2019考博英语练习题
清华大学2019年考博英语真题
清华大学考博英语真题Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1.The opinions of his peers are more important to her than her parents* idea.A) friends B) equalsC) enemies D) bosses2.After we join the WTO, the situation that our automobile industry, depends for its survival on government subsidies will be changed.A) financial aid B) personnel supportC) spiritual encouragement D) partial taxation3.My salary has been raised to 100,000 yuan a year, but there is a proportionate increase in my income tax.4. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).A) study B) liveC) read aloud D) wander5. Despite the pressure from the president, the provincial government insisted on its autonomous jurisdiction.A) regional B) obstinateC) willful 6. All programs celebrating the Spring Festival in the CCTV have been relayed to even' part of the world through satellites.A) dramatic B) undesirableC) perpetual D) proportionalD) legalC) re broad cast D) enjoyed7.You must be drunk last night. Otherwise how did you manage to drive into a stationary vehicle?A) official B) policeC) parked D) running8.To create a democratic atmosphere in the company, the manager should always be accessible to his staff.A)fair B) equalC) acceptable D) approachable9.The newly imported machine doesn't work in ambient humidity of 50 degrees.A) approximate B) surroundingC) convenient D) high10.Many students are signing the petition against building a steelworksnear the school.A) names B) agreementC) request D) disapproval11.Your appraisal of the current situation is quite different from mine.A) optimistic B) complimentC) agreement D) estimate12.They are boycotting the store because the workers are on strike.A) looting B) banningC) protecting D) destroying13.In the final contest, two athletes are contending for the championship.14. The computer's value will depreciate by half in the first year.17. There has always been an epidemic or bike stealing inC) competing D) quarrelingA) decrease B) increaseC) keep low D) fluctuate15. China Telecomcomputerization.is about to embark on a major program of A) propaganda B) finishC) purchase D) undertake16. The candidate has given a pledge that heenvironment and invest doubly in education. will improve the localA) promise B) declarationC) proposalD) possibility18. It is in Chongqing that the next international symposium on environmental protection will be held.A) debate B) conferenceC) seminar D) negotiation19. Many people suspected the existence of extraterrestrial life.A) snowman B) outside the earthC) spiritual D) underworld20. In case your liabilities outrun your assets, you may go bankrupt.B) enterpriseC) controversy D) bondageschools.A) a theft B) a punishmentC) a plague D) a crimeA) debt21.After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a loathingfor each other.A) boring B) reciprocalC) friendly D) standing22.On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to the sea waves.A) simplify B) simulateC) help D) like23.The government lacked money because of biting oilA) prices B) stationsC) buildings D) revenues24.Though the policies of racial had been abolished, manywhites in the South were still dubious about the safety of the communities.A) segregation B) regulationsC) communism D3 extinction25. The proposal was accepted with approval. Everybody believed it would help revive the national economy.A) unanimous B) doubtfulC) pleasant D) searching26. Many social services are provided by societies and organizations that do not expect any material payment.B)voluntaryD)spiritual27. In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me me into the corner little by little.A) dragged B) drewA) wealthy C) helpfulC) frightened D) wedged28.The police, trying to exactly who was at the party are investigating every person concerned.A) ascertain B) arrestC) imagine D) count29.If everybody has arrived the meeting may now.A) commence B) criticizeC) comment D) conclude30.The prodigal son his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.A) inherited B) receivedC) accumulated D) dissipated31. In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable in religious and social life.A) hierarchy B) powerC) despot D) president32. delinquency refers to law-breaking by young people.A) Juvenile B) Green-handC) Amateur D) Institute33. It's necessary to make your handwritings when you fill inan official form.A) reconcilable C) legible 34. She has always been a conscientious secretary since the gal, she entered my company. Tine suggestion that I wanted her to resign is quite B) legitimateD) formalmeaning of "yellow" is a color; but it can also meanB) negativeC) underlying36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see of stars.A) the circulation B) a clusterC) the falling D) myriads36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see of stars.A) the circulation B) a clusterC) the falling A) thoughtful B) reasonableC) unfounded D) early35. The —“cowardly." A) positive D) literalD) myriads37. Ringing church bells sets up in the Alpine valleys.A) resonanceC) church buildingA) developing D) Christian39. Wouldn't it be easier to move about on the of the mobbedcrowd than to squeeze in tile middle?A) consent B) headsC) fringe D) recreation40. When the new immigration law came into effect, the old one was naturallyB) forestsD) priests38. The students are all fromIndia Korean, and Japan.countries, such as Singapore.B)orientalC) islandA) validated C) repealed Part III Reading Comprehension (50%)Section ADirections: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You loeide on the best choice.Passage IIn the years following the Second World War, the youth hostel idea spread to other parts of the world and the same spirit was maintained. The International Youth Hostel Federation, IYH 匕 which was to co-ordinate activities in the various national associations, incorporated in its constitution the principle that in youth hostels “there shall be no distinctions of race, nationality color, religion, class or political opinions. This, it should be noted, was at a time when the principles of racial equality and brotherhood were by no means so widely acknowledged as they are now."There is normally no age bar at youth hostels. Exceptions are Switzerland and Bavaria. Where there is a maximum age of 25 and 17 years respectively. Generally, however, the