DreamHigh韩国国家文化分析报告

四川大学锦城学院韩国国家文化分析报告韩国国家文化分析报告小组名称：Dream High团队成员：李亚婕 120520111罗陈晨 120520110苏爱迪 120520127唐巧 120520129梁静 120520227刘章红 120520223贺汝娜 120520235完成时间：2014年6月4日四川大学锦城学院韩国国家文化分析报告目录1.国家简介 (1)1.1地理 (1)1.2人口 (1)1.3经济 (1)1.3.1能源 (2)1.3.2制造业 (2)1.3.3金融 (2)1.4文化 (2)1.4.1起源发展 (2)1.4.2文学文化 (3)1.4.3国文化 (3)1.国旗 (3)2.国徽 (3)3.国花 (4)1.4.4服饰文化 (4)1.4.5社交文化 (5)1.4.6饮食文化 (5)2、国家文化维度分析 (5)The 6-Dimensions about South Korea (6)Indulgence (9)COUNTRY COMPARISON (9)3、案例简介 (12)3.1案例引入 (12)3.2案例分析：三星成功原因的分析 (13)4．跨文化管理建议 (13)4.1树立正确的跨文化观念 (13)4.1.1要承认公司内部文化差异的存在 (13)1.深入的理解文化差异 (13)2.辩证的看待文化差异 (14)3.对全体员工进行跨文化管理 (14)4.2使用人力资源法建立跨国企业文化沟通机制 (14)4.2.1建立正式的沟通渠道 (14)四川大学锦城学院韩国国家文化分析报告4.2.2建立非正式的沟通渠道 (14)4.2.3实行本地化战略 (15)4.3利用7s模型建立跨国企业的文化整合 (15)4.4进行跨文化培训和开发 (16)4.4.1外派人员培训 (16)4.4.2本地人员培训 (16)4.5用本地化来代替等级化 (16)4.6用跨文化人力资源法来解决文化冲突 (17)5.展望 (17)四川大学锦城学院韩国国家文化分析报告1.国家简介韩国（Korea），全称大韩民国（韩语：대한민국），又称南韩、南朝鲜。

成立于1948年8月15日，国名来源于古代朝鲜半岛南部的三韩部落（辰韩、马韩、弁韩），英文名Korea源于古名“高丽”。

首都为首尔（汉城），人口超过5000万，以韩民族为主体民族。

1.1地理图1：韩国地理位置图韩国位于东北亚朝鲜半岛南部，三面环海，西濒临黄海，与胶东半岛隔海相望，东南是朝鲜海峡，东边是日本海，北面隔着三八线非军事区与朝鲜相邻，领土面积占朝鲜半岛总面积的4/9。

1.2人口韩国总人口5008.7万（2010年1月底），主要民族为韩民族（或称：朝鲜族），属黄色人种东亚类型，占全国总人口的99%，是一个单一民族的国家。

1.3经济韩国是20国集团成员之一的世界主要经济体，是拥有完善市场经济制度的经合组织发达国家。

韩国是亚洲四小龙之一，也是未来11国中唯一一个发达国家。

韩国经济是市场经济模式，截至2005年韩国的资讯科技产业多年来一直执业界之牛耳，除高速互联网服务闻名世界外，内存、液晶显示器及等离子显示屏等平面显示装置和移动电话都在世界市场中具领导地位。

