自动化专业必修课---中英文对比 电力翻译背景知识学习
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电气工程及其自动化专业必修课教学进程 Electrical Engineering and Automation Table of Teaching Schedule for Required Course公共基础教育1.思想道德修养与法律基础 Ideology and Moral Cultivation & Law Basis2.马克思主义基本原理Marxism Basic Principle3.中国近现代史纲要Chinese Modern and Contemporary History Outline4.毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和”三个代表”重要思想概论Introduction to Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and “Three Represents”Important Thought5.信息技术基础 Information Technology Basis6.高级语言程序设计Advanced Language Programming7.企业管理概论 Introduction to Enterprise Management8.高等数学 B(1)-(2) Advanced Mathematics B(1)-(2)9.大学英语(1)-(4) College English (1)-(4) 10.体育(1)-(4) Physical Culture (1)-(4) 11.大学物理(1)-(2) College Physics (1)-(2) 12.物理实验(1)-(2) Physical Experiment (1)-(2) 13.形势与政策 Current Affair and Policy专业基础教育1.工程制图 Engineering Drawing2.线性代数 B Linear Algebra B3.概率论与数理统计 B Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics B4.复变函数与积分变换 Complex Function and Integral Transformation5.电路实验 Circuit Experiment6.工程电磁场Engineering Electromagnetic Fields7.模拟电子技术基础 A Analogous Electronic Basis A8.自动控制理论 B Automatic Control Theory B9.电力电子技术 Power Electronics Technology 10.信号分析与处理 Signal Analysis and Processing 11.数字电子技术基础 B Digital Electronic Technic Basis B 12.微机原理与接口技术 A Microprocessor Principle and Interface Technology A 13.电路理论 A(1)-(2) Circuit Theory A(1)-(2) 14.电机学(1)-(2) Electrical Machinery (1)-(2) 15.电子技术基础实验A(1)-(2) Electrics Experiments A(1)-(2)Gavin ChanPage 11/6/2011专业教育1.电力系统分析基础 Power System Analysis Basis2.发电厂电气部分 A ElectricalSystems of Power Plant A 3.电力系统继电保护原理 Power System Protective Relay Protection Principle 4.高电压技术 High Voltage Technique 5.电气工程概论（报告形式分散进行）Introduction to Electrical Engineering (Tutorials) 必修课小计 Subtotal of required courses 毕业总学分要求： Total credits of graduation 必修课学分： Subtotal credits of required courses: 专业选修课学分: Subtotal credits of specialty elective course: 公共选修课学分: Subtotal credits of public elective course: 4 实践教学学分： Subtotal credits of major practical training: 35电气工程及其自动化专业选修课教学进程 Table of Teaching Schedule for Specialty Elective Course 1.电力系统暂态分析 Power System Transient Analysis 2.电力系统调度运行与控制 Power System Dispatch Operation and Control 3.电力系统规划与可靠性 Power System Planning and Reliability 4.电力系统自动化 Power System Automation 5.电力系统故障分析 Power System of Fault Analysis 6.电力系统远程监控原理 Principle of Telecontrol in Power System 7.电力系统微机保护 Digital Protection in Power System 8.电力系统自动化Power System Automation 9.电气与电子系统设计Design for Electrical and Electronic Systems 10.电气控制技术 Electrical Control Technology 11.供电系统电能质量 Power Quality of Supply System 12.微机检测技术 Microcomputer Detecting Technology 13.高电压绝缘 High Voltage Insulation 14.电力系统过电压 Power System Over Voltage 15.电气设备在线监测与故障诊断 Online Monitoring and Failure Diagnosis of Electrical Equipments 16.高电压试验技术High Voltage Experiment Technique 17.电机控制技术 Electrical Machines Control Technology 18.电力电子技术应用 Power Electronics Technology Application 19.电机状态监测 Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines 20.电力系统谐波与无功补偿Power System Harmonics and Reactive Power Compensation 21.网络应用基础 Network Application Basis 22.实用信号与系统 Signal and System of Pragmatic 23.数理方程 Equation of Mathematics Physics 24.数据库原理及应用 Database Principle and ApplicationGavin ChanPage 21/6/201125.数值计算方法 Numeric Computational Method 26.图形处理与 CAD Graphic Process and CAD 27.电磁测量 Electromagnetic Measurement 28.人工智能及其在电力系统中的应用Artificial Intelligence and Its Application to Power System 29.专业英语阅读（电工）Specialty English Reading 30.专业英语阅读（电机）Specialty English Reading 31.专业英语阅读（电力） Specialty English Reading 32.专业英语阅读（电自） Specialty English Reading 33.专业英语阅读（高压） Specialty English Reading 34.可编程控制器应用Applications in Programmable Controller 35.MATLAB 程序设计 MATLAB Programming 电力方向1.现代电子测量技术 Modern Electronic Measurement Technology2.电力系统负荷预测 Electric Load Forecast3.新能源发电技术 New Energy Generation Technology4.直流输电与 FACTS 技术 HVDV Transmission and FACTS5.