2011全球大事记

·In a year marked by mass protests, the awakening that swept the Arab world stood out. The Arab spring[1] was sparked by rallies in Tunisia that followed the self-immolation in late 2010 of a young market marker worker angered by police harassment.

·这一年，抗议活动如云涌起。其中，最突出的当属席卷阿拉伯世界的觉醒群众。2010年末，突尼斯一位年轻小贩因不堪警察骚扰，以自焚抗议。这起自焚事件成为整个阿拉伯之春运动的导火索。

·2011 in review /a review of 2011/top stories of the year

·Marred by / punctuated by / of /

·Sweep /engulf/hit /strike

·Rally/boycott/march/demonstration

·He died in hospital in January, prompting thousands to take to the streets in sometimes violent clashes that forced the longtime president, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, to flee to Saudi Arabia. ·2011年2月，他于医院离世，激起了成千上万群众上街抗议，长期统治突尼斯的总统本阿里因国内暴力冲突不断，不得不逃亡沙特阿拉伯。

·Emboldened by the outcome in Tunisia, protesters soon rose up in other Arab countries. Hundreds of thousands of Egyptians filled the centre of Cairo and camped in Tahrir Square to call for Hosni Mubarak to step down. 突尼斯的成功激发了阿拉伯世界其他国家的抗议活动。在埃及，百万民众蜂拥至开罗，并在市中心的解放广场扎营，要求总统胡斯尼·穆巴拉克下台。·下台：stand down/resign/leave office

·After three decades in power, Mr Mubarak withstood only three weeks of strife. Although frail, he eventually stood trial (due to resume soon) for the deaths that occurred when his security forces tried to quash the protest

·掌权三年的穆巴拉克在仅仅三周的冲突中垮下阵来。尽管身体虚弱，他最终仍因其军队试图镇压抗议活动时引起的死伤而被移交法庭接受审判。

·镇压：quash/crash/put down

·Saudi troops helped to put down unrest in Bahrain; and reform was embraced in Morocco and Jordan. But the Arab spring was met with stiff resistance in Syria, where protests were brutally put down by Bashar Assad’s regime, resulting in 5,000 deaths so far.

·沙特阿拉伯出兵，帮助巴林平复动荡；摩洛哥和约旦的改革呼声高涨。但在叙利亚，阿拉伯之春运动遭遇最激烈对抗。民众的抗议活动被总统阿萨德无情镇压，目前，已导致5000人死亡。

·In Libya Muammar Qaddafi caused a civil war after he tried to crush an opposition movement that spread from Benghazi. NATO aircraft enforced a no-fly zone, endorsed by the Arab League[2], in support of the rebels. After a summer of conflict, Qaddafi was captured by rebels in his home town and swiftly killed. He had ruled Libya since 1969.

·在试图击溃班加西反对派后，利比亚总统卡扎菲发动了内战。北约在阿拉伯联盟赞成下，在利设立禁飞区，以支持反对派。战火延续一夏后，自1969年统治利比亚至今的卡扎菲在自己老家被俘，当场身亡。

·As heard on the streets

·街上的声音

·InIsrael450,000 people marched on one day to air a range of grievances about declining living standards. In Chile, students and schoolchildren seeking reform to education brought teaching to a halt.

·以色列的45000民众在同一天走上街头，表达对生活水平下降的不满；在智利，学生寻求教育改革的运动使教学被迫中止；

·Corruption was thrust to the top of the political agenda in India after thousands flocked to support Anna Hazare[3], a veteran anti-graft campaigner who went on a hunger strike. Around 100,000 protested in Wisconsin against curbs on public-sector unions. The Occupy movement camped out near Wall Street and other financial centres.

·印度方面，反腐老旗手安纳.哈扎尔的绝食抗议赢得成千上万民众声援，腐败问题被提到政治议程中首位；美国威斯康星州十万人加入了抗议限制工会权利的行列；占领华尔街运动在华尔街以及其他金融中心蔓延开来。

·Drugs-related violence continued to plague Mexico, but even Mexicans were shocked when a notorious cartel attacked a casino in Monterrey in August, killing at least 52 people, most of them women.

