科技英语论文
专业英语科技论文写作
Structure arrangement and writing Structure
Title Authors and Address Abstract Key words Where do I start?
Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion & Conclusion
NDD----New drug discovery 新药发现 NDC----New drug candidate 候选药物 LC---Leading compound 先导化合物 HTS---High-throughput screening 高通量筛选 NCE---new chemical entities 新颖化学实体 Me-too 模仿类药物 IND---Investigational new drug 申请作为临床研究新药 NDA---New drug application 申请作为注册新药 CRF----Case report form 病例报告表 ICF----Informed consent form 知情同意书 IB-----Investigator’s Brochure 研究者手册 CRO---Contract research organization 合同研究组织 QC-----Quality control QA----- Quality assurance TCM----Traditional Chinese Medicine OTC----Over The Counter 非处方药
刊物的宗旨和范围； 各栏目论文的长度、章节的顺序安排, 等；
采取何种体例格式? 如: 页边距、纸张大小、参 考文献的体例、图表的准备、等； 履行何种形式的同行评议?
科技论文写作英语写作
Research Reports for Business and Technical WritingWayneLosanoA surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the ability to present research results clearly and completely, an individual will encounter many obstacles inschool and onthejob.The need for some research-writingability isfelt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities.Graduate study oftenmakes great demands onthe student's research-writingskills,and most professions continue the demand;education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data.ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPERThe standard researchreport,regardless of the field or the intended reader,contains four major sections. These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report.Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned.This sectionrequires a precise statement of the underlyingquestionwhichtheresearcher has set out to answer. In this same section there should be anexplanation of the significance - social, economic, medical, psychological, educational,etc.-of the question;inother words,why the investigationwas worth conducting. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question "What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thought to have significant relevance tothe healthof this segment of the'populationandmight leadtosomesort of regulations on such foods.A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researchers tothe questionunder considerationwithsome assessmentof the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness inthat it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based ona thoroughknowledge of what has beendone inthe fieldand, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.Procedures Section. The second major sectionof the researchreport details,with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes descriptionof any necessary equipment,how the subjects were selectedifsubjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigationof the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have todetail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, theexperience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the tests, andany other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule inthis sectionis to give all data relevant to the researchquestioninitially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppressany findings which do not in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly writtenand as complete as possible,just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research.Discussion Section . The final required section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawnfromthose results. Of primary interestinbusiness andtechnical researchreports is the validity of the results as the bases for company decisions: Will ourplanned construction project meet federal environmental guidelines and beapproved for building? Will this new program attract skilled personnel to our werethey validly obtained, arethey completeor limited, arethey applicableover awiderangeof circumstances? Thediscussion section should also point out what discussion section of theresearch report must evaluatetheresearch results fully:Thus, the company? Will this new oil recovery technique be financially feasible?questions remain unansweredandperhaps suggest directions for further research.STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTSResearch reports are considered formal professional communication. As such, thereis li t leemphasis ona lively style,although,of course,thereis noobjectiontowriting that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of professional communication are accuracy, clarity, and completeness. The rough draft of any researchreport shouldbe editedtoensure that all data is correctly presented,thatall equipmentis listed,thatall results areproperly detailed.As anaidtothereader,headings indicating at least the major sections of the report should be used, and all data should be presented under the proper headings. In addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the contents of each section, headings enhance the formal appearance and professional quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's credibility by reflecting a logical and methodical approach to the reporting process, and eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices between sections.Researchdata should be presented ina way that places proper emphasis onmajor aspects of the project.For different readers different aspects will take