听写短文
Changing Rate of Employment
West Germany had one of the lowest rates of unemployment back in 1980. It stood at just 3%. But then over the next three years it rose quite sharply and steadily. In 1982 it was nearly 6%, and in 1983 it was the same as France. 1984 saw a slight increase, and 1985 a slight fall. The 1985 figure was 8%, in between France and the United States. The United States has had ups and downs, or rather, it’s the only country to show a significant drop in the number of unemployed. This is d ue to high interest rates, which haven’t helped the rest of the world. In 1980 the rate was about the same as France and Great Britain, slightly higher than France, actually, at about 7%. This rose to 7.5% in 1981, and then peaked the following year at over 9%.
Creativity
Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. That a person is highly intelligent does not mean he uses it creatively. Creativity is the matter of using the resources one has to produce original ideas that are good for something. There are things that parents can do at home to encourage creativity. They can involve children in decision-making if the problem is appropriate, asking the child for suggestions. Parents can help their children to understand the consequences of various decisions. Parents should also encourage their children to talk out loud about things they are doing, thinking and language skills are closely related. Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills. It is important to give children choices. As children grow older, parents should let their children make more serious decisions, but not automatically help them too much if they make the wrong decision. This may be confusing for the child, but that is all right. This is because one of the most important traits of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion.。
四级短文听写填词篇
四级短文听写的长度一般在200到250词之间，包括8个单词填空和3个句子填空。
全文朗读三遍。
第一遍朗读时，中间没有停顿，供考生听懂全文内容；第二遍朗读时，单词空格中间没有停顿，句子空格大约有60秒的停顿时间，要求考生把听到的内容填入空格；第三遍朗读与第一遍一样，中间没有停顿，供考生核对所填内容。
Lecture 1第一讲5招扫清填词障碍从某种意义上说，短文听写实际上也是一种完形填空。
我们可以利用完形填空技巧，根据空格前后的语法结构、近义或反义复现等卷面材料所提供的已知信息来预测空格处的未知信息，从而提高答题的针对性，减少盲目性。
第一招：利用句子的语法结构根据句子的主谓搭配、动宾搭配、修饰关系以及虚拟、倒装等语法结构关系，判断所缺单词充当的成分，从而推测出所填词的词性及形式（名词单复数或动词的时态、语态等）。
【例1】（11 6 42，43）Albert Einstein (42)this in 1905, when he (43) the concept of relative time as part of his Special Theory of Relativity.【解析】分析句子结构可知，空格(42)以及空格(43)所在分句均缺少谓语动词，(42)题答案为predicted，意为“预测”。
(43)题答案为introduced，意为“引进，介绍”。
第二招：利用语义连贯根据上下文中的关键词与空格前后词语在语义上的连贯，推断所填词可能的含义。
【例2】(08 12 39)Crime rates have always been high in multicultural, industrialized societies such as the United States, but a new (37) has appeared on the world (38) —rapidly rising crime rates in nations that previously reported few (39) .【解析】空格（39）前的形容词few表明此处应填复数名词。
听写原则及注意事项
听写原则及注意事项：●导致句子意思完全相反的错误扣1分：⏹要特别注意语句的肯定及否定表达式，注意单词的上下文逻辑是否通顺（例：把cure误听为 kill）;⏹导致语句不通的错误扣一分；特别注意不要因为拼写不出单词而随意空格。
●严重扭曲语句意义的错误扣0.5分：⏹动词形态错误、语句中的语法错误；⏹严重影响句子意义的名词单复数及单词拼写错误；⏹动词短语中的介词、副词●其余小错误扣0.25分：⏹冠词，单词拼写错误，名词单复数，大小写，标点符号等。
另外，某单词如果多次出现，且拼写错误相同，仅扣第一次。
该规则可合理利用：⏹只要照抄第一个出现的单词即可，不必画蛇添足。
总之，听写过程中要听仔细，尽量避免被扣重分。
听写步骤要点：听写短文共读4 遍，具体操作如下：●第一遍时要认真听，不要忙于写，听时要注意：⏹听清动词的时态、语态（注意弱读的’have’—would have）；⏹捕捉自己在拼写方面把握不大的单词，对此有所思想准备，以便用拼写规则来写，切忌空格；⏹注意句子的开始点和结尾。
在实际听写的第二和第三遍时仅根据短语是分辨不出该用大小写或句、逗号的。
●第二、三遍按照所朗读的短语或短句作听写。
●第四遍时要注意：⏹是否有漏词⏹句子的起始和结尾。
正确使用标点符号和大小写。
●复查阶段要注意：⏹定语从句的限制性或非限制性，一个逗号等于0.5分的得失；⏹上下文的逻辑关系，着重注意冒号和破折号的使用（误用大小写加上标点错误导致0.5分被扣）。
最后：听写行文要整洁，最忌字迹潦草，拼写模糊，导致无谓失分。
-----李卫东Self check:192.168.0.6/listen/check_write参考１：专业四级考试听力的应对方法发布日期：[2004-12-3 11:18:25]来源：武汉外研所听写，顾名思义，既听又写，它渗透在各种形式的语言活动中，是最常用到的基本功之一。
听写测试要求考生把听到的内容准确无误地以笔头的形式表达出来，虽无需考生自己遣词造句，但由于牵涉到语言（听力﹑单词拼写﹑篇章结构等）与非语言能力（如记忆力﹑速记等）也决非易事。
passage1-10(短文听写及答案)(可编辑修改word版)
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded in N.Y. It has been (1) published since September 18, 1851. It has won 112 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other news organization. Its web site is America’s most popular news site, receiving more than 30 million unique visitors per month.Following industry trends, its weekday circulation (2) fewer than one million daily since 1990. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The Times is long regarded within the industry as a (3) “newspapers of record”. The company’s chairman is Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., whose family has (4)the paper since 1896.The paper’s motto, “All the News That’s Fit to Print”, appears in the (5) left-hand corner of the front page. Its web site has (6) it to “All the News That’s Fit to Click”.It is (7) sections: News, Opinions, Business, Arts, Science, Sports, Style, Home, and Features. The New York Times stayed with the eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six, and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography.In 1896, Adolph Ochs bought the New York Times, a money-losing newspaper, and formed the New York Times Company. The Ochs Sulzberger family, one of the United States’ newspaper dynasties, has owned The New York Times ever since Turner Catledge, the top editor at The New York Times for almost two (8) , wanted to hide the ownership influence. Arthur Sulzberger routinely wrote memos to his editor, (9) , instructions, complaints, and orders. When Catledge would receive these memos he would erase the publisher’s(10)before passing them to his subordinates.Some of the arguments against bike share are just confusing. I don’t know how to (1) the argument that we don’t need bike share because everyone who wants to bike already owns a bike. That’s like saying that we don’t need restaurants because everybody has a (2) . I don’t know what to do with the argument that bike share stations take up valuable space on a public street. You know what is also taking up valuable space on a public street? Your car. My car.Now there are things I don’t love about bike share. I’m not (3) about the idea of more people riding bikes with no helmets, which is probably because a few times I (4) a bike at high speed, hitting my head and cracking my helmet. Walking away with a cracked bike helmet makes you a very (5) fan of bike helmets.And I also think cyclists need to (6) . More than ever I am not going to lie: my first 10 years in New York City I probably stopped at four red lights. These days, however, you come to intersections and you find a half-dozen people stopped at a red light. That kind of peer (7) is both strange and unbelievable. I think cyclists need to think of themselves as part of a bigger (8) picture. But I think this is working. I think the more people that are on bikes, the safer streets become for everyone, and statistics (9) — risk of serious injury (10) for both cyclists and walkers.Women are half the world’s population. But they can face (1) to economic independence and security. Today we hear about a program aimed at (2) low cost loans to women in India. We also examine the Roman Catholic (3)about efforts to permit church women. But first, we learn about women peacekeepers in the Middle East.Along the border of Israel and Lebanon, female peacekeeping troops are active in the United Nations force that guards the area. Avi Arditti tells us more. The captain is a medical (4) and one of about 30 women who live on this French base of 700 peacekeepers. They help to keep the border secure and (5) the Lebanese government. Captain Annie, French soldiers don’t use their last names, says she does not (6) herself a ‘female’ peacekeeper, but a member of the UN force. But she says being a woman does sometimes help.United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNIFIL) has a peacekeeping force of more than 11,000 troops in southern Lebanon. They come from 37 countries. In recent years, the United Nations has begun expanding women (7) . Women in UNIFIL serve on both the common man and military forces, form helping with military planning to teaching French to Lebanese school children. Male and female peacekeepers live together, work together and play sports together. Force commander Eric of the French corps says women help to bring security to an insecure area. In southern Lebanon, many people (8) about the roles of the sexes. But, UNIFIL’s female peacekeepers say they (9) with the local community — men and women (10) .Until the nineteen sixties, black people in many parts of the United States did not have the same civil rights as white people. Laws in the American South kept the two (1) separate. These laws forced black people to (2) separate schools, and sit in separate areas on a bus. One day an old black woman got on a city bus. The law (3) black people seated in one area of the bus to give up their seats to white people. The woman refused to do this and was (4) .This act of peaceful disobedience started (5) in Montgomery that led to legal changes in (6) rights in the United States. The woman who started it was Rosa Parks. She worked (7) clothes from the nineteen thirties until 1955. Then she became a (8) for millions of African-Americans.In much of the American South in the 1950s, the first rows of seats were for white people only. Black people sat in the back of the bus. However, black people sitting in that part (9) leave their seats if a white person wanted it.Rosa Parks and three other black people were seated in the middle area of the bus when a white person got on the bus and wanted a seat. The bus driver (10) that all four black people get out of their seats so the white person would not have to sit next to any of them. The three other blacks got up, but Missus Parks refused. She was arrested.Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts. Both his parents were writers of plays. His father died when he was twelve years old. His mother kept the family together by (1) a theater company. Cecil joined the company as an actor. He continued working in his mother’s theater company as an actor and a manager until 1913.That year, he joined Jesse L. Lasky and Samuel Goldfish to (2) the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company. Goldfish later changed his name to Samuel Goldwyn. The three men started making motion pictures (3) . They were (4) interested in its creative and financial possibilities. DeMille, Lasky and Goldfish began working on a movie (5) of the popular American western play “Squaw Man”.DeMille (6) that the movie be made in the real American West. He chose Flagstaff, Arizona. DeMille and the company traveled to Flagstaff by train. When they arrived, DeMille thought the area looked too modern. They were in a quiet little town in southern California. The town was called Hollywood. DeMille decided this was the (7) place to film the movie.