直流输电与 FACTS 技术(英语) HVDC Transmission and FACTS (English)6.发电厂动力部分 Thermal System in Power Plant7.电力系统通信 Communication in Power System8.电力市场基础 The Fundamental ofElectric Power Market 9.电力系统稳定 Power System Stability 10.电力系统应用软件Applied Software in Power System 11.电能质量概论 Introduction to Power Quality 12.变电站综合自动化Substation Integrated Automation 13.电力系统远程监控技术Telecontrol Techniques in Power System 14.微机保护原理 Digital Protection Principle in Power System 15. MATLAB 程序设计 MATLAB Programming 16.大型发电机与变压器运行Large Generator and Transformer Operation 17.电力系统通信 Communication in Power System电气自动化1.发电厂动力部分 Thermal System in Power Plant2.电力系统谐波与无功补偿 Power System Harmonics and Reactive Power Compensation3.电力系统调度运行与控制 Power System Dispatch Operation and Control4.电力系统稳定 Power System Stability5.电能质量概论 Introduction to Power Quality6.变电站综合自动化 Substation Integrated Automation7.超高压电网继电保护专题 Special analysis of EHV Transmission Line ProtectionGavin ChanPage 31/6/20118.电力系统远程监控技术 Telecontrol Techniques in Power System 9.电力系统主设备保护 Power System Equipment Protection 10.微机自动装置 Computerized Automatic Equipments 11.中压电网运行分析与接地保护Operation Analysis and Earth Fault Protection in Medium Voltage Grid 12.电路计算机辅助分析 Computer Aided Analysis of Circuit电气方向1.电力系统通信 Communication in Power System2.电力系统稳定 Power System Stability3.电力系统应用软件 Applied Software in Power System4.变电站综合自动化Substation Integrated Automation5.电力系统远程监控技术 Telecontrol Techniques in Power System6.电力系统主设备保护 Power System Equipment Protection7.微机保护原理Digital Protection Principle in Power System8.微机自动装置Computerized Automatic Equipments9.高压电器High Voltage Equipment 10.用电管理与监察Electricity Supply Management and Supervision 11.现代电子测量技术 Modern Electronic Measurement Technology高电压方向1.发电厂动力部分 Thermal System in Power Plant2.电能质量概论 Introduction toPower Quality 3.GIS 装置与绝缘技术 GIS Device and GIS Insulation Technique 4.高电压技术在非电力系统中的应用 Application of High Voltage Technology to Non-Electric Power Systems 5.高压电器 High Voltage Equipment 6.电磁兼容技术 Electro-Magnetic Compatibility Technology 7.输电线路设计基础 Transmission Line Design Basis 8.大型发电机与变压器运行 Large Generator and Transformer Operation电机方向1.新能源发电技术 New Energy Generation Technology2.直流输电与 FACTS 技术 HVDV Transmission and FACTS3.发电厂动力部分 Thermal System in Power Plant4.电力系统通信 Communication in Power System5.交流电机调速 Speed Control of AC Motors6.电力系统稳定 Power System StabilityGavin ChanPage 41/6/20117.电能质量概论 Introduction to Power Quality 8.变电站综合自动化 Substation Integrated Automation 9.电力系统远程监控技术 Telecontrol Techniques in Power System 10.电力系统主设备保护 Power System Equipment Protection 11.微机保护原理 Digital Protection Principle in Power System 12.高压电器 High Voltage Equipment 13.虚拟仪器概论 Virtual Instrument Conspectus各专业方向参考1.配电自动化 Distribution Automation2.大型电机故障诊断 Large Electrical Machines Fault Diagnosis3.控制电机 Control Electric Motor4.电气设备故障诊断Failure Diagnosis of Electrical Equipment5.光纤技术及应用 Fabric Technology and Application6.用电营销与管理 Electricity Selling and Management各类实践教学环节 Table of Teaching Schedule for Major Practical Training 1.入学教育及军训 Enrollment Education and Military Training 2.电子技术综合实验Comprehensive Experiment of Electronics 3.认识实习(电气) Cognition Practice 4.认识实习(电机) Cognition Practice 5.认识实习(电力) Cognition Practice 6.认识实习(电自) Cognition Practice 7.认识实习(高压) Cognition Practice 8.毕业设计(电气) Graduation Project 9.毕业设计(电机) Graduation Project 10.毕业设计(电力) Graduation Project 11.毕业设计(电自) Graduation Project 12.毕业设计(高压) Graduation Project 毕业教育 Graduation Education（实习）1.公益劳动 Public Laboring2.电力系统潮流上机计算 Power System Power Flow Programming电力 1.电力系统课程设计 Power System Course DesignGavin ChanPage 51/6/20112.电力系统暂态上机计算 Power System Transient Programming3.发电厂电气部分课程设计 Power Plant Course Design4.生产实习 Production Practice5.电力系统综合实验 A Comprehensive Experiment of Power System A6.金工实习 B Metalworking Practice B7.发电厂仿真实习 Power Plant Simulation Practice8.电力系统潮流上机计算 Power System Power Flow Programming电自 1.故障分析上机计算 Programming Practices of Fault Analysis in Power System 2.继电保护定值计算 Relay Setting Calculation Practice 3.继电保护与自动化综合实验 Comprehensive Tests of Protective Relay and Automation 4.