on different degrees of importance, and some consideration should be given to structuringresearchreports differently for different audiences.Management,forexample,will be most concerned withthe results of a researchproject,and thusthe results section should be emphasized, probably by presenting it immediately after the problemsection and before the procedures section.Other researcherswould be most interested in the procedures section, and this should be highlighted in writing up research projects for publication in professional journals or for presentation at professional conferences. For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be the most important consideration, and emphasis should be placed on the discussion of the report for this readership.For additional clarity and emphasis, major results should be presented in a visual format - tables, charts, graphs, diagrams - as well as in a verbal one.Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the presentation of technical data,the author of a researchreport shouldreview for basic grammaticaland mechanical accuracy. Short sentences are preferable to long in the presentation of complex information. Listings should be used to break up long passages of prose and to emphasize information.The research writer should try to use the simplest possible language without sacrificing the professional quality of the report. Although specialized terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided.A finishedre115searchreportshouldbe a readable anduseful documentprepared with the reader in mind.CONCLUSIONAlthough we struggle with research reports in high school, dread them in college, and are often burdened by them in our professional lives, learning to live comfortably withthemis a relatively easy task.A positive attitude(i.e.,one thatsees the oral or written presentation of research results as of equal importance to the data-gatheringprocess);anorderly approachwhichincludes prewriting(i.e.,before any actual researchis done,the researcher shouldtry togetdownonpaperas much about the subject under investigation as possible) and a formal research reportstructure as the framework for the investigation;anda reasonable approachto the actual writingprocess includingeditingfor accuracy and clarity,will helpone to produce effective research reports efficiently.。
英语科技类作文范文
英语科技类作文范文English:In the realm of technology, innovations have vastly improved our daily lives, changing the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and automation have led to more efficient and convenient ways of completing tasks. For instance, the rise of smart devices like smartphones and virtual assistants has made information accessible at our fingertips, enabling us to stay connected and informed. Moreover, technological breakthroughs in healthcare have revolutionized the medical field, from precision medicine to robotic surgeries, enhancing patient care and outcomes. In addition, the integration of technology in education has transformed traditional teaching methods, providing interactive learning experiences and personalized instruction for students. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology, the future holds endless possibilities for further innovation and progress.Translated content:在科技领域，创新大大改善了我们的日常生活，改变了我们与世界沟通、工作和互动的方式。
《科技小论文》初三英语作文
《科技小论文》初三英语作文When I was in primary school, I read a thought-provoking question in a science newspaper: "Which of the following items is most likely to explode at a gas station? 1. Cell phone 2. Nylon clothes." At that time, I chose the cell phone without hesitation because everyone warned that cell phones should not be used at gas stations. I didn't pay much attention to the nylon clothes, after all, it was just an ordinary piece of clothing and should not have much impact.It wasn't until one day when I was watching "Mythbusters" on TV that I realized that cell phones don't actually cause explosions. In the show, they first prepared a table covered with oil, then placed four cell phones on the table, and then the staff retreated about 50 meters away. The preparations for the first experiment were completed. Next, four staff members dialed their cell phones at the same time. Although the ringing of the phone could be clearly heard, there was no explosion at the scene. Some people may wonder whether the vibration or sound of the cell phone will cause an explosion? In fact, these will not cause an explosion. This is because the so-called sparks generated by incoming cell phone calls and then detonating the oil and gas dispersed in the air are only theoretical speculations. They are only possible under extremely harsh conditions, and are almost impossible in real life.However, if it was a nylon shirt, the situation might be different. Then, they conducted another experiment to prove that nylon shirts can cause explosions. First, they did the same thing and sprinkled oil all over the table.Next, they fixed one end of a long wire on the oily table, then pulled the wire about 90 meters away from the table and asked a staff member to wear a nylon shirt. In this way, the preparations for the second experiment were also completed. Next, the staff member held the wire with his left hand and rubbed the clothes up and down violently with his right hand. After rubbing for a while, he extended his right index finger to one end of the