“Squaw Man” was one of the first (8) produced in Hollywood. It was released in 1913 and was (9) . DeMille is considered the man who helped Hollywood become the center of the motion picture business. He quickly became a creative force in the new movie industry. Cecil was among the very few filmmakers in Hollywood whose name appeared above the title of his movie. His name was more important to movie-goers than the names of the stars and his movies were known to be big (10) .In the beginning of the twentieth century, women like Isadora Duncan and Ruth Saint Denis wanted to create a new form of dance. Duncan and Saint Denis felt (1) by ballet.Martha Graham was one of the most famous dancers and creators of dance, called choreographers( 编舞者). She brought modern dance to a new level of (2) in American culture. She created a new language of movement that expressed powerful emotions. She started traditions that are still used in modern dance today. They include expressive movements of the body to tell a (3)story, special music, lighting, stage design and (4) .Martha Graham was born in the small town of Allegheny, Pennsylvania in 1894. After Martha turned fourteen years old, her family moved to Santa Barbara, California. While (5) the Midwest, Martha enjoyed the wide, open spaces of nature. She also enjoyed the beautiful flowers and plants in California. The free, expressive movements of modern dance were (6)the beauty of nature Graham observed.Earlier in her life, however, Martha did not know that she would become a dancer. Her father was a doctor and her family was very (7) . They were members of (8) and did not accept dance as an art (9) .Still, in 1910, Martha’s father took her to see a dance (10)by Ruth Saint Denis, one of the first modern dancers in America. Martha was sixteen and she decided then that she wanted to become a dancer.Are manners dead? Cell phones and social networking may be killing off the traditional politeness and good (1) ,but a new generation of etiquette( 礼节) experts is rising to make old-fashioned manners (2) to a new generation. Their goal: to help young people (3) troublesome, tech-age minefields, like invites on social networking sites and online dating, not to mention actual face-to-face (4) with people.Perhaps the fastest growing area of social advice is what’s been termed “netiquette”. There are online (5) on using emotions in business e-mails, being careful when posting on social networks and re-posting too many micro blog messages.Young people “are (6) the irony and rudeness that is so popular in their online lives”, said Jane Pratt, editor in chief of XoJane, a women’s lifestyle web site. “The return of etiquette is in part a response to the harshness of the interactions they are having in the digital sphere.” The social puzzlement seems to be (7) . Are you required to respond to party invitations on Sina Weibo? Is it rude to listen to your iPod while (8) with someone else?When Daniel Post Senning, the great grandson of Emily Post, a well-known etiquette writer in the US, was working on the 18th edition of Emily Post’s Eti quette, he found it impossible to cover technology in (9) . Instead, he (10) an entire book to it, Emily Post’s Manners in a Digital World: Living Well Online.It’s called “Shanghai’s 3rd Annual Love and Marriage Expo”. But the (1) at this vast gathering for single Chinese men and women was (2)unromantic. More than 18,000 people preregistered for the weekend event, (3) in an expanding shopping complex specializing in home and office (4) .The crowds were met by billboards (5) thousands of single men and women — one list in pink and the other in blue. Within minutes of the doors opening on a rainy Saturday morning, visitors hurried to study the lists and take in (6) information about potential candidates — age, height, education, annual income and their registered hometown, also known as hukou.Some people took notes, while others took photos of single entries with their cell phones. In one hall more than a hundred men and women in their twenties and thirties sat (7) each other at tables decorated with red and yellow tablecloths, the beautiful tones of a Norah Jones love song (8)from loudspeakers. “Welcome everybody to our 8-minute (9) ,” announced the master of ceremonies eventually. When the eight minutes was up, each dater was instructed to move on.” Male guests please move two seats to your left,” boomed the announcer. For some (10) , this was the first time they had ever been on a date. “It’s useful … it’s just like research,” said Yixin Bai, a 20-year- old man home for the summer holidays from a university in Canada.Mom always told us we’d go blind if we read in the dark. Does science (1) ? Jim Sheedy, a doctor of vision science and director of the Vision Performance Institute at Oregon’s Pacific University, sets his sights on the (2) . Turns out, our parents were wrong. “There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark,” Dr. Sheedy says. That is not to say that page- turning during the night won’t lead to discomfort or (3) .The lack of light will cause the pupils( 瞳孔) get wilder and opener, (4)a smaller depth of field — the distance between the nearest and(5) object that the eye considers to be in focus. Dr. Sheedy says the added effort to change focus and the effort to change the angle of the lines of sight between the two eyes will (6) make your eyes feel tired and your body spent.But, of course, that’s often the object of reading (7) . Dr. Sheedy says he (8) his students that there isn’t enough evidence to argue that what you do with your eyes leads to nearsightedness. No link to long-term damage has ever been conclusively (9) , says Dr. Sheedy. It’s an old tale, a (10) used by moms to get kids to go to sleep when they wanted them to, he says.Children’s Day is recognized on various days in many places around the world, to honor children globally. It was first (1) by the World Conference for the Well-being of Children in 1925 and then established universally in 1954 to protect children working long hours (2) and allow all children access to an education. The UN General Assembly recommended that all countries should