生产实习 Production Practice 5.电力系统综合实验 A Comprehensive Experiment of Power System A 6.金工实习 B Metalworking Practice B 7.电力工程课程设计(1) Electric Power Engineering Course Design电气 1.电力工程课程设计(2) Electric Power Engineering Course Design (2) 2.电路计算机辅助设计实践 Computer Aided Design Practice of Circuits 3.电气与电子系统课程设计Electrical and Electronic Systems Course Design 4.电气综合实验Electrical Systems Comprehensive Experiment 5.生产实习 Production Practice 6.电力系统综合实验 B Comprehensive Experiment of Power System B 7.金工实习 B Metalworking Practice B 8.电力系统潮流上机计算 Power System Power Flow Programming 高压 1.电力系统过电压上机 Power System Over Voltage Programming 2.发电厂电气部分课程设计 Power Plant Course Design 3.高电压技术课程设计 High Voltage Technology Course Design 4.高电压综合实验 Comprehensive Experiment of High Voltage 5.生产实习 Production Practice 6.电力系统综合实验 B Comprehensive Experiment of Power System B 7.金工实习 B Metalworking Practice B 8.电机状态监测课程设计 Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines Course Design电机 1.电力传动综合实验 Comprehensive Experiment of Electric Drive 2.电力电子技术应用课程设计 Power Electronics Applications Course DesignGavin ChanPage 61/6/20113. 电力系统谐波与无功补偿课程设计 Power System Harmonics and Reactive Power Compensation Course Design4.交流电机仿真 AC Machine Simulation5.生产实习 Production Practice6.电力系统综合实验 A Comprehensive Experiment of Power System A7.金工实习 B Metalworking Practice B选修 1.变电站仿真实习 Substation Simulation Practice 2.微机继电保护综合实验Comprehensive Tests of Digital Protection 3.信号与系统实验Signal and System ExperimentsGavin ChanPage 71/6/20111。
电气工程及自动化专业英语考试翻译课文Electric Power Systems 电力系统3.1
Section 1 Introduction 第一节介绍The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.现代社会比以往任何时候对电力供应的依赖更多。
It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 如果中断了世界各地的电力供应，无法想像世界会变成什么样子Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为产业界的不可缺少的组成部分。
The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison –the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 托马斯爱迪生建立了世界上第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）它就是位于纽约市具有历史意义的珍珠街的发电厂始于1882年9月运作。
This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个直流系统，由一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机其供电面积约1.5公里至59范围内的客户。
电气工程及其自动化专业必背术语-翻译
电气工程及其自动化专业必背术语-翻译electrical infrastructure 电气基础设施electrical installation 电气安装技术equations set 方程组four-layer 四层hookup接线图human machine interface 人机界面impedance阻抗incidence 入射incident wave 入射波incorporated 合成一体的instantaneous 瞬间的interleaved 交叉load admittance 负载导纳lumped 集中的modal模式的modeling 建模motor management systems 电机管理系统mounting pads安装垫片noise margins噪音安全系数proximity effect 邻近效应terminator终结器undershoot 负脉冲信号；下冲transistor 晶体管audion三极管capacitance电容Diesel 柴油机AC-motors交流电机transistor晶体管coupling联结耦合current carrying capacity 载流能力(最大允许电流) conductivity 传导性in isolation绝缘lead导线leakage current泄漏电流inductance 感应系数loops线圈macroprocessor微处理器multimedia show多媒体展示medium-power distribution 中压配电motor and soft starters 电机及软起动器numerical controls数控系统optimal最佳的，最理想的radian弧度overload relays 过载继电器overshoot 过冲peak current 峰值电流power dissipation电力分散process automation 过程自动化punch穿孔，冲压reactance 电抗recharge再充regulated power supply稳压电源resistance 阻抗resistor 电阻器resonate 共振self-inductance 自感应series inductance 串联感应simulation 模拟switching 配电、交流thermal cycle 热循环thickness厚度voltage regulator 调压器resistive 有抵抗力的process instrumentation and analytics过程仪表及分析仪器warping扭曲，变形wiring layout线路配置图AC-drives交流变频器asymmetrical 非对称的attenuation 衰减bridged impedance桥接阻抗cable bridge 电缆桥架charge 电荷circuit schematic diagram电路原理图解coefficient 系数configuration构造constant 常量copper sheet铜片damping 阻尼decomposition 分解decouple 分离delay circuit 延迟电路dielectric sheets 介电原片diode clamping 钳位edge connector边缘连接器schematic 示意图services&industry solutions 服务和工业解决方案。