wire, and the current could be seen on the TV screen. After just one second, a violent explosion occurred on the other side of the table. The reason is that nylon shirts are chemical fiber products, and static electricity is easily generated by a little friction, so it is very dangerous to enter a gas station wearing nylon shirts.Through this experiment, I deeply realized the importance of scientific knowledge. We should maintain our curiosity and thirst for knowledge in science in our daily lives. Only through continuous learning and exploration can we better understand the world and protect ourselves. At the same time, we must also realize that some seemingly ordinary objects or behaviors may hide potential dangers. We should remain vigilant and comply with relevant safety regulations.In addition, this experiment also reminds us to maintain rational and critical thinking when facing various information. We should not easily believe certain statements just because of traditional concepts or personal experience, but should verify and judge them through scientific methods and evidence. Only in this way can we better distinguish the true from the false, avoid misunderstandings, and make wise decisions.In short, this experiment has benefited me a lot. It not only taught me about the safety of using mobile phones and nylon clothes at gas stations,but also made me understand the power and importance of science. I believe that as long as we continue to pursue knowledge and have the courage to explore, we will be able to better cope with various challenges in life and protect the safety of ourselves and others.。
科技英语作文
科技英语作文In the 21st century, technology has become an integral partof our daily lives, and its influence is particularlyprofound in the field of education. The advent of theinternet, smartphones, and various educational software has revolutionized the way we learn and teach.One of the most significant impacts of technology oneducation is the shift towards personalized learning. Withthe help of intelligent systems, educators can now tailortheir teaching methods to meet the individual needs of each student. This approach not only enhances the learning experience but also improves the overall effectiveness of education.Another key aspect is the accessibility of information. The internet has opened up a vast repository of knowledge that is available at the click of a button. Students can now research topics in depth, access scholarly articles, and even take online courses from prestigious institutions around the world.Moreover, technology has also facilitated collaborative learning. With tools like video conferencing andcollaborative platforms, students can work together on projects, share ideas, and learn from their peers, regardless of geographical boundaries.However, the integration of technology in education alsopresents challenges. There is a digital divide where not all students have equal access to technological resources. Additionally, the over-reliance on technology can sometimes lead to a decrease in critical thinking and problem-solving skills.In conclusion, technology has brought about significant changes in the education sector. It has the potential to enhance learning outcomes, but it is crucial to address the challenges it presents to ensure that all students can benefit from these advancements. As we move forward, it is essential for educators and policymakers to work together to harness the power of technology for the betterment of education.。
英语科技论文写作作业
《英语科技论文写作作业》Unbending Roll Alignment and the Related Strain forBillet/Bloom Casters方坯连续拉矫辊列设计及其矫直应变分析学院：专业：姓名：学号:原文：Abstract The unbending design is one of key technologies for highly efficient continuous casting. At present, the straightening processes have been developed from solid core unbending to the one with liquid core. The latter includes single-point straightening、multi-point straightening,V AI continuous straightening and CONCAST continuous straightening. Based on the principle analysis of the continuous unbending, A computerized code has been developed via Visual Basic according to the principal of continuous unbending casting. The related unbending roll alignments have been calculated and adopted in industry casters. The coordinates of the unbending roll 、the strain and the low value of the strain rate of the solid/liquid interface during the continuous straightening are obtained, which show an ideal results for the unbending processes and can be adopted as an useful tool for the computer aided design.Key words continuous straightening, multi-point straightening, billet/bloom, unbending strain译文：摘要铸坯矫直方式是高效连铸技术中关键技术之一。
生物 专业英语 科技英语 论文
1. Introduction
Epox ide hydrolases (EHs, EC3.3.2. x ) catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides to corresponding vicinal diols with the addition of a H2O molecule, without any cofactors and metal ions[1,2]. EHs have been found in various sources [ 3-6] and most of the EHs belong to the α/β hydrolase fold family[7,8]. Previous studies demonstrated that microbial EHs had a broad substrate specificity, high enantioselectivities, and reaction rates, which has received more attention due to its promising potential for the enantioselective resolution of racemic epoxides [3, 9-1]. Recently, the discovery and production of EHs in microorganisms allowed applying EHs to a large scale.