establish a Universal Children’s Day on an (3) “” day.International Day for Protection of Children, (4) in many countries as Children’s Day on June 1 since 1950, was established by the Women’s International Democratic Federation on its (5) in Moscow (22 Novemberthe former Soviet Union’s “peace 1949) and was (6)propaganda” policy.In the West, the whole country celebrates with cards, presents, special foods, parades, and other activities. Although schools (7) open, children do not attend class and (8) homework. Students (9) in a wide variety of activities to strengthen loyalty to their country, have fun, and take part in, and join youth organizations such as the Communist Youth League. Children’s Day is a time of celebration for Chinese youngsters. The occasion is marked by the Children’s Day Celebration honoring (10) students and by numerous parent-children activities sponsored by government and civic organizations. Thus, the day not only lets the kids become king for a day, but also helps to strengthen the bond between parents and their children.短文听写答案（1-10 篇）Passage 1(1) continuously (2) has dropped to (3) national(4) controlled (5) upper (6) adapted(7) organized into (8) decades (9) each containing suggestions (10) identityPassage 2(1) handle (2) kitchen (3) crazy(4) have fallen off (5) loyal (6) behave themselves(7) pressure (8) transportation (9) bear that out(10) declinesPassage 3(1) barriers (2) providing (3) debate(4) specialist (5) assist (6) consider(8) hold conservative ideas (9) get along well(7) in greater numbers(10) alikePassage 4(1) races (2) attend (3) required(4) put in prison (5) protests (6) minority(7) sewing (8) representative of freedom (9) were expected to (10) demanded(1) establishing (2) form (3) without delay(4) deeply (5) version (6) urged(7) perfect (8) full-length works (9) an immediate success (10) productionsPassage 6(1) restricted (2) popularity (3) dramatic(4) costumes (5) traveling across (6) clearly influenced by (7) religious (8) the upper class (9) form(10) performancePassage 7(1) graces (2) relevant (3) handle(4) contact (5) guidelines (6) getting sick of (7) endless (8) sharing a ride (9) a single chapter (10) devotedPassage 8(1) atmosphere (2) decidedly (3) located(4) furniture (5) posting lists of (6) vital(7) facing (8) spilling out (9) speed-dating event (10) participantsPassage 9(1) back her up (2) truth (3) fatigue(4) resulting in (5) farthest (6) likely(7) under the cover (8) assures (9) shown(10) method(1) proclaimed (2) in dangerous circumstances (3) appropriate (4) observed (5) congress (6) strongly bound to(8) are free of (9) participate (7) remain(10) model。
2023年英语短文听写速记技巧(精选3篇)整理
2023年英语短文听写速记技巧(精选3篇)整理英语短文听写速记技巧(精选3篇)平常我们考生应学习一些常用的英语速记方法，英语听写的速度和效果很大程度上取决于考生是否能够娴熟地进行速记。
下面我给大家共享英语短文听写速记技巧，盼望能够关心大家!英语短文听写速记技巧精选篇1长短句原则工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。
而且假如我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature，I eat; as a man，I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!剧烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采纳先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。
否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!信任各位读过一些破烂文学，有意把主体隐蔽在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位肯定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!特殊提示：隐蔽主体句可是要冒险的!To begin with，you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句)。
Without sufficient preparation，you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，假如使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，假如老师们看到你的文章太简洁，看不到一个自己不熟悉的短语，必定会看你低一等。
TEM-4 听写
小 错 误
冠词、单复数错误
shells — shell with a solution — with the solution with fortune hunters — with the fortune hunters 90 percent — 90 percents
小 错 误
Minor Mistakes
小 错 误
not seriously misspelled words that still make sense
标点符号、大小写的错误
when — When To solve this problem, the — To solve this problem the….（逗号漏写） 逗号漏写） World War I — world war one to the normal — To the normal , and then adopted — And then adopted
下列情况不扣分
一 些 特 例 的 扣 分 标 准
World War I — World War One Then army officers — , then army officers fortune-hunter — fortune hunter race-car — race car 90 percent. And — 90%, and 或 90% and
运用期待语法的作用。 运用期待语法的作用。听之前，根据题目展开联想，调集大脑 中储藏的相关信息，同时仔细理解第一句，因为首句常是主题 句，后边的句子围绕它进一步展开，这样，可以适当缩小范围， 便于更快的入戏。 听写是一项综合性的语言技能，包含了诸如听、 单词量、 听写是一项综合性的语言技能，包含了诸如听、写、单词量、 语法结构、篇章理解、记忆力等各方面， 因此，提高听写， 语法结构、篇章理解、记忆力等各方面， 因此，提高听写， 关键就是加强各种相关知识和技能的训练。 关键就是加强各种相关知识和技能的训练。这也就牵扯到平时 对各门功课的学习。如提高听力水平，熟悉英美国家的说话发 音的不同方式，语音语调，这是必要条件。但同时，如何把接 收到的信息转化为自己的并产出，则要求其它的能力的配合， 如对词汇的掌握及熟练程度，词语搭配，运用语法知识，有时 即使没听出来，也可补写出来。如单复数、时态等；还可利用 逻辑推理能力，因为所听材料都是有意义的独立成文的，所以， 检查中如发现不合逻辑思维的句子，可以肯定所写有误，进而 更正。
英语专四听力理解-短文听写
Develop shorthand skills
To capture more information during the dictation, students should develop shorthand skills. This will help them记录更多细节 without missing out on important information.
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Analysis of the types of dictation questions in short texts
这种类型的题目通常会提供一篇短文，其中一些单词或短语被删除或替换为占位符。考生需要根据上下文和自己的听力理解，填写适当的单词或短语。
填空题
填空题的答案通常是一个或多个单词，需要考生准确填写。
English major four listening comprehension - short
Introduction to Short Dictation Short article dictation skills Analysis of the types of dictation questions in short texts Short article dictation preparation strategy Common problems and solutions in short text dictation Case Analysis of Short Dictation
Prioritize important information
Students should prioritize the important information during the dictation and focus on capturing the main idea and key details. They can use different colors or symbols to highlight important information in their notes.