·毒品暴力犯罪继续困扰着墨西哥，但就连墨西哥人都震惊不已的是，一个臭名昭著的垄断集团八月份袭击了在蒙特雷的一家赌场，造成52人死亡，死者多为女性。

·Dilma Rousseff' s first year in office as Brazil' s president was marred by corruption scandals that caused several government ministers to resign, including the sports minister in charge of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics.

·巴西新总统罗塞芙出任总统第一年就饱受腐败丑闻打击，其内阁多位部长引咎辞职，其中包括负责2014年巴西世界杯和2016年奥运会的体育部部长。

·The race to become the Republican Party' s presidential candidate started, minus early favourites such as Mitch Daniels and Chris Christie, and Sarah Palin. 共和党总统提名候选人竞选拉开帷幕，热门人选包括米奇·丹尼尔斯、克里斯·克里斯蒂以及萨那·帕林。

·Mitt Romney led for much of the year, but Newt Gingrich surprised many by surging to the front of the pack in late November. V oting begins in lowa on January 3rd.

·其中米特·罗姆尼领跑了大半年，不过金里奇在十一月底出人意料地崛起，支持率大幅上升。投票将在1月3日自爱荷华州开锣。

·The junta in Myanmar began loosening its repression. Some political prisoners were freed and Aung San Suu Kyi, the leader of the democracy movement, was given greater freedom. .

·缅甸军政府正在放开管制。一些政治囚犯纷纷获释。而民主运动的领导人昂山素季更是被给予更大的自由。

·Hillary Clinton became the first American secretary of state to visit the country in 56 years, but the regime' s commitment to more reform has yet to be tested.

·希拉里·克林顿成为56年来首位访问该国的美国国务卿。不过缅甸当局的下一步改革有待进一步观察。

·South Sudan was welcomed by the United Nations as its 193rd member state, after the South voted overwhelmingly for secession from the rest of Sudan.

·在经过苏丹南部地区全民公投之后，南苏丹正式被联合国接纳为第193个成员国。

·The Palestinians also began their more tricky bid for full statehood at the UN. After UNESCO recognised Palestine as a full member, the United States cut its contribution.

·而巴勒斯坦也开始了他们加入联合国的曲线入联计划。在联合国教科文组织承认巴勒斯坦为其正式成员之后，美国断绝了对该组织的经费支持。

·The UN declared a food crisis in Africa as “famine”for the first time in almost 30 years, when drought affected10m people in the Horn of Africa.

·联合国30年来首次将非洲的粮食危机定性为“饥荒”，而这一灾难影响非洲之角人口达到1000万。

·The loss of Steve Jobs, Apple' s visionary leader, who died at the age of 56 after a long battle with pancreatic cancer, caused some to question whether the company would ever be the same. 在同胰腺癌长期斗争之后，苹果公司的传奇领袖史蒂夫·乔布斯不幸逝世，时年56岁。而他的离世，也引发疑问：苹果能否依旧？

·Apple did briefly become the world' s biggest company by market capitalisation, but it also faced growing competition from devices run on Google' s Android.

·苹果公司在短短的时间内就成为了市场总值最大的公司，但它也日益面临着来自谷歌公司安卓系统的挑战。

·The biggest insider-trading case to date came to court. Raj Rajaratnam was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years for securities fraud while running Galleon, a hedge-fund firm.

·世界上最大一起内幕交易案被移交法庭。拉贾·拉特南被认定在经营对冲基金公司大帆船集团时有罪，以证券欺诈罪判处十一年监禁。

·The UN marked October 31st as the day when the world' s population reached 7 billion people. ·10月31日，联合国正式将这一天标记为世界70亿人口日。

·Russia’s prime minister, Vladimir Putin, hatched a plan to run for president again in 2012. But his coronation might not run so smoothly this time. 俄国总理弗拉基米尔普京谋划2012年再次竞选总统，不过这次，他的“加冕”之路可能不那么顺畅。

·His United Russia party did not do as well as expected in parliamentary elections (amid allegations of ballot fraud)在外界对选举的一片质疑声中，after which anti-Putin dissidents took to the streets in Moscow’ s biggest protests for years.

·普京领导的统一俄罗斯党在初选中的表现低于预期（在一片选票作假的指控声中），反对普京上台的人上街游行抗议，形成近来年莫斯科最大的示威活动。

·In China calls on the internet for a “jasmine revolution”[4] were met with new curbs on the media and social networks and by armed police descending on public places to stop people from “strolling”.

