动词不定式 的讲解方法

动词不定式 的讲解方法
动词不定式 的讲解方法

动词不定式的讲解方法刍议

英语学科组吴忠朋

动词不定式是选修七一个重要的语法内容,较之非谓语动词之中的现在分词(progressive participle)和过去分词(past particle),其意义呈现了更多的多样性和复杂性,诸如动词不定式充当定语,主语,状语,宾补,以及独立结构,及动词不定式分句(infinitive clause)用主动形式表示被动的用法,和依据乔姆斯基的转成语法(Transformational-generative grammar)的可以转化为深层结构的不定式用法(如he is quick to react, this book is easy to read)。鉴于此,对动词不定式的讲解及课堂活动设计提出自己不成熟的一些观点。

以色列教学法专家Penny Ur 在《语法实践活动》一书中提到,在完成语法知识呈现和解释之后,此时学习者就被认为是已经理解学习材料,语言知识也进入到短时记忆存储之中,但是这并不能代表学习者已经掌握这门语言,通过练习语言知识才可以真正进入到长时记忆中(long term memory)。在练习实践过程中,我们很多还沿袭着传统的语法翻译和听说法,注重文法分析和机械模仿记忆,通过对所教学生的完成句子的得分情况的了解,很多学生认为上课语法知识能够理解,但是面对语法题目的时候往往会不知所措。在我看来,学生未能对所学语言知识内化,根据布鲁姆的分段理论,对语法知识只停留在知识和理解的部分,应用也只是把抽象的概念具体化的最直接浅显层次,却没有到达最高的综合的阶段。鉴于上述原因,结合教学原理和实例阐述动词不定式的讲解方法。

1.结合传统教法,创设真实情景,激发学生兴趣。

情景教学法就是要在教学过程中引起学生积极的、健康的情感体验,直接

提高学生对学习的积极性,使学习活动成为学生主动进行的、快乐的事情。情感对认知活动的增力效能,给我们解决目前学生中普遍存在的学习动力不足的问题以新的启示。情情境教学法要求创设的情境就是要使学生感到轻松愉快、心平气和、耳目一新,促进学生心理活动的展开和深入进行。课堂教学的实践中,也使人深深感到:欢快活泼的课堂气氛是取得优良教学效果的重要条件,学生情感高涨和欢欣鼓舞之时往往是知识内化和深化之时。

鉴于我们教育教学实际,单纯的显性和隐形的教学不符合教学实际情况。例如讲述动词不定式做宾补得用法,涉及主要到四类动词:包括感官动词(see, watch, hear 和表劝告,允许,禁止等词,如advise, allow, forbid, want 等)以及使役动词(have ,let, make)以及诸如表达心理状态的词(consider,think,suppose,know,ragard)。讲授之前先引导学生了解宾语补足语的涵义,并完成相关的练习。

教师展示一系列图片,内容关于双人之间的活动,包括交谈,肢体语言,和行为动作等,图片可利用当前热点新闻和抽象画等等,以减少学生的学习障碍等。

例一:(投影仪展示图片,图片中一名女士正和一名老人谈话。)

教师邀请一名学生示范。老师问,学生回答。

E.g. Q: What does/do ……want ….to do A; …..want the girl to give him a helping hand.

Q: What does/do…….ask…..to A: …...ask the girl to help him.

师生示范完以后,教师在电子白板上呈现更多的相关图片。并在下面给予是当得提示词(如allow, have, let, ask, recommend, permit)。然后要求小组轮流

描述图片的内容。学生可以以对话的形式,或者有小组长轮流安排小组轮流发言,描述图片相关内容.然后以小组为单位,迅速回忆所学单词用法,加深记忆。注意的问题

2.开放性活动和信息沟的创设。

根据建构主义学习理论,课本知识,只是一种关于某种现象的较为可靠的解释或假设,并不是解释现实世界的“绝对参照”。任何知识在为个体接收之前,对个体来说是没有什么意义的,也无权威性可言。所以,教学不能把知识作为预先决定了的东西教给学生,不要以我们对知识的理解方式来作为让学生接收的理由。

例如讲授动词不定式做目的状语的用法,设计出下列教学活动。

教师展示幻灯片,图中为著名的城市,如北京,悉尼,和一些著名的名胜古迹,如金字塔,颐和园,迪拜塔,或者如邮局,银行的等。如上述例子一样,要求学生以对话的形式的完成练习。

e.g:图中为银行大堂的图片。

Q: What will you do there? A:we would go there to deposit money.

再一例:将若清明节将至,学生被要求为即将到来的假期做好准备,在上课之前,教师可以要求学生完成一个清单,理出地点时间。然后分派小组,设计出一个具体的旅行,并以小组对话的形式完成

然后小组长提问,或者采取结对活动,由小组成员,轮流回答,或者给出尽可能多的答案。

3. 为了实现课堂效率最大化,使班级处于可控范围之内。所以开放性活动

过多,对于自我监控能力较低,学业水平较低的学生而言,可能不能起到较好的学习效果。同时应所当给予学生更多的书面的练习。而在此过程,教师通常以完成句子为主题,或者是翻译句子为主要考察方向,认为不助于提高学生的整体水平。所以可以以此为题,要求学生以动词不定式为目标,要求学习者讲述一件的事例。

E.g. 请筹划一次旅行,详述旅游的准备过程,参观经历以及你在此次旅行过程中的所见所感,当堂完成,并要求学生分小组展示,为进行评分。

完成这样一个过程之后,相信学生对动词不定式会更加彻底的,清楚地理解与掌握。

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