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译Title: Original Text and Translation of Automation Professional EnglishIntroduction:In the field of automation, it is essential to have a good command of professional English, as many resources and documents are written in English. In this article, we will explore the original text and translation of automation professional English, providing a comprehensive guide for those looking to improve their language skills in this area.1. Original Text and Translation of Automation Terminology1.1 The original text of automation terminology includes terms such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), HMI (Human-Machine Interface), and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).1.2 The translation of these terms into other languages must be accurate and consistent to ensure clear communication in an international context.1.3 It is important for professionals in the automation industry to be familiar with these terms in both English and their native language to facilitate effective communication with colleagues and clients.2. Original Text and Translation of Automation Standards2.1 Automation standards, such as ISO 9001 and IEC 61131, are crucial for ensuring quality and safety in automation systems.2.2 Translating these standards accurately is essential to ensure compliance with regulations and best practices in different countries.2.3 Professionals in the automation industry should be well-versed in the original text of these standards and their translations to ensure the successful implementation of automation projects worldwide.3. Original Text and Translation of Automation Documentation3.1 Automation documentation, including user manuals, technical specifications, and maintenance guides, is often written in English.3.2 Translating this documentation accurately is essential to ensure that users and technicians can understand and operate automation systems effectively.3.3 Professionals in the automation industry should be proficient in both the original text and translated versions of documentation to facilitate training, troubleshooting, and maintenance of automation systems.4. Original Text and Translation of Automation Research Papers4.1 Research papers on automation topics are often published in English-language journals and conferences.4.2 Translating these papers accurately is crucial for sharing knowledge and advancements in the field of automation with a global audience.4.3 Professionals in the automation industry should be able to read and understand original research papers in English and be familiar with translations in other languages to stay informed about the latest developments in the field.5. Original Text and Translation of Automation Software5.1 Automation software, such as CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) programs, often have interfaces and documentation in English.5.2 Translating this software accurately is essential for ensuring that engineers and technicians can use these tools effectively.5.3 Professionals in the automation industry should be proficient in both the original text and translated versions of automation software to maximize their productivity and efficiency in their work.Conclusion:In conclusion, having a good command of professional English in the field of automation is essential for effective communication, compliance with standards, and staying informed about the latest developments. By understanding the original text and translations of automation terminology, standards, documentation, research papers, and software, professionals in the industry can enhance their language skills and excel in their careers.。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语学习简介
2024年6月20日
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2.1.2 广泛使用非谓语形式
1）动名词（gerund） ➢用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句
gerund phrase→ time subordinate clause ➢用动名词短语做主语 gerund phrase → subject 2）分词（participle） 过去分词短语替代被动语态Past Participle→Passive voice 现在分词短语替代主动语态Present Participle→ Active voice; 3）不定式(infinitive) 用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句
cannot …too(over) You can’t be too careful. ➢ A circuit breaker operation is followed by a disconnector operation.