TEM-4短文听写方法与策略研究
听写要求的是考生要把 听到 的内容准确无误地以书面的 形 式 表 达 出来 。按 照 Ｔ Ｅ Ｍ－ ４短 文 听 写 的 评 分细 则 ， 听写 总 共 由ｌ ５ 个小节组成， 每节 １ 分。 错误 分为小错误和大错误两类 。 大错误出现一次 ， 扣０ ． ５ 分 。小错误在一节 中出现一次， 留作 总计 ， 累计 ２ —４ 个扣 ０ ． ５分， 累计 ５ —８ 个扣 １ 分： 出现两次， 扣０ ． ５ 分； 出现三次则扣 ０ ， ５分后 留作总计； 出现四次， 那么该 小节的 １ 分全部扣完。
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（ ２ ） 标点符号与大小写错误 小错误中的大小写、 标 点符号错误通常与断句错误相关， 断句则涉及到意群的划分。短文分为 １ ５ 个意群， 每个意群 的 结束对应 的就是录音 中的停顿 ， 意群有长有短， 既有可能是单 句， 也有可能是分句或短语。若简单地将意群等同于句子， 那 么在标点符号的使用上就会 出现错误 。 其实， 英文中的标点符 号虽多， 也各有其使用规则 ， 但分析历年的 Ｔ Ｅ Ｍ－ ４听写真题， 发现 最常 考 的还 是逗 号与 句 号 ， 其 次 是 问号 ， ２ ０ ０ ０ 年到 ２ ０ １ ０ 年 的考试中， 问号在 ２ ０ ０ ８ 年和 ２ ０ １ ０年的听写中分别出现两次 ， 另外 ， ２ ０ ０ ３年出现一处破折号 ， ２ ０ ０ ９年考查 了两处分号 。 （ ３ ） 时态 、 冠词、 单复数 、 主谓不一致的错误 这些错误都是语法层面的。 训练 中容易忽视的时态问题 ， 也是影响得分的部分 ， 比如， 一个小小的 ｂ ｅ 动词， 如果不加注 意， 出现时态误用 ， 那么也是按大错误来扣分的。 此外 ， 其它的错误虽然都按小错扣分， 但 由于英文中使用 频率高， 所 以从 量 上 看 ， 也是不能忽视的。 （ ４ ） 出 错 原 因分 析 面对上述错误， 究其原因， 主要来 自以下几个方面： ａ ． 单词拼写能力减退。 电脑的过度使用， 在一定程度上导 致 手 写练 习缺 乏 。 ｂ ． 短 时记 忆 能 力 不足 。 ｃ ． 语 法 知识 运 用 能 力 不 佳 。 ｄ ． 背景知识缺乏， 导致对主题 内容不熟。 ３ Ｔ Ｅ Ｍ． ４听 写应 试 策 略 （ １ ） 避 免 上 述 错 误 的对 策 ａ ． 听力能力的提高并不完全依赖于听， 也需要读、 写等综 合技 能的提高。 ｂ ． 记忆 单词 时要加强熟练度和搭配知识的学习。 （ ２ ） 充分利用语法 知识来弥补没听到 的内容。 （ ３ ） Ｊ Ｊ Ｈ 强积极预测和逻辑推理的能力 ， 迅速进入主题。 （ ４ ） 合理 安 排 听 写 步骤 第一步， 结 合 标题 ， 大胆 预测 ； 第二步， 听 第 一遍 ， 主 要 把 握结构和大意；第三步 ， 听第二 、 三遍 ， 灵活运用速记技巧， 根 据 意 群 问 的停 顿 准确 记 录 所 听 到 的 内容 ：第 四步 ， 第 四遍 ， 查 漏补缺， 认真检查语法和拼写。 ４结 语 听写是很多学生特 别关注却容易丢分的项 目，其分数 的 提高不仅仅有赖于大量 的练 习，也需要 找对方法进行有效的 训练 。 在练习中要避免走入用 电脑打字代替手写、 听写题材过 于单一、 听后不核对答案 、 不分析错误等误 区。
dictation_专四听写技巧总结
近音词
lead-lid, deed-did, peek-pick fool-full, pool-pull cart-cut, heart-hut mass-mess, bad-bed, dad-dead fight-fat, bike-back, lack-like veil-whale, vest-west, vet-wet sign-shine, sigh-shy, same-shame course-cause,fuss-fuzz,house-house,loose-lose worth-worse,path-pass,think-sink thin-thing, sin-sing, ban-bang, right in-writing lace-race, collect-correct, light-right need-lead, night-light,nine-line
字母o的读音
bottle popular odd shop box crop hot polish spot ....
美音中/t/ 出现在两个元音之间且处于非重 读位置的时候，发音近似/d/
letter matter city better pretty waitor winter chapter ...
发生音变，称作音的同化现象。 常见的同化变音有四个 [t]+[j] not yet last year [d]+[j] did you could you and you [z]+[j] because you seize you [s]+[j] suit issue
(完整word版)短文听写填空练习20篇及答案
短文听写填空练习20篇Exercise 1Complaining about faulty goods or bad services is never easy。
But if something you have broughtis faulty or does not do what was (1） ____________ for it, you are not asking for a（2）___________to get it put right。
Complaints should be made to a (3) ___________ person。
Go back to the shop where you bought the goods， taking with you any （4） ____________ you may have. In a small store the (5)____________may also be the owner so you can complain directly 。
In a chain store, ask the manager.If you telephone， ask the name of the person who （6） ____________ your enquiry, （7) ___________ you may never find out who dealt with the complaint later。
If you do not want to do it in (8)_____________， write a letter. Stick to the facts and keep a（9）_____________of what you write.At this stage you should give any receipt numbers， but you should not need to give receipt or other papers to (10) ___________ you bought the articleExercise 2It is impossible to say that any one man invented the automobile。
英语专业四级短文听写50篇文本
英语专业四级听写50篇文本（Oct. 22, 2011）Passage 1 Professor BumbleProfessor Bumble is not only absent-minded but short-sighted as well. His mind is always busy with learned thoughts and he seldom notices what is going on around him.On a fine day recently, he went for a walk in the countryside. But as always, he read the book as he walked. He hadn't gone far when he ran into a large cow and fell down. He had lost his spectacles in the fall, and he thought he had stumbled over a fat lady. "I beg your pardon, madam," he said politely before searching for his glasses. As soon as he had put the glasses on，he realized his mistake.Soon he was concentrating on his book again and paying no attention to anything else. He had scarcely been walking for five minutes when he fell over again, losing both his book and his glasses. This time he became very angry. Seizing his umbrellas, he struck the "cow" in anger. Then, after finding his glasses, he realized with horror that he had made a second mistake. A large fat woman was running away from him in terror. （187 words）Passage 2 TeamworkTeamwork is just as important in science as it is on the playing field or in the gym. Scientific investigations are almost always carried out by teams of people working together. Ideas are shared, experiments are designed, data are analyzed, and results are evaluated and shared with other investigators. Group work is necessary, and is usually more productive than working alone.Several times throughout the year you may be asked to work with one or more of your classmates. Whatever the task your group is assigned, a few rules need to be followed to ensure a productive and successful experience.What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyone's ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution. Secondly, it makes a job easier to divide the group task among all group members. Thirdly, always work together, take turns, andencourage each other by listening, clarifying, and trusting one another. Mutual support and trust often make a great difference.（166 words）Passage 3 Mistakes Are Good TeachersAfter the birth of my second child，I got a job at a restaurant. Having worked with an experienced waitress for a few days，I was allowed to wait on tables on my own. When Saturday night came，I was luckily given the tables not far from the kitchen. However，I still felt a little hard to carry the heavy trays. So I moved slowly, minding every step. I remembered how happy I was when I saw a tray standing next to the tables. It looked different from the one I was trained on，and it had nice handles which made it easier to move around. I was pleased with everything and began to believe I was natural at this job. Then, an old man came to me and said that was his wife's walker. I stood frozen as ice，but my face was on fire. Since then, I have learned to be more careful and not to be too sure of myself. (164 words)Passage 4 Time Has the Power to Change AttitudeLast week, my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home.My earliest memories of my father are of a tall, handsome, successful man devoted to his work and family but uncomfortable with his children. As a child, I loved him； as a school girl and young adult, I feared him and felt bitter about him.On the first day of my visit, we did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my son's funny facial expressions. Gone was my father's critical air and strict rules. Who was this person I knew as my father who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？