Characterization of a newly synthesized epoxide(环氧化 物) hydrolase and its application in racemic（消旋的） resolution of ( R ,S)-epichlorohydrin（表氯醇，环氧氯 丙烷）
英文科技论文写作(专业英语)
更新或改进；基础研究着重理论上的新见解，计算方法的另 辟新径
• 学术性
• 透过对所研究的客体外象的观测，分析探讨其内在本质，将感性认 识进行理论上的深化； • 切忌将一连串现象无分析归纳的无序堆砌，而将论文写成实验报告 或工作总结。
• 真实性
• 错误、虚假、失实将导致论文科学性和学术性的丧失，甚至可能涉 嫌有剽窃行为； • 不凭主观臆断和好恶随意舍取数据和素材，引证他人成果必须给出 出处，但只提取与文章密切相关的重要信息用以引证，
References
• 要按所投杂志规定的格式准确书写。
• 卷号、期数、页数、年份等一定要核对 无误。
一些常见的技术问题
• 不宜使用长句子及不常见的词汇。 • 主从复合句必须有从句也有主句。 • 正确使用名词的单复数
• 不及物动词不可用被动语态。如不可用：was appeared， was occurred等。 • 不宜使用省略式词汇。如：does’nt, should’nt 等。 • 在两个或数个并列成分的最后两个中间加and 连接。
Results and discussion
• 实验结果是整篇论文的基础，因此必须用明白、 流畅的语言陈述你所得到的结果。 • 要求
– 数据及图表的内容及含义交代清楚，有条理；
– 对数据及现象的归纳、演绎、解释、立论要有逻辑 性、自洽性。
– 语句要准确、流畅、多样化，不宜重复使用相同的 句型和词汇。
Author(s),Affiliation(s)andaddress(es)
• 姓氏和名字要弄清楚，以免发生以名代姓。
– Ji-HongZhu或JihongZhu
• 单位和地址信息准确清楚，使读者能按所列信息 顺利地与作者联系。
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南京航空航天大学EST论文题目科技英语翻译之增补法科技英语翻译之增补法摘要增补是科技英语翻译中为确保译文的规范、明确、地道而经常使用的方法。
在翻译科技英语文献时，经常会遇到照字面直译无法保证汉语译文的通顺、明晰，有时就需要增添补充必要的词语。
通常按照目标与的行文表达习惯，采取“增补”、“重复”、“一词多译”的方式。
关键词：增添、重复、一词多译AbstractSupplement is the translation of EST translation norms, to ensure clear, authentic and frequently used method. In the translation of English for science and technology literature, often encounter literally literal translation can not guarantee the Chinese translation of the fluent, clear, sometimes need to add supplement necessary words. Usually according to writing goal and the habit of expression, adopt a "supplement", "repeat", "one word more translation" modeKey words:supplement、repeat、one word more translation目录摘要 (2)第一章为补足原文词汇含义而增补 (4)1.1 对抽象名词进行增补 (4)1.2 对普通名词进行增补 (4)1.3 对形容词及名词定语进行增补 (5)1.4 对动词进行增补 (5)第二章为明确原文语法概念而增补 (6)2.1 增补表示复数概念的词语 (6)2.2 增补表示动词时态、语态、语气的词语 (6)2.3 增补连词 (6)2.4 增补原文省略的成分 (7)第三章为满足汉语语法修辞的要求而增补 (8)3.1 增补句子成分 (8)3.2 增补概括词 (8)3.3 重复增补 (9)3.4 修辞增补 (9)第四章总结与展望 (10)第一章为补足原文词汇含义而增补1.1 对抽象名词进行增补英语中讲究简洁、忌讳重复，因而常常单独使用抽象名词而不提该名词所涉及的范畴领域，如作用、现象、状态、形式等，若翻译时不做任何增补，经常会使人感到概念不清，所指不明。
因此在科技英语翻译中经常需结合名词的内在含义增补上述表示范畴的词语，使其意义具体化。
Example:Observation 观察结果Reduction 还原反应/作用/过程Resonance 共振现象Example:In rapid oxidation aflame is produced.在快速氧化过程中会产生火焰。
（在抽象名词“氧化”后增补“过程”使所指更加明确）同样，为了追求简洁，在上下文已有所指的情况下，常只使用范畴词而在其前省略去具体所指的定语。
翻译时也应对起进行增补，将其具体所指进行明确化。
Example:The complex automatic control system monitors over the process by meansof computers.综合自动控制系统能利用计算机监控整个操作过程。
（“过程”前增补“操作”使其具体所指所指更加明确）1.2 对普通名词进行增补指在普通名词后添加相应的名词，以明确其范畴意义。
Example:The arrows in the leads identify the materials.引线的箭头标记着材料类型。
（对“材料”增补“类型”）有时需要在某些名词前面添加必要的词语。
Example:Prior to the 1960s knowledge of the atmosphere above about 30 km wasbased largely on inferences from ground-based observations.在20世纪60年代以前，人们关于30千米左右以上的高空大气知识主要是根据地基观测推断得到的。