hostels are intended to meet the needs of two main groups: senior secondary school children, university and schoolchildren travelling with a teacher on educational visits, and aged between about 11 and 18.B) put offD) put upThe principal contribution of the youth hostel movement to the attack on racism is the fact that in the 4,364 hostels throughout the world the brotherhood of man is taken for granted and practiced quietly and without any ostentation.If you walk into the common-room of a big youth hostel in Gracow or Munich, Lahore of Canberra, you will find young people of' every race and nationality sitting down together to share their experiences and discuss the world's problems. As a Malaysian boy recently remarked:" youth hostel is a place where you will never feel lost"In accordance with its constitution, the IYHF has never admitted to membership youth hostel associations in South Africa and Rhodesia, because legislation in those countries makes it impossible for people of different races to share youth hostel facilities.But an interesting new project is under way in Lesotho, with the financial and technical support of the Federation: the construction of a south hostel specifically designed to carry out an educational task in southern Africa by opening its doors to young people of all races from neighboring and more distant countries. Situated just outside the capital, Maseru, the youth hostel will also provide accommodation for young people of Lesotho attending study and training courses.The very, comprehensive statistics maintained by the IYHF show tile movement of young people form country, to country in some detail, it can be seen, for instance, that 10,828 "overnights11 were recorded in 1972 by young Americans in tile hostels of Japan. and 3.643 by young visitors form India in the youth hostels of West Germany. Although these figures are small in absolute terms, they represent a network of individualhuman contacts among young people which can influence outlooks and opinions at the grass roots.41.It can be interred from this passage that IYHF isA)an organization where young people liveB)an organization that advocates brotherhood of manC)an organization to protect the rights of teenagersD)an international company42."Ostentation11 in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest in meaning withA) pretentiousness B) outstandingC) obstruction D) declaration43.The maximum age of people staying at youth hostels in most countries isA) 20 B) 25 C) 17 D) unlimited44.The tone of this article may be described isA) formal B) imaginative C) humorous D) negative45.All the following statements are true EXCEPTA)Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are fined by IYHF.B)Only very, few countries are members of the IYHE.C)Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are denied membership in the IYHED)All countries are allowed normal memberships in the IYHF.Passage 2Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture, and the formation of states and empires.Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the world's first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who hadformerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later; from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. H Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire z art, and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow, and other evils.Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.46.Which of the following represents civilization of people?A) They build houses. B) They have societies.C) They live in a group. D) They can write.47.'Sumerians11 in the second paragraph refers toA) a person B) a group of peopleC) human beings D) prehistoric people48.In paragraph 4Z there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind.H This sentence means.A)Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality, of people's life.B)Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot improve the quality of people's life.C)Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent the progress of human beingsD)Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of people's life49.All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPTA) chemical warfare B) the decrease of fresh airC) greenhouse effect D) the nuclear plant50.In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to discussA)the importance of civilizationB)the difference between civilization and cultureC)the positive aspect of civilizationD)the GreeksPassage 3One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included "The Killers/1 remarkable for its description of impending doom; and Winner lake Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway's reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway's second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of big-game hunting.Hemingway's economical writing style often seems simple and almost childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters* emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. Hebelieved that a writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer's work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author's lack of expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of authority. Hemingway's stylistic influence on American writers has been enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic, yet deeply felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early 20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence on their own work.51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fameA) Three Stories and Ten Poems52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway's writing style?D) complicated53. According to this passage which of the following is the great contribution of Hemingway?A) He introduced a new subject into literature.B) His writing style influenced a group of American writersB) In Far TimeC) Men Without WomenD) The Sun Also RisesA) simple and preciseB) bullfightingC) superfluousC)He proved that one should write about details.D)He said that writers should know what they are writing.54.This passage is mainly, about Hemingway'sA) life B) backgroundC) novels and writing style D) influence55.The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity inwriting11.,,authenticity,, is closest in meaning withA) author's right B) credibilityC) authorization D) authorshipSection BDirections: After you have read the following passage write out a summary in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer Sheet.It is said that the public and Congressional concern, about deceptive packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights hat are used for improving a producfs market position.When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high, when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。