断路器操作要被隔离开关操作跟随。 断路器操作后要进行隔离开关操作。
2024年6月20日
system.
If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system. 可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。 2) As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop
system.
As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system. 就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。
2024年6月20日
电气自动化技术专业英语实训
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译（精选多篇）
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译（精选多篇）第一篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformationbecame a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:（1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thusproviding the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of anunlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configurationand operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This asp ect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”译文：电力系统现代社会比以往任何时候更多地依赖于电力供应。
电气工程及其自动化外文翻译
The micro structure of low voltage distribution system BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of the InventionThis invention relates to a novel and unique low voltage distribution system to wire a miniature structure with an electrical circuit which cooperates with bi-prong electrical fastening members which function as an electrical connector to plug an electric light bulb to the electrical circuit in the miniature structure. In particular, this invention relates to an easily installed electrical wiring system using an adhesive backed conductive foil tape as the bus bar for the system. The bi-prong electrical fastening devices can be plugged into and unplugged from the bus bar strips at any desired location.2. Disclosure of the Prior ArtIt is known in the art to utilize low voltage lighting systems for miniature structures. Typically, the wiring takes the form of insulated electrical conductors extending from a voltage source, such as a battery or step-down transformer, directly to a light bulb. Each light has its own pair of conductors which extend throughout the miniature structure.It is also known to install wiring within a miniature structure in the form of a distribution circuit having a plurality of junctions or connecting points wherein conductors are electrically connected at the connecting points by a soldered connection. Addition of a lamp or relocating a lamp requires soldering or mechanically disconnecting the lamp.Other known low voltage distribution systems utilize electrical connectors having female and male components. Other systems utilize a variety of electrical conductors and connecting devices, all of which require tools or following precise installation techniques.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe novel and unique low voltage distribution system for miniature structures, such as doll houses or other model buildings, of the present invention overcomes several disadvantages of the prior art. One advantage of the present invention is that a main bus bar for the distribution system is formed by a pair of elongated bus bar strips having a conductive metal foil top layer and an adhesive bottom layer. The strips are easily installed by peeling off a removable backing member exposing the adhesive layer. The bus bar strips are affixed to the walls of the miniature structure in a parallel spaced relationship. The distance between the center line of the strips is selected to be a predetermined distance. The predetermined distance is at least equal to the transverse width or geometrical dimension of the strips. Bi-prong electrical fastening devices having two sharp points are pushed into the bus bar, pierce and pass through the parallel strips, forming an electrical connection with the strips. The points engage the wall of the miniature structure and are held in place. A light bulb is connected by wires across the bi-prong plug.Another advantage is that the bus bar strips are easily formed into 90° angles or other angles by folding the strips to obtain the desired angle. Prior art devices require staples or adhesive holding devices to hold insulating wires. Depending on thedistribution system of the prior art devices, an electrical connection requires tools, soldering or some method of insuring a dependable mechanical and electrical connection.Another advantage of the present invention is that the bi-prong electrical fastening device is easily installed by pushing the device into the miniature structure wall in the same manner as a tack of similar device. If it is desired to remove or relocate a lamp, the bi-prong plug is easily pulled out and reinserted.Yet another advantage of the present invention is that branch bus bar circuits can be fabricated by folding the end against itself forming a mating terminal. The mating terminal is placed into contact at any desired location on the main bus bar to form sub-distribution circuits.A yet further advantage of the present invention is that a lamp can be attached to a bi-prong plug by winding wires together and forming a tight insulating seal therearound by use of a heat-shrinkable tube or cylinder.