（“大气知识”前增补“高空”，是所指更加明确）1.3 对形容词及名词定语进行增补有时需要对形容词以及用作定语的名词的语义进行必要的增补，以更加明确的标示其所涉及的事物。
Example:This new type of TV set is really fine and inexpensive.这台新型电视机真是物美价廉。
（在两个形容词前分别增补“物”和“价”）Since conduction is by both holes and electrons,the junction transistor isbipolar.由于电子传导是借助空穴和电子两者进行的，因而结型晶体管是双极式的。
（在作定语的名词“junction”后增添“型”，在作表语的名词“bipolar”后增补“式”，在抽象名词“传导”前增补“电子”，使其所指更加明确）1.4 对动词进行增补在科技英语翻译中，经常会对原文的动词进行必要的增补，以使其语义更加确切。
Example:A pulsed laser system has been tested on a satellite.已经在人造卫星上对脉冲激光系统进行了实验。
（增补“对”字，将宾语提前，并添加动词“进行”，采用“对”字结构可增强针对性）Clearly，cool temperature slows down the action of bacteria.显然，较低的温度可以使细菌的活动减慢。
（对动词增补“使”字，把原文的动宾结构转译成汉语里常用的递系结构）第二章为明确原文语法概念而增补2.1 增补表示复数概念的词语Example:Sensor switches are located near the end of each feed belt.各传感器开关位于每条给料皮带末端附近。
（主语名词前增补“各”字，表示多个开关）Example:The first electronic computers went into operation in 1946.第一批电子计算机于1946年投入使用。
（增补“批”字表示数量之多）2.2 增补表示动词时态、语态、语气的词语英语动词的时态、语态、语气在汉语里通常是通过词汇手段加以体现，因此在英译汉时经常需要添加适当的词语将其表达出来。
Example:Even before the Second Five-year Plan ,China was already producing allkinds of lathes ,machines,apparatus and instruments.甚至在第二个五年计划之前，中国就已经在生产各种车床、机器、器械和仪表了。
（增补“在”和“了”以表达原文动词的时态意味）Example:The first stage of a rocket is thrown away only minutes after the rocket takesoff.火箭的第一级在火箭起飞后仅仅几分钟就被扔掉。
（动词前增补“被”字表示原文的被动意味）2.3 增补连词一般说来，英语讲究形合而会大量使用连词，汉语则讲究意合较少使用连词。
在一些场合中，尤其是在不定式和分词作状语时，英语无需使用连词，而汉语却必须使用，因此翻译时常须增添相应的连词。
Example:Ordinary glass must be first achromatized to become optical glass.普通玻璃必须先消除色差才能制成光学玻璃。
（不定式状语表示结果，增补“才能”）有时并列句内两个分句之间或上下两个句子之间没有采用并列连词连接，却隐含着转折、递进、因果关系，翻译时也可增补相应的连词，以表明这种关系。
Example:Liquids contract in freezing ;water is an important exception to this rule.液体冻结时收缩，但水却是这一规律的一个重要例外。
（并列句之间有转折的关系，所以增补“但....却”）2.4 增补原文省略的成分英语最忌讳重复，因此某些成分在前面已出现过，则往往予以省略，甚至有时未曾出现过的某些词语，只要不会引起误解，都会尽可能的省略。
因此在翻译时，这些情况需要予以译出。
Example:Reactions of the first kind are called exothermic reactions and those of thesecond kind endothermic reactions.第一类反应叫放热反应，第二类反应叫吸能反应。
（原文为了避免重复在第二个分句中省去了“are called”，因此增补“叫”字，进行重复）Example:High temperatures and pressure changed the underground organic materialsinto coal,petroleum and natural gas.高温和高压把这些埋藏在底下的有机物变成了煤、石油和天然气。
（形容词high修饰两个名词，汉语中应将其译出，重复“高”字）第三章为满足汉语语法修辞的要求而增补3.1 增补句子成分某些句子，在进行翻译时需要增补必要的成分以满足汉语行文中对语法修辞的要求。
Example:It was found that there is a slightly colder threshold for seeding effect tooccur for silver iodide than for dry ice.实验发现，碘化银产生播撒的效果的临界温度比干冰的略低。
（增补主语“实验”）某些英语介词如“despite”、“in spite of”等后面常常只用不带任何修饰的名词或名词短语。
这类结构在翻译时需要根据上下文的逻辑关系增补必要的词语（多为动词）使其语义鲜明。
Example:In spite of the hardships,real efforts and progress are being made.尽管经受着艰难险阻，人们正实实在在的付出努力并取得进展。
汉语中还经常采用动词处置式即“把”字结构、“对”字结构或“给”字结构将宾语提前。