2）供需关系的影响：实验中，供需关系对市场价格和数量变动的影响与经济学理论相符，进一步证实了供需关系的基本原理。
HND项目专业课程设置一览表
HND项目专业课程设置一览表中文名称学分英文名称Busin ess Law: An In troducti on 商法导论 1Bus in ess Con tractual商务契约关系 1 Relati on shipsBus in ess Acco un ti ng 商务会计 2Economic Issues: Anintroduction 经济学导论 1Man agi ng People and人力和组织管理 2 Orga ni sati onsCommuni cati on: An alys ing andPrese nting Complex 商务沟通技巧 1Communi cati onIntern ati onal Market ing: An国际营销导论 1 in troducti onIn ternati on al Market ing: The Mix 国际市场组合 1in formati on and Communi cati on商务信息与通讯技术 2 Tech no logy in Bus in essBus in ess Culture and Strategy 商务文化与策略 2Global Trade and Bus in ess:记分单元1 1 Graded Unit 11Econo mics 1: Micro and Macro经济学I :微观与宏观理论及其应用 经济学U :世界经济 1 财政预算 1 国际惯例 1 出口援助资源 1 出口 2 财务报表分析 2 国际物流2 国际商业组织2Theory and Applicati onEcono mics 2: The World Economy Prepari ng Finan cial Forecasts Intern ati onal In stituti ons Sources of Export Assista nee Export ingFinancial Reporting and Analysis Intern ati onal LogisticsGlobal Bus in ess Orga ni sati onsGlobal Trade and Bus in ess:记分单元2 2Graded un it 21国际理财Finan cial Services课程设置英文名称Busin ess Acco untingBusin ess Law: An In troducti onCommuni cati on: An alys ing andPrese nting Complex Communi cati onCreati ng a Culture of CustomerCareEcono mic Issues: AnIn troducti onFinan cial Sector: AnIn troducti onIn formati on Tech no logy: Applicati ons Software 1 Man agi ng People and Orga ni sati onsMarket ing: An In troducti on中文名称学分商务会计 2 商法导论 1商务沟通技巧 1 客户服务文化构建 1 经济学导论 1 金融业导论 1信息技术应用软件1 I人力和组织管理 2 市场学导论1Personal Finan cial Services 个人理财服务保险原理 1记分单元1 1经济学U :世界经1济国际贸易融资2 金融服务业规范 1所得税1信息技术应用软件1n投资学 2 养老金规划 2 个人和商业信贷 2 财政预算1记分单元2 1记分单元31Prin ciples of In sura nee Finan cial Services: Group AwardGraded Unit 1Econo mics 2: The World EconomyFinancing Intern ati onal Trade Finan cial Services Regulatory Framework In come TaxIn formati on Tech no logy: Applicati ons Software 2 In vestme nt Pension Provisi onPersonal and Commercial Lending Prepari ng Finan cial Forecasts Finan cial Services: Group Award Graded Unit 2Finan cial Services: Group AwardGraded Un it 3。
经济学专业毕业实习报告(精选5篇)
经济学专业毕业实习报告〔精选5篇〕篇一：经济学专业毕业实习报告精选一、实习目的：初步认识社会，进一步理解货代以及物流运输组织与管理的相关知识，做到学以致用，把从学校学到的理论知识与实际工作中的理论贯穿起来，从社会理论中，逐步完善自我、开展自我，最终完全融入现实生活当中，做一名言出必行、知识与才能兼备的合格大学生。
二、实习时间：20xx年x月x日至20xx年x月x号三、实习工作岗位：开单员四、实习单位情况简介：xx公司作为专业的供给链效劳商，成立于___年，公司拥有一支三百余人的人才队伍，聚集了一批在现代供给链管理及物流运作方面的专业人才,平均年龄x岁。
xx物流立足于市场，在剧烈的市场竞争中经受住重重考验;秉承“志高致远，鸿达信诚”的经营理念，聚集中西文化，汲取先进的物流管理经历，本着以人为本，秉承诚信，持续改善的宗旨，以精湛的x区域专线营运为平台，打造全方位的第三方物流效劳，其优势在于对整个供给链上的各个环节进展方案、协调、控制和优化，通过采购-运输-仓储-配送-销售-售后效劳这样一个完好的流程，采用将顾客所需的正确的产品、在正确的时间、按照正确的数量、正确的质量和正确的状态送到正确的地点的运作形式，以帮助客户减少资金占用、加快资金周转、降低库存程度、削减物流本钱、迅速响应市场需求等目的，从而最终实现——最大程度地为客户创造价值!公司对不同的客户，针对客户的产品性质、运输间隔、搬运要求、通过“量体裁衣”，变被动效劳为主动效劳，不断进步物流运作的可靠性和客户满意度。
x人正是以这种认真、执着、进取、拼搏的精神成为世界五百强等众多著名企业的战略合作伙伴。
展望将来，我们将以良好的精神相貌，崭新的工作姿态大胆探究，勇于理论，迎接将来新挑战，打造物流行业新航母。
多年来与我公司有业务往来的商贾朋友已普及世界各地，在与他们的各项物流合作中，我们专业的水准，优质的效劳深得其信赖，获得了良好的信誉，赢得了客户的口碑。
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Content1.0 two characteristics of oligopoly (1)2.0 chart interpretation (2)3.0 another market structure and suggest two characteristics of this market structure (3)4.0 Price and output strategy .............................. 错误!未定义书签。
5.0 Roles of Profit in a Market Economy (3)6.0 Analyses two alternatives to profit maximization as a goal of the firm.. ............ 错误!未定义书签。
7.0 Influences of different cost (5)1.0 two characteristics of oligopolyThe production and sale of a commodity from the market, few companies controlled by several major market structure.Features:(1) interdependence is the basic characteristic of oligopoly markets with independent features, but their actions affect each other and interdependent. This oligopoly firms can reach a total of a variety of ways cooperation can sign an agreement to secretlyunderstanding. A few firms account for a large market share so that these companies have very strong monopoly power.(2) The basic factors is the existence of these industries obvious economies of scale of economies of scale make large-scale production has a great advantage.high profits will attract more companies to enter the industry and profits to the company to finance rge companies growing, small companies can not survive the final formation of a small number of highly competitive business situation.2.0 chart interpretation1. Markets on the same price as the price is quite a long time, rigid, demand and cost changes, prices are unchanged.2. In this regard, Sweezy has been identified from a price starting oligopolistic market Illustrated with a kinked demandcurve3.As long as the MC curve and the MR curve intersects the MR curve discrete part of the profit maximizing production and sales and prices are unchanged.4.Because prices during this period is relatively stable, the performance of the adhesive.Abduction of the model used to analyze the folding of the demand curve oligopoly.The reasons for the formation of this demand curve:1.the company to raise prices, and the other a monopoly firms in the industry kept unchanged, the company was forced to reduce sales .2 If the company cut prices, other manufacturers will follow price cuts in order to avoid losing their market The manufacturers can lower prices to increase sales of small.3.0 another market structure