·在中国，在网络上寻求“茉莉花革命”遭遇新阻碍——媒体和社交网络被管制。同时，武装警察突袭公共场所，防止人们“散步”。

·There were also large protests in many European countries, including Britain, Portugal and Spain, in response to austerity. The crisis in the euro zone lurched from summit to summit, each applying sticking-plasters rather than the major surgery required. 只做表面文章，未能击中要害Britain vetoed a treaty change that would have sought greater fiscal union, opening a rift with Europe. ·欧洲许多国家因政府施行经济紧缩措施，也爆发了大规模的抗议活动，包括英国、葡萄牙、西班牙。欧元区危机一浪高过一浪，每个经济措施都只是在表面涂石膏，而不是真正能拯救欧元区的“大手术”。欧盟修改条约，推进更大财政联盟建设，而英国因反对此次修改，与欧洲出现裂缝。

·Portugal was given a €78 billion ($116 billion) bail-out; Ireland obtained a second rescue package, of €24 billion. But Italy caused the most anxiety. Its bond yields soared amid doubts it could avoid a bail-out, the scale of which would dwarf those provided to other countries.

·葡萄牙获得780亿欧元（1160亿美元）的援助金额。爱尔兰获得的援助资金位居其次，总计240亿欧元。但最令人担忧的是意大利，它的国债收益率飙升，让人怀疑它是否能成功避免纾困援助，相比于要提供给意大利的援助金额，给其他国家的那些笔算是小巫见大巫。

·While they debated swingeing 大额的budget cuts, Italians had to endure more lurid allegations about Silvio Berlusconi’ s sex life. He eventually resigned as prime minister and was replaced by Mario Monti, who appointed a cabinet of technocrats.

·意大利民众举国讨论是否要通过严苛缩减预算方案的同时，还要忍受西尔维奥?贝卢斯科尼令人瞠目结舌的性丑闻指控。最终，他辞去总理一职，由马里奥.蒙蒂接任。马里奥上台后，组建了“经济专家型”内阁。

·Markets responded to every twist in the tortuous negotiations to provide Greece with a second rescue package and restructure its debts; creditors were asked to wipe off 50% of the value of Greek bonds.

·在曲折的谈判的每个转机中，市场都向希腊提供第二轮援助，以重组债务。持希腊债务的债主被要求减记50%国债

·Stock markets recorded their most volatile trading sessions, in terms of swings of losses and gains, since the height of the financial crisis in 2008; most indices ended up down for the year. ·自2008年金融危机后，这次希腊股票市场的交易活动经历了最跌宕起伏的涨跌。今年大部分希腊股票指数最终都下跌了。

·European banks struggled to obtain funds in the markets, forcing more of them to turn to the European Central Bank and raising fears of another credit crunch.

·欧洲银行难以从市场中筹集资金，这迫使他们向欧洲中央银行求助，从而引发再次出现信

用紧缩的恐慌。

·In September the IMF warned that the world economy “is in a dangerous new phase”and lowered its overall growth forecast to 4% for 2012, and to 2% for advanced economies.

·九月，国际货币基金组织发出警告，全球经济正处于危险新时期，并下调2012年全球经济增长预期至4%，发达经济体增长率为2%。

·Brazil and China began to ease monetary policy and focus on boosting growth. Beset by high inflation,India raised interest rates, but it, too, was another “hot” economy that started to cool. ·巴西和中国开始放松货币政策，全力刺激经济增长。一直为高通胀所困扰的印度提高了利率，但它也是开始转冷的过热经济体。

·America' s economy also struggled to regain a sure footing, hindered in part by a disheartening political failure to reach a compromise on reducing the deficit.

·美国也试图重新找到一个稳固的经济立足点，但十分费劲，部分原因是因为政府没有形成降低赤字的折中协议，这样的政治失败令人灰心。

·After months of talks Congress increased the limit on the federal debt ceiling to avoid a default just ahead of a Treasury deadline.

·经过数月谈判，国会在财政部下达的最后期限前上调了联邦债务上限。

·The 11th-hour deal did not stop Standard & Poor’ s[5] from downgrading America' s AAA rating for the first time.America' s total outstanding public debt rose above $15 trillion.