韩国是个外向型经济，国际贸易在韩国GDP占有很大的比重，是世界第7大出口国和第7大进口国。

1.3.1能源韩国是能源消费大国，占世界能源消费的2.1%，居第八位。

由于能源资源匮乏，韩国97%的能源消费依赖进口。

韩国是世界第二大液化天然气进口国和第二大煤炭进口国,韩国石油消费居世界第七位。

韩国很重视核能的发展，是世界第五大核电生产国。

1.3.2制造业钢铁工业是韩国主导型产业之一，在过去的半个世纪中，为韩国经济的腾飞做出了巨大贡献。

韩国目前是世界第5大钢铁制造国，人均钢铁消费量居世界第一位。

1.3.3金融韩国交易所（简称KRX）是韩国唯一的证券交易所，总部设在韩国釜山广域市。

韩国交易所的证券期货及其它衍生产品交易量位居世界首位。

2010年，韩国交易所衍生产品合约交易量为37.52亿手，占全世界交易量的16.8%。

据世界交易所联盟2008年的统计，韩国创业板市场KOSDAQ的成交量及换手率仅次于美国纳斯达克，其上市公司总市值位居世界第四。

1.4文化朝鲜战争后朝鲜半岛的南北对峙导致了南北韩现代文化的差异，但双方传统文化却一脉相承。

韩国文化由韩国传统文化衍生而来，1948年朝鲜半岛南北对峙以来，南北韩的现代文化出现不同的发展。

韩国现代文化是韩国现代化的产物。

随着韩国经济和社会的发展，韩国人的衣食住行等生活方式也发生了变化，从而构筑了现代韩国文化。

韩国文化在亚洲和世界的流行被称为韩流。

1.4.1起源发展韩国人民早期的兴起和发展并不划一，然而总的说来有一个特点，即同中国人之间的积极接触以及有时候也发生的斗争。

从韩国人民形成以种植稻米为中心的农业社会开始，他们的文化逐渐与中国的文化成为一体。

韩国制造了铁工具和铁武器。

在政治、经济、哲学和文化这几个方面，韩国的发展也受到中国的强大影响。

1.4.2文学文化韩国在文学艺术等方面都有自己的特色。

韩国的美术主要包括绘画、书法、版画、工艺、装饰等，即继承了民族传统，又吸收了外国美术的特长。

其中假面具又称“假面舞”，为韩国文化象征，在韩国传统戏剧中占有极为重要的地位。

韩国的文化受中国影响十分明显，早在唐朝时期，朝鲜半岛的新罗国就专门派人到中国学习中国的文化以及治国的策略，甚至有些东西直接照搬照抄地拿回去，中国的文化对新罗国影响十分久远，新罗也因为吸收了中国的文化而强大起来因此统一了朝鲜半岛。

1.4.3国文化1.国旗最早的李氏朝鲜韩国旗是一面不折不扣的白底黑色图案的太极八卦旗。

后来，一名英国驻朝鲜的使节用西国方美学的角度为这面太极八卦旗做了修改，去掉了八卦中的四卦，把剩下的四卦斜向对称拉伸，使整个国旗图案呈长方形，把阴阳鱼图案改为红蓝两色，这样才有了我们看到的韩国太极旗。