The next day, my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood. Although our times together became easier over the years, I never felt closer to him until that moment. After so many years, I'm at last seeing another side of my father. (162 words)Passage 5 Experiences SpeakThere are many different ways of seeing a town for the first time. One of them is to walk around it, guidebook in hand. Of course, we may study with our guidebooks the history and special developments of a town and get to know them. But then, if we take our time and stay in a townfor a while, we may get to know it better. When we look at it as a whole, we begin to have some questions, which even the best guidebooks do not answer. Why is the town just like this, this shape, this plan, and this sizeHere even the best guidebooks fail us. We can’t find in it the information about how a town has developed to the present appearance. However, we may get some idea of what it used to look like by walking around the town. A personal visit to a town may help us better understand why it is attractive than just reading about it in a guidebook. (167 words)Passage 6 Representatives of Civilization: Pottery Ancient people made clay pottery because they needed it for their survival. They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. Pottery was so important to early cultures that scientists now study it to learn more about ancient civilizations. The more advanced the pottery in terms of decoration, materials, glazes and manufacture, the more advanced the culture itself.The artisan who makes pottery in North America today utilizes his or her skill and imagination to create items that are beautiful as well as functional, transforming something ordinary into something special and unique.The potter uses one of the Earth's most basic materials, clay. Clay can be found almost anywhere. Good pottery clay must be free from all small stones and other hard materials that would make the potting process difficult.The most important tools potters use are their own hands; however, they also use wire loop tools, wooden modeling tools, plain wire, and sponges. (162 words)Passage 7 Words Can Make a DifferenceOn August 26，1999, New York City was struck by a terrible rainstorm during the morning rush hour that caused the streets to flood. Many people who were going to work were forced to go home. Some battled to call a taxi, get a bus or walk miles to get to work.I soon discovered most of the subway lines had stopped service. I finally found an operating line, but there were so many people that I could not initially get to the platform. Finally, I got to my office, wet through, and exhausted.After an unenjoyable day, Garth, my Director, sent an e-mail to everyone:Thanks to everyone who reported to work. It is always reassuring when employees show their devotion to their jobs, Thank you.”Garth's email was short, but welcomed. It made me realize that even when times are tough, a few kind words can make a big difference. (151 words)Passage 8 Fairy TalesTales of the supernatural are common in all parts of Britain. In particular, there was a belief in fairies. Not all of these fairies are the friendly, people-loving sprites that appear in Disney films. In some folktales, they are cruel and cause much human suffering. This is true in the tales about the Changeling. These tell the story of a mother whose baby grows sick and pale and is changed so much that it is almost unrecognizable to the parents. It was then feared that the fairies had come and stolen the baby away and replaced the human baby with a fairy Changeling. In those cases, there was often a way to get the real baby back. You could place the Changeling on the fire--then it would rise up the chimney, you would hear the sound of fairies' laughter and soon after, you would find your own child safe and sound nearby. (153 words)Passage 9 Self-imageSelf-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the wa y you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.It might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can’t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those, you will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. (161 words)Passage 10 ShopaholicsThe word addiction usually makes you think of alcohol or drugs, but in modern day society we are seeing some new kinds of addictions. Some people are compulsive shoppers. Others find it impossible to pull themselves away from their work. Still others spend countless hours watching TV or playing computer games.Over the years, shopping has become a very common activity. Many people enjoy going to malls or stores more and more every day, but it's more than a common hobby for some of them. They have turned into shopaholics. They are people who simply enjoy shopping and walking around spending money without being able to stop doing it. They are hooked on shopping and usually buy things that they don't need. Even though they don't have enough money, they want to buy everything they want.Why do they have this addiction There isn't a specific answer. Some people go shopping when they are sad, worried, upset or lonely. Some even tend to have this addiction when they feel guilty. (167 words)Passage 11 Time ManagementTime is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.By taking control of how you spend your time, you’ll increase your chances of becoming a more successful student. Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you’ll have to spend on your outside interests.The aim of time management is not to schedule every moment so we become slaves of a timetable that governs every waking moment of the day. Inside, the aim is to make informed choices as to how we use our time. (153 words)Passage 12 Charity ShopsThe charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you won’t find in the shops any more. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the pockets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods.Most of the people working in the charity shops are volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public.The shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than ￡110 million a year, funding medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and disabled people, and much more. (153 words)Passage 13 Passive LearningWe can achieve knowledge either actively or achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning. We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, it’s not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers.Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor.That’s what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story. Then, too, most people listen imperfectly. And many enjoy adding their own creative touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping it with their own personal style. Yet those who hear it think they know. (168 words)Passage 14 Different "Styles" of DirectionsI travel a lot, and I find out different “styles” of directions every time I ask “How can I get to th e post office”In Japan, people use landmarks in their directions instead of street names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, " Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop."In the countryside of the American Midwest, instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. For example, people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measure distance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post office” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “it’s about five minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it” They don’t know. (155 words)Passage 15 RainforestsRainforests are the lungs of the planet – storing large quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world’s oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for guaranteeing their own survival. The tall trees make a cover of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, dry heat and strong winds.Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is a deliberate method to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects.They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can produce 75% of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal – and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. (165 words)Passage 16 Juana Lopez’s InventionOne day, Juana Lopez had an idea for a dish washing machine that worked without using water. She went to see several dishwasher manufacturers about producing the machine, but none of them were interested. Juana found investors to back her idea and founded her own production company. She spent millions of dollars on developing her own dishwasher and it was launched three years later. From then on, sales were very good, better even than Juana had hoped. But Global Domestic, one of the companies that she had been to, made its own waterless dishwasher. Juana obtained one and found that it used the technical ideas she had developed. She had obtained legal protection for legal process. Global Domestic was forced to stop making its competing dishwasher and to pay Juana several million dollars. Now Juana’s waterless dishwasher has 40% of the worldwide dishwasher market and this is increasing every year. (164 words)Passage 17 Rising Sea LevelLatest research predicts that the global sea level is expected to rise 9 to 88 centimeters by 2100, with a “best estimate” of 50 centimeters. This is due to global warming which is causing the ice caps to melt.This great rise of close to one meter would threaten huge areas of low-lying coastal land as well as major cities such as London, New York and Tokyo.In many places, 50 centimeters would see entire beaches being washed away. On low-lying Pacific islands, the highest point is only two or three meters above the current sea level. If the sea level was to rise by 50 centimeters, big parts of these islands would disappear under the water.Even if they remain above the sea, many island nations will have their supplies of drinking water reduced because sea water will pollute their freshwater.There are also tens of millions of people living in low-level coastal areas of southern Asia, such as the coastlines of Pakistan and India, who would be in danger. (172 words) Passage 18 What Is a FatherA father is a person who is forced to endure childbirth without an anesthetic. He growls when he feels good, and laughs very loud when he is scared half-to-death.A father never feels entirely worthy of the worship in a child's eyes. He is never quite the hero his daughter thinks. Never quite the man his son believes him to be, and this worries him sometimes.A father is a person who goes to war sometimes and would run the other way except that war is part of his only important job in his life, which is making the world better for his child than it has been for him.I don't know where father goes when he dies, but I've an idea that, after a good rest, wherever it is, he won't just sit on a cloud and wait for the girl he's loved and the children she bore. He'll be busy there too, repairing the stars, oiling the gates, improving the streets, smoothing the way. (173 words)Passage 19 Little Boy's Big IdeaThe Intellectual Property Owners Association(IPO) is running a project to encourage young inventors. Samuel Houghton, a five-year-old boy has become the youngest Briton to hold a patent after watching his father struggling in the garden. Samuel developed a garden tool after watching his father Mark use two brushes to sweep up leaves outside their house. His father used a largebrush to gather leaves and small branches, and then got a small brush to pick up what was left. Samuel came up with the idea for a labor-saving tool, which has been patented and named the Improved Broom.It is a simple idea that combines two ordinary brooms with different-sized bristles and brush-heads to enable different-sized dirt to be swept up more efficiently. “The small one gets the first bits and the one at the back gets those left behind, Samuel explains.The IPO says that Samuel is its youngest known patent holder. (154 words)Passage 20Cultural DifferencesMeeting people from another culture can be difficult. Different cultures emphasize the importance of relationship building to a greater or lesser degree. For example, business in some countries is not possible until there is a relationship of trust. Even with people at work, it is necessary to spend a lot of time in "small talk", usually over a glass of tea, before they do any job.In many European countries—like the UK or France—people find it easier to build up a lasting working relationship at restaurants or cafes rather than at the office.Even within Northern Europe, cultural differences can cause serious problems. Certainly, English and German cultures share similar value; however, Germans prefer to get down to business more quickly. We think that they are rude. In fact, this is just because one culture starts discussions and makes decision more quickly. (146 words)Passage 21 StressStress is what you feel when you react to pressure, either from the outside world or from inside yourself. Stress is a normal reaction for people of all ages.Most people think that pressure is always a bad thing. In fact, a little bit of stress is good. Without stress, most of us couldn’t push ourselves to do well, especially in difficult things.People usually complain about feeling pressed for time when they are under certain pressure. It is true t hat you can’t always control the things that are stressing you out, but you can control how you react to them. The way you feel about things results from the way you think about things. If you change how you think, you can change the way you feel. Try the following tips to deal with your stress:Make a list of the things that are causing your stress.Give yourself an excuse.Don't promise to do things you can't do or don't want to do.Find someone to talk to. (170 words)Passage 22 Love Is a TelephoneLove is a telephone which is always silent when you are hoping for a call, but rings when you are not ready for it. As a result, we often miss the love coming from the other end.Love is a telephone which is seldom program-controlled or directly dialed. You cannot get an immediate answer with a simple “hello”, let alone go deep into your lover’s heart with one call. Usually it has to be relayed by an operator, and you have to wait patiently.Love is a telephone that is always busy. When you are ready to dial for love, you only find, to your disappointment, the line is already being used by someone else.Love is a telephone, but it is difficult to know when to dial. You will miss the opportunity if your call is either too early or too late. (143 words)Passage 23 JealousyThe experience of jealousy varies enormously from age to age, from culture to culture, from couple to couple, from person to person, and can be different within the same person from time to time. In the United States, there has been a change of attitude toward jealousy in recent years. “Normal” jealousy, which has been seen as an inevitable accompaniment of love and support of marriage, has come to be seen by some as evidence of personal insecurity and weakness in the relationship, and therefore a threat to the partnership.1111Most jealous flashes come from feeling left out of an activity involving your partner and another person or other people. When your partner pays attention to another, your first reaction is to note that they are “in” and you are “out”. You feel excluded, ignored, unappreciated.This kind of experience is not uncommon, and dealing with it gracefully is part of the etiquette of our time.