·这份最后关头才出台的协议并没能阻止标准普尔第一次下调美国AAA主权信用评级。迄今，美国未偿还的公债已高达15万亿美元。

·Japan suffered its biggest catastrophe since the second world war when the most powerful earthquake in its history generated a tsunami that swept away entire towns and villages in the north-east.

·日本发生其史上最大的地震，并引发海啸，冲卷走日本东北部的所有城镇与村庄。这是二战以来日本经历的最大的灾难。

·The disaster was compounded by the meltdown of three reactors at the tsunami-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant. At least 19,000 people were killed by the earthquake and tsunami, which also caused severe disruption to manufacturing supply chains.

·福岛核电站也遭到海啸严重破坏，三个核反应堆融化，这起事故加剧了这场灾难后果。在这场地震与海啸中，至少19000丧生，同时导致制造业供应链的严重断裂。

·Jaws dropped in May when Dominique Strauss-Kahn was arrested in New York on charges of sexually assaulting a hotel maid. After the boss of the IMF was paraded in handcuffs, many in France, where he was the putative presidential candidate for the Socialists in next year’s election, suspected a conspiracy.

·令人吃惊不已的是，今年五月份，国际货币基金组织总裁米尼克.斯特劳斯.卡恩因性侵一酒店女服务员在纽约被捕。卡恩被捕后，许多法国人都认为，这是一场政治阴谋。卡恩本是

公认的明年选举中社会党的法国总统候选人。

·The charges were eventually withdrawn after the maid’s credibility was destroyed. Christine Lagarde replaced Mr Strauss-Kahn as the head of the IMF; the Socialists crowned Francois Hollande as their candidate for president.

·由于女服务员的可信度存在严重问题，这些指控最终被撤回。克里斯蒂娜·拉加德接替卡恩，担任国际货币基金组织总裁一职；弗朗索瓦.奥朗德成为社会党总统候选人。

·American special forces located and killed Osama bin Laden in May during a daring raid. Despite rumours that he moved constantly to evade capture, bin Laden was found living comfortably in a compound in the Pakistani town of Abbottabad.

·五月，美国特种部队大胆突袭，找到奥萨马·本·拉登藏身地并一举击毙了他。尽管有传言说，本拉登为避免被抓获而居无定所，但事实是他舒适地住在巴基斯坦阿伯塔巴德镇的一个大宅院中。

·His death brought celebratory crowds onto the streets of New York and Washington. In September America commemorated the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks.

·他的死讯让纽约、华盛顿民众奔走庆祝。九月，美国举行了911事件十周年纪念活动。

·America’s mission in Abbottabad caused fury in Pakistan. The earlier arrest of a CIA man who worked at the American consulate in Lahore over a shooting incident led to a diplomatic furore. ·巴方对美国擅自在阿伯塔巴德镇猎杀拉登感到愤怒。此前巴方拘捕了美国驻拉合尔领事馆的一位中情局特工，他开枪射杀巴基斯坦人，引发美巴外交风波。

·The deaths of more civilians in American drone attacks and the killing of 24 Pakistani troops by a NATO helicopter in a friendly-fire incident put the relationship under yet more strain.

·此外，美国无人机袭击造成的巴平民死亡，以及北约直升机对巴基斯坦的轰炸让美巴关系顿趋紧张。

·America declared an official end to the war in Iraq, as its last troops pulled out. But the year was punctuated by bombings and shootings, including dozens of co-ordinated explosions on a single day in August that killed 89. The war in Afghanistan rumbled on.

·美国官方宣布，年底将结束伊拉克战争，并将撤出最后一支驻伊部队。不过撤军时间一再被炸弹爆炸和武装分子袭击所打断，这其中包括今年八月一天之内出现的连环爆炸，导致89人丧生。而阿富汗战争依旧持续进行中。

·The tranquillity of the Norwegian summer was shattered when Anders Behring Breivik, a right-wing extremist, set off a car bomb inOslo, killing eight people. He then went on a shooting rampage, killing 69 mostly-teenage participants at a Labour Party camp.

·今夏，挪威的宁静被右翼极端分子安德斯·贝林·布雷维克打破。他先是引爆了汽车炸弹，造成8人死亡；之后又开枪射击，射杀69名劳工党夏令营青少年。