and suggest two characteristics of this market structure.I would choose the monopoly. There is only one seller on the market, it controls all of the industry supply.In the monopoly market, vendors and the industry completely overlap the two concepts, the industry's only company is a monopoly company, and this represents a monopoly industry vendors.Monopoly vendor products do not substitute very similar to a monopolist control because all the supply, and the product has a permanent feature, so the price of monopoly is the decision makers who .Price Discrimination: A monopolist can change the product’s price and quality. He sells more quantities products but charges less prices to against the products in a highly elastic market and sells less quantities that charging high price in a less elastic market.Single seller: In a monopoly market, there is one seller of the good who products the entire output.the firm and the industry are synonymous.4.0 Price and output strategyThis diagram shows that company makes the price and output strategy in competitive market.●In the short run MC curve is supply curve of a enterprise in competitive marketthat slopes upwards. When price (MR) is higher then MC, the enterprises itsoutput, vice versa.●In the long run, supply curve is a horizontal one due to free entry and exit in theindustry.●In the long run, lowest point of ATC curve is tangent on MR.●If the point is higher than MR, company loses money●If the point is lower than MR, there is economic profit in there, moreenterprises come in this industry, MR will be lower.5.0 Roles of Profit in a Market EconomyPrinciple of profit maximization: To market signals is to increase profits, market to other producers.When existing firms are earning huge profits, this signal can be profitable at both ends of the project, in order to protect its long-term market position. Virgin moblie have more customers will bring more profits Market Entry: Great profit if the company had many other companies to enter this industry, there are many new enterprises to enter the market.Efforts to increase industry competition, newtechnologies and new products to increase speed becomes faster.richardbransan trade to the correct way of making trade after three years he turned a profit. Make it more companies entering this business, so to get more profits6.0 Analyses two alternatives to profit maximization as a goal of the firm.6.0.1 SatisfyingMaximising behaviour may be replaced by satisfying - I.e. setting minimum acceptable levels of achievement. The domestic and international Equity and Bond markets may play an important role in monitoring the performance of managers in a company - when companies are under-performing set against the performance of other businesses in a market, there may be downward pressure on the share price, raising the threat of a contested takeover bid by a rival firm. A firm may be under pressure to reduce prices to consumers if it has made large profits and may choose to do this in order to stop an investigation by the Competition Commission or to improve its image with customers.Alternatively, the firm may reward workers with higher wages in order to stop industrial action.6.0.2 Sales Revenue MaximisationThis objective was initially developed by the work of Bauman (1959). Bauman’s research focused on the behaviour of manager-controlled businesses - where the day-to-day decisions taken by managers are divorced from the shareholders (the owners of the business). Bauman argued that annual salaries and other perks might be more closely correlated with total sales revenue rather than bottom line profits. An alternative view was put forward by Williamson (1963), who built a model based on the concept of managerial satisfaction (utility). This can be enhanced by success in raising sales revenue.Total revenue is maximised when marginal revenue = zero. The shareholders of a business may introduce a constraint on the price and output decisions of managers -this is known as constrained sales revenue maximisation. They may introduce a minimum profit constraint designed to underpin the market valuation of their shares and maintain a dividend .6.0.3 Limit PricingFirms may adopt predatory pricing policies by lowering prices to a level that would force any new firms entering the industry to operate at a loss. This would allow firms to sustain a monopoly position in a market.7.0 Influences of different costTotal Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable CostIn the short term, fixed cost shows steady, the total variable cost (TVC) was increase as the company expands its production. The Total cost (TC) is quite parallel to the TVC curve because of the total fixed cost (TFC) is steady. TC equals to TVC add TFC, and consider that the TFC is steady in short term the TC will be rocket with the TVC rise.Average cost and Marginal cost of u-shaped curve: When diminishing returns●Output Q1 the marginal cost curve starts to rise. Average total cost continues tofall until output Q2 where the rise in average variable cost equates with the fall in average fixed cost.●Output Q2 is the lowest point of the ATC curve for this business in the short run.This is known as the output of productive efficiency.。