2019年中山大学考博英语真题
中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。
2019年宁波大学考博英语真题(A卷)
2019年宁波大学考博英语真题（A卷）(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that (1)________ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less (2)________ then, however, were the new, positive (3)________ that work against the digital divide. (4)________, there are reasons to be (5)________. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more (6)________, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential (7)________ there are. More and more (8)________, afraid their countries will be left(9)________, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be (10)________ together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will (11)________ rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for (12)________ world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to (13)________ poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has(14)________ potential.To (15)________ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices (16)________ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an (17)________ of their sovereignty might well study the history of (18)________ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is (19)________ America’s Second Wave infrastructure-(20)________ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.（分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.divide （正确答案）rmationC.worldD.lecture解析：文章第一句开门见山指出目前存在的信息贫富差距（divide），第三句也“this looming danger”指代的就是这种信息差距，因此可以推断第二句介绍的是这种贫富差距仍存在，选A项。
考博英语分类模拟题2019年(2)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语分类模拟题2019年(2)(总分41.5, 做题时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionPassage OneCelebrate. Celebrate. Physicians are delighted with a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel's recommendation earlierthis year that Vioxx and its cousins Bextra and Celebrex (all medicines known as Cox-2 inhibitors) should remain on the market, despite evidence they increase heart disease risk in some people. The panelists reached their decision after weighing all the data and concluding the benefits of these pain-relieving drugs outweighed the risks.Specifically, these scientists acknowledged that, for some patients, these prescription drugs were uniquely effective in reducing pain from arthritis and other causes. For others—concerned about ulcers associated with aspirin and other OTC analgesics—the Cox-2 inhibitors offered the advantage of minimizing potentially serious effects of stomach irritation.Now is an appropriate time for everyone to take a fresh look at the benefit-risk equation for Vioxx and the other Cox-2 inhibitors.The risks—increased risk of heart disease in some who use the drugs—have been well publicized. Much less publicity has been given to a spectrum of real and potential benefits that go way beyond reduced risk of stomach irritation. These little-discussed benefits would have been lost, perhaps permanently—had Vioxx, Bextra and Celebrex been driven from shelves in pursuit of perfect safety, an unattainable goal.For example, there is substantial evidence Cox-2 inhibitors can reduce development of colon polyps, which may become colon cancel indeed. Celebrex is FDA-approved for those genetically prone to colon cancer. Ironically, the 2004 study that revealed the elevated heart attack risk of Vioxx was primarily designed to further establish the drug's effectiveness in protecting against colon cancer. And while the results of that interrupted trial have not yet been published, there is good reason to believe they will confirm the protective effects against colon cancer established in research over the last 10 years.At the time of its withdrawal from the market last fall, studies of Vioxx as well as the other Cox-2 drugs suggested they had other anti-cancer properties as well, possibly reducing the risk of malignancies of a number of sites, including the lung and esophagus.Had these drugs been dismissed, their untapped promise forprevention would have evaporated well before it was evaluated and applied to save lives. Fortunately, cooler and wiser heads prevailed.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.The FDA advisory panel recommends that Cox-2 inhibitors should be ______.•** clinic test•** with great caution•** to treat heart problems** available to the patientsA B C D分值: 1.5答案:D题目问：美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)顾问小组建议Cox-2抑制剂应该怎样?第一段第一句Physicians are delighted with a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory panel's recommendation earlier this year that Vioxx and its cousins Bextra and Celebrex (all medicines known as Cox-2 inhibitors) should remain on the market, despite evidence they increase heart disease risk in some people.通过此句话可知，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)顾问小组建议，尽管有证据证明这些Cox-2抑制剂类的药物增加了某些人患心脏病的危险，但是仍然应该在市场上出售。