(157 words)Passage 24 Differences Between Television and Radio AnnouncersWhen television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio announcers were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to adjust themselves to the new medium were technical. When working on radio, for example, they had become used to seeing on behalf of the listener. This art of seeing for others means that the announcer has to be very good at talking.In the case of television, however, the announcer sees everything with the viewer. His duty, therefore, is completely different. He is there to make sure that the viewer does not miss any point of interest, to help him focus on particular things, and to help him understand the images on the television screen. Unlike his radio colleague, he must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments when the pictures speak for themselves. (157 words)Passage 25 The African ElephantThe African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great importance to African ecosystem. As a big plant-eater, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna surroundings in which it lives, setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat.It is the elephant's great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbushes, and pulls branches off big trees.1212This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas.What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna, greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem. (159 words) Passage 26Operations on the BrainIt is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain. Without enough blood, the brain lives for only three to five minutes.Dr. White thinks doctors should try to make the brain very cold. If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes. This gives the doctors a longer time to do something for the brain.Dr. White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs. Then he operated on them. He made the monkeys' blood go through a machine which cooled the blood, and then sent the blood back to the monkeys' brains. When the brain temperature was 50 degrees, Dr. White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back on. He warmed the blood again. After their operations the monkeys were like they were before. They were healthy and busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them. (163 words)Passage 27 DepressionThe dictionary describes depression as the state of feeling very sad, anxious and hopeless. The question here is why one gets depressed. Is the inability to deal with the situation or the high stress levels that come with success or failureLife is full of twists and turns. Some are pleasant and some are not so pleasant, and sometimes even terrible.1313Seasonal changes are the main reason for depression in nature. Change is unavoidable. It may happen in nature or in life. But the way the change makes us feel is subjective. They differ from person to person, along with the ways we deal with them.Feeling depression is a normal phenomenon, but letting it overtake us completely is not the best thing. There are no specific rules or concepts in dealing with it. A person should adopt whatever way he or she feels is the best, but be sure it will not hurt another person. (157 words)Passage 28 White NoiseThere are different kinds of noise with distinct frequencies that are classified by color，namely: white noise, pink noise, brown noise, blue noise, and gray noise. Below is an overview of white noise.Generally speaking, white noise is a part of the full scale of sound frequencies a human ear can recognize. White noise is a mixture of sound frequencies in equal levels. It is a very quiet sound that is relaxing and pleasant to the ears of anyone. A number of people say that it is similar to the sound of the rain or the ocean waves.White noise offers countless benefits. The noise comes in different forms that serve different purposes. Some white noise works better than others for particular uses. Some people may find some white noise sounds more pleasing than others. Moreover, white noise is said to have a more calming effect than music does. (149 words)Passage 29 Cell PhonesNowadays, with the rapid development of IT and information industry, cell phones play a dominant role in people’s life. On the one hand, the mobile phone is portable and convenient. Being wireless, you can carry them everywhere with great ease. You can reach a person wherever and however far away he is. On the other hand, it is a friend indeed. Whenever you come across trouble, you can call for help immediately.1414However, just as every coin has two sides, the cell phone also has its many disadvantages. Some people complain that mobile phones give unpleasant noise on some important occasions when the owner forgets to turn them off. And it also cuts into people’s spare time, because with the mobile phone the boss can easily reach them and call them to duty during their spare time. Worst of all, the electromagnetic wave emitted from the phone is said to be harmful to people’s health and does often cause headaches to the owner. (163 words)Passage 30 Facing the Enemies WithinWe are not born with courage, but neither are we born with fear. Maybe some of your fears are brought on by your own experiences, by what someone has told you, by what you’ve read in the papers. Fears, even the most basic ones, can totally destroy your ambitions, fortunes, relationships, and even life.Another enemy we face is indecision. Indecision is the thief of opportunity and enterprise. It will steal your chances for a better future.The third enemy inside is doubt. Sure you can’t believe everything. But don’t let doubt take over you. It will destroy your life and your chances of success. It will empty both your bank account and your heart.Also, there are indifference, worry and overcaution that you should do battle with. Be courageous in your life and in your pursuit of the things you want and the person you want to become. (149 words)Passage 31 The Tower of LondonIn 1078, King William began to build a large stone building on the north bank of the Thames River and named it the Tower of London. The tower was finished 20 years later.Around 1240, King Henry III made it his home. He painted the tower white, and widened the grounds to include a church, a great hall and other buildings.In 1381, Richard II became King of England. A group of farmers attacked the tower. In the end, Richard was forced to give up his power to Henry IV.1515。