图2：韩国国旗2.国徽国徽公布于1970年7月。

国徽中央为一朵盛开的木槿花。

木槿花的底色白色象征着和平与纯洁，黄色象征着繁荣与昌盛。

花朵的中央被一幅红蓝阴阳图代替，它不仅是韩国文化的一个传统象征，而且在此代表着国家行政与大自然规律的和谐。

一条白色饰带环绕着木槿花，饰带上缝着国名“大韩民国”四字。

图3：韩国国徽3.国花木槿花是韩国的国花。

花开时节，木槿树枝会生出许多花苞，一朵花凋落后，其它的花苞会连续不断地开，开得春意盎然，春光灿烂。

因此，韩国人也叫它“无穷花”。

图4：韩国国花1.4.4服饰文化韩服是从古代演变到现代的韩民族的传统服装。

韩服的线条兼具曲线与直线之美，尤其是女式韩服的短上衣和长裙上薄下厚，端庄闲雅。

大部分国民是以习惯穿着洋装西服，但是在春节秋夕（中秋节）等节庆日，或行婚礼时，仍有许多人喜爱穿传统的民族服装。

女性的韩服是短上衣搭配优雅的长裙；男性则是短褂搭配长裤，而以细飘带缚住宽大的裤脚。

1.4.5社交文化韩国人崇尚儒教，尊重长老，长者进屋时大家都要起立。

和长者谈话时要摘去墨镜，早晨起床和饭后都要向父母问安；父母外出回来，子女都要迎接。

吃饭时应先为老人或长辈盛饭上菜，老人动筷后，其他人才能吃。

韩国人见面时的传统礼节是鞠躬，晚辈、下级走路时遇到长辈或上级，应鞠躬、问候，站在一旁，让其先行，以示敬意。

男人之间见面打招呼互相鞠躬并握手，握手时或用双手，或用左手，并只限于点一次头。

鞠躬礼节一般在生意人中不使用。

和韩国官员打交道一般可以握手或是轻轻点一下头。

女人一般不与人握手。

1.4.6饮食文化韩国的饮食以清淡为主，都知道韩国的泡菜很有名，是韩国人顿顿离不了的菜。

除了泡菜，韩国人还离不开辣酱。

韩国比较出名的饮食有烤肉，拌饭，年糕，鱼糕，煎饼，冷面，参鸡汤，炸酱面，血肠等。

据说韩国餐饮受古代皇宫生活方式的影响，比较注重形式，讲究餐具。

给人印象最深的是不锈钢筷子和带盖的小碗。

筷子比中国的木筷短一点，拿在手上，沉甸甸的，上面刻着精美的各色花纹图案。

2、国家文化维度分析Six Hofstede’s Dimensions of South Korea图5:韩国国家文化维度柱状分布图The 6-Dimensions about South KoreaIf we explore South Korean culture through the lens of the 6-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of South Korean culture relative to other world cultures.Power distanceThis dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributedunequally.At an intermediate score of 60, South Korea is a slightly hierarchical society. This means that people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. Hierarchy in an organization is seen as reflecting inherent inequalities, centralization is popular, subordinates expect to be told what to do and the ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat.IndividualismThe fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether people´s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “We”. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchan ge for loyalty.South Korea, with a score of 18 is considered a collectivistic society. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member 'group', be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group. In collectivist societies offence leads to shame and loss of face, employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms (like a family link), hiring and promotion decisions take account of the employee’s in-group, management is the management of groups.MasculinityA high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour.A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best(masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).South Korea scores 39 on this dimension and is thus considered a feminine society. In feminine countries the focus is on “working in order to live”, managers strive for consensus, people value equality, solidarity and quality in their working lives. Conflicts are resolved by compromise and negotiation. Incentives such as free time and flexibility are favoured. Focus is on well-being, status is not shown. An effective manager is a supportive one, and decision making is achieved through involvement.Uncertainty avoidanceThe dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score.At 85 South Korea is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries in the world. Countries exhibiting high uncertainty avoidance maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas. In these cultures there is an emotional need for rules (even if the rules never seem to work) time is money, people have an inner urge to be busy and work hard, precision and punctuality are the norm, innovation may be resisted, security is an important element in individual motivation.Long Term OrientationThis dimension describes how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritise these two existential goals differently. Normative societies who score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future.At 100, South Korea scores as one of the most pragmatic, long-term oriented societies. Notion of the one and only almighty God is not familiar to South Koreans. People live their lives guided by virtues and practical good examples. In corporate South Korea, you see long term orientation in the, higher own capital rate, priority to steady growth of market share rather than to a quarterly profit, and so on. They all serve the durability of the companies. The idea behind it is that the companies are not here to make money every quarter for the share holders, but to serve the stake holders and society at large for many generations to come.IndulgenceOne challenge that confronts humanity, now and in the past, is the degree to which little childr en are socialized. Without socialization we do not become “human”. This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. Relatively weak control is called “indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “restraint”. Cultures can, therefore, be described as indulgent or restrained.With a low score of 29, South Korean society is shown to be one of restraint. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies, restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong.COUNTRY COMPARISON图6:韩国国家维度对比图From the comparison chart we can see that the difference among South Korea, China and United States is that South Korea`s score of the Power Distance. which is higher than United States but lower than China. That means South Korea is a slightly hierarchical society that people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and needs no further justification. If we considered the Organizational structure as a pyramid, then most of pyramids in South Korea are steep.Also, South Korea has a similar score with China in aspects of Individualism and Indulgence. Speaking of Individualism, with a pretty low score, people in South Korea usually prefer to pay attention to the interests of the whole group and expect people to obey collective interests when the personal interests and interests of collective conflict.Compared with the last two aspects we mentioned above, the scores of Korea Uncertainty Avoidance and Long Term Orientation are more noteworthy. With the highest score among these three countries, the highly uncertainty avoidance maintains some kind of rigid codes of belief and behavior, the unorthodox behavior and ideas are not tolerated relatively. And the high score in Long Term Orientation shows thatthe way Korea people live their lives is guided by traditional virtues and practical good examples of society.However, South Korea has the lowest score at Individualism and Masculinity, Which means that the dominant value of this society is caring, caring for each other, caring for the life quality of themselves. People live and work in a collaborative and friendly atmosphere; they also pay attention to the stability of employment and the mass amount of decision-making. Etc.图7:韩国文化分析维度对比图Compared to the UK and south Africa, these are two countries belong respectively to Europe and Africa ,we can see that the South Korea has a higher score in Power Distance、Uncertainty Avoidance and Long Term Orientation than United Kingdom and South Africa. But has a lower score in Individualism、Masculinity and Indulgence. This further proved that South Korea is a slightly hierarchical society with rigid codes on belief and behavior, unorthodox behaviors and ideas are intolerant by society.In general, the 6-Dimensions model of South Korea shows its high score in Power Distance、Uncertainty Avoidance and Long Term Orientation but low in Individualism、Masculinity and Indulgence. Very close to other Asian countries with slightly difference.3、案例简介三星集团成立于1938年,是韩国最大的企业集团。