考博英语分类模拟题2019年(33)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语分类模拟题2019年(33)(总分30, 做题时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionPassage OneOne of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is of course the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamour dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the roadside billboards all day and flashes messages to us in coloured lights all night. It has forced on us a whole new conception of the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consists of announcements of giant carpet sales.Advertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this fantastic expenditure?Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer-appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors. So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasersafter they have finished it, by pretending that it confers status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness. If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in clover.Other manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for one reason or another, some alteration seems called for—how much better to change the image, the packet or pile pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself.The advertising man has to combine the qualities of the three most authoritative professions: Church, Bar and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most highly developed in missionaries but present, indeed mandatory, in all, is the skill of getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be logically proved. At the Bar, an essential ability is that of presenting the most persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals masquerading as logical exposition; a case you do not necessarily have to believe in yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for medicine, anydoctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients to believe that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put the right, just as advertising does—"Run down? You need..." "No one will dance with you? A dab of... will make you popular."Advertising man use statistics rather like a drunk uses a lamp-post for support rater than illumination. They will dress anyone up in a white coat to appear like an <em>unimpeachable</em> authority or, failing that, they will even be happy with the announcement, "As used by 90% of the actors who play doctors on television." Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their latest ruses uncovered almost as much as anyone else.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.According to the passage, modern advertising is "authoritative" because of the way it ______.•** our image of the kind of person we ought to be like•** with the privacy of our home life•** forces us into buying things we don't want** us no matter where we travelA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:D根据文章第一段“Its strident clamour dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the roadside billboards all day and flashe s messages to us in coloured lights all night.”可知，它的喧嚣主宰着我们的生活。
2019年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案（可直接编辑打印）.doc
2019年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案（可直接编辑打印）.doc2019年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have supplies of petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile of road.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect thesilkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ?A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources of information and examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is of one's intelligence in the field of physics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall besubject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading of nuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere toplantlife.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. T he girl her tablemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is for their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff allover the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working undera deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peers D. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the human brain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.”In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suid de. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist thatpeople are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that ?A. the commercial world is contributing to the increasedviolence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real life Passage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force* During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）? The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts.A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get someidea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”。
考博英语分类模拟题2019年(38)_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语分类模拟题2019年(38)(总分57.5, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneWhat are those of us who have chosen careers in science and engineering able to do about our current problems?First, we can help destroy the false impression that science and engineering have caused the current world trouble. On the contrary, science and engineering have made vast contributions to better living for more people.Second, we can identify the many areas in which science and technology, more considerably used, can be of great service in the future than in the past to improve the quality of life. While we can make many speeches, and pass many laws, the quality of our environment will be improved only through better knowledge and better application of that knowledge.Third, we can recognize that much of the dissatisfaction we suffer today results from our very successes of former years. We have been so greatly successful in attaining material goals that we are deeply dissatisfied that we cannot attain other goals more rapidly. We have achieved a better life for most people, but we are unhappy that we have not spread it to all people. We have reduced many sources of environmental disasters, but we are unhappy that we have not conquered all of them. It is our raised expectations rather than our failures which now cause our distress.Granted that many of our current problems must be cured more by social, political, and economic instruments than science and technology, yet science and technology must still be the tools to make further advances in such things as clean air, clean water,better transportation, better medical care, more adequate welfare programs, purer food, conservation resources, and many other areas.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.The author thinks that science and technology ______.•** caused the current world problems•** made life better for more people•**, if not in the past, better people's life in the future** not bring a better life for most peopleA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:B第二段指出，有人认为，科学与技术造成了当今世界的许多问题，对这种错误认识，科技工程人员有义务加以纠正。
2019年山西大学博士研究生入学考试考博英语试题及参考答案
山西大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》试卷及参考答案词汇1.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidated2.It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition3. Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in4.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy5.Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectable6.If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way7.The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy8.In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take over9.Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemma10.There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of11. When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded _____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminateB initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has beenmore severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenact阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in social values implicit injuxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's excellent book, <i>pricing the priceless child</i>. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'ofsacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.it can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awardsin America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(a) earnings of the person at time of death(b) wealth of the party causing the death(c) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed2.it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's childrenwere generally regarded by their families as individuals who(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(b) required constant supervision while working(c) were important to the economic well-being of a family(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school3.which of the following alternative explanations of the change in thecash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth centurybecause parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing oftheir children.(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth centurybecause their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.(c) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth centurybecause the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesalereappraisal of the worth of an individual(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth centurybecause compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield(b) present the central thesis of a recent book(c) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon5.zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences inchanging the assessment of children's worth except changes in(a) the mortality rate(b) the nature of industry(c) the nature of the family(d) attitudes toward reform movementsBA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that thepavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm goingto walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occurto the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian towalk down the middle of the road, then the end of such libertywould be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere withyour free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would nevercross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private libertyin order that you may enjoy a social order which makes yourliberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a socialcontract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which donot touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeingmy hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streetsthe neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to theirliberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, anddeclare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. follow the orders of policemenC. do not behave inconsiderately in publicD. do what you like in private2. The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objective D supportive3 A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errorsB. an editor shortening the text of an articleC. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD. an army office giving orders to a soldier4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. his own home5 In the sentence ‘ We are all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC. countering a general misconceptionD. suggesting a remedyCThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, herreputation would hardly have been different; her legend would5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentlevision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and allthe10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at theirhighest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than herCrimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's 15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident -scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. It was thefulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it wasonly the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very 20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. Thehardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years hadundermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; shesuffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alonewould save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now?Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron 30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and,come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain;in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad - possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As 35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. Formonths at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, she would become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there 40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ...when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hillsof Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she washaunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous 45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay thatphantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could she restwhile these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity 50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even inpeace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army?The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After 55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, thisis one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back - an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before 60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look tothe health of the Army.1.According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramaticB. less demandingC. less well-known to the publicD. more important2 Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shatteredB. stubborn and querulousC. physically weak but mentally indomitableD. purposeful yet tiresome3 .The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the armyB. show the need for hospital reformC. explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions4 The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB. over-inflation of a reputationC. debunking a mythD. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitalsB. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD. ridicule the dangers of army lifeDHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor marketpathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity forself-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creationand economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income3 Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4 The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers5 According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends ___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to bestimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do ____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normalpersonal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
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2019考博英语练习题1. If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiot-ics, he might still be alive now.A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving2. School children ought to be ______ to their parents and teachers.A. alienB. transientC. obedientD. current3. The Collector’s Edition coin is ______, and represents a true collector’s treasure to be appreciated for generations to come.A. unlikely any Elvis Presley collectible ever releasedB. unlikely, and Elvis Presley collectible never releasedC. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible never releasedD. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible ever released4. It eliminates the complicated ______, do not have to spend time around friends, you just need to sit at home and can easily be completed.A. engagementB. dateC. itineraryD. appointment5. He was so absorbed in his work that he was ______ to things going on aro und him.A. obliviousB. digestibleC. dormantD. introvert6. We were ______ through the thick undergrowth when we suddenly came across a fast-flowing stream.A. scribblingB. scramblingC. scratchingD. scraping7. Hampshire’s assertions, far from showing that we can ______ the ancient puzzles about objectivity, reveal the issue to be even more ______ than we had thought.A. dismiss … relevantB. adapt …pressingC. admire … elusiveD. rediscover… unconventional8. I found it difficult to ______ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.A. intensifyB. amendC. reconcileD. consolidate9. The reason for the traffic accident in the morning was ______ one of the drivers had lost control of his car.A. thatB. whyC. howD. when10. Do you agree with the saying that the monkey was the______ of the hu-man race?A. offspringB. successorC. breederD. predecessor11. John’s application for _____ to graduate studies in the School of Educa-tion has been approved.A. entranceB. admissionC. experienceD. allowance12. The old farmer put up iron fences around the flower garden _______ neighbor’s sheep should break in.A. on condition thatB. now thatC. lestD. but13. Although a recession is usually characterized by at least two consecutive quarters of _______GDP, this is not a fixed rule.A. fallingB. decliningC. fluctuatingD. impending14. ______ she wondered if she had made a mistake.A. Not until long afterwards thatB. Not long until afterwardsC. It was not until long afterwards thatD. It was long afterwards until15. The history of life on earth has been a history of ______ between man and his surroundings.A. interactionB. interferenceC. interpretationD. integrity16. — You forgot your keys when you left home in the morning.— Good heavens, ______.A. so did I.B. so I did.C. so you did.D. so did you.17. People must try their best to prevent endangered species of wildlife from becoming extinct in order that their future generations may enjoy the great _______ of animal life.A. perplexityB. incessancyC. diversityD. benevolence18. My parents took the 7 0’clock plane yesterday, and they ______ in New York by now.A. will arriveB. will be arrivingC. will have arrivedD. are arriving【翻译练习】1.玛丽给彼得设了个陷阱，而他就真的掉了进去。
2.从这个意义上说，儿童和大人享有同样的权利。
3.世界上没有两片叶子是相同的。
4.周五9月14日，众所期待的凯蒂猫豪华咖啡厅（the highly-anticipated Hello Kitty Grand Cafe）在加利福尼亚大学欧文分校（Irvine, California）开店，里面的内部装饰就是你想象中的那么可爱。
5.马男波杰克（Bojack Horseman）讲述的是一位90年代失败的情景喜剧明星（sitcom star）——碰巧也是一匹马——在试图东山再起时，与自我厌恶、酗酒和失败的恋爱关系作斗争。
6.星巴克（Starbucks）在墨西哥城开了一家专门雇用老年人的咖啡厅。
7.在爱奇艺（iQIYI）中文在线视频平台上播放的一部长达70集的名为《延禧宫略》（Story of Yanxi Palace）的电视剧创下了网络电视节目单日7亿多人次收看的记录。
8.据报道，中国电商巨头阿里巴巴集团（Chinese e-commerce behemoth Alibaba Group）的联合创始人兼执行董事长马云（Jack Ma）即将退休。
9. 中国科学家近日研制出一种可在海水中降解的塑料，或将有助于控制日益严重的海洋塑料污染问题。
【参考答案】1.A【句意】只要这位病人接受一种不同的治疗而不是使用抗生素，他现在可能仍然活着。
【解析】语法题——表示与过去情况相反的虚拟语气。
由句中关键词“instead of using the antibiotics而不是使用抗生素”与“he might still be alive now他现在可能仍然活着”的对应知这里表示“与过去情况相反的虚拟”，再由这类虚拟语气中从句谓语动词为过去完成时知A项“had received”正确。
2.C【句意】学龄儿童应该服从父母和老师。
【解析】形容词词义辨析。
填入的形容词作句子的表语，其主语是School children，由关键信息to their parents and teachers“对其父母和老师”可知obedient“顺从的，服从的”符合语境，因此答案选C。
alien“异域的；陌生的；不相容的”；transient“短暂的；临时的”；current“当前的；流通的”。
3.D【句意】此款收藏版硬币，不同于任何曾经发行的埃维斯•普里斯利的收藏品，代表着一个真正的收藏家的珍品，其在未来的世代将会升值。
【解析】固定搭配。
由“unlikely”一般构成it is unlikely that（后接从句）“不太可能”或be unlikely to do sth.“不大可能做某事”知A项与B项不符合；再由关键词“represents a true collector’s treasure代表一个真正的收藏家的珍品”的对应知这里指代“这款硬币与曾经发布的产品不一样”；也由此知D项“不同于任何曾经发行的埃维斯•普里斯利的收藏品”正确；C项“不像任何从未发布的埃维斯•普里斯利收藏品”在句意上不符合逻辑。
4.C【句意】它除去了繁琐的旅行计划，不用和朋友呆在一起，你只需要坐在家里就可以轻松完成。