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGThe foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment of the invention when considered together with the illustrations in the accompanying drawings and includes the following figures:FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the low voltage distribution system having bi-prong plugs and lamp connected thereto;FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a contacting mating connection between a main bus bar and a branch bus bar;FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation of a doll house having a pair of spaced parallel elongated strips as the main bus bar and branch bus bar;FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of a section of bus bar having a bi-prong electrical fastening device inserted therein;FIG. 5 is a section taken along section lines 5-5 of FIG. 4;FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 are an end, front and top view of a bi-prong electrical fastening device having a circular cross-section;FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are an end, front and top view of a bi-prong electrical fastening device having a rectangular cross-section;FIG. 12 is a pictorial illustration of twisting an end of a conductor from a bi-prong electrical fastening device with the end of a conductor from a light bulb having a heat shrinkable tube strung on the conductors; andFIG. 13 is a wire lamp and bi-prong electrical fastening device with the heat-shrinkable sealing tube being shrunk to form a tight insulating seal around the twisted electrical connection illustrated in FIG. 12.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTThe schematic diagram of FIG. 1 includes a means for producing a low voltage signal such as, for example, a step down transformer 20. In the preferred embodiment, a primary winding 22 of transformer 20 is electrically connected across a 120 volt 60 hertz source. A secondary winding 24 produces a low voltage, 60 hertz signal thereacross such as 12 volts A.C. The low voltage source could be a direct currentsource such as batteries.The transformer 20 may include a detecting and limiting device 28 to detect and limit the current flow through the secondary winding 24. If the transformer becomes overloaded due to high current flow, the device 28 opens. A thermal cutout may be used as one such device. The transformer may be a 120/12 volt 60 hertz U.L. approved Class 2 transformer.A main bus bar, shown generally as 30, is electrically connected to the secondary winding 24 by electrical conductors 32.A branch bus bar, shown generally as 36, is attached or connected to the main bus bar30 through a pair of mating contacts shown as 40 and 42.Bi-prong electrical fastening devices shown as 50 are inserted into the bus bar to make electrical contact. Each bi-prong plug 50 has a lamp 52 connected thereto. The connections are made through sealed electrical connectors 54.FIG. 2 illustrates the main bus bar 30 is formed of two spaced parallel strips 56 and 58 each having a conductive metal foil top layer 60 and an adhesive bottom layer 62. The width of the strip is of a selected geometrical dimension. The bus bar's two elongated strips 56 and 58 are spaced with the center lines 64 and 66, respectively, spaced a predetermined distance. The predetermined distance, in the preferred embodiment, is at least equal to the width of strips 56 and 58.A branch bus bar having two elongated strips 70 and 72, which is of the same material and construction as strips 56 and 58, has the one end thereof folded back upon itself with the adhesive layer of the folded end in contact with and adhering to the adhesive layer of the unfolded bus bar strip to form coplanar mating contacts 74 and 76. The coplanar mating contacts 74 and 76 are in mating electrical contact with the conductive metal top foil 60. Pieces of adhesive tape 80 are affixed to mating contacts 74 and 76, and a piece of adhesive tape 82 is located between strips 56 and 72. A section of the miniature structure is shown as 86.FIG. 3 shows a miniature structure 90 having a main bus bar 92 and a branch bus bar 94. The mating connection is shown as 96. Several right angle turns in the bus bar are shown by 100. A typical wiring pattern extends through three stories.FIG. 4 shows a top view of a section 104 of the miniature structure having bus bar strips 56 and 58 adhered thereto. The strips 56 and 58 originally and a protective backing which was removed exposing the adhesive. A bi-prong electrical connecting 50 device has conductive fastening members 120 (shown in FIGS. 5 through 8) terminating in an output terminal 108. A pair of insulated electrical conductors 110 is attached to output terminal 108.An end sectional view of the bus bar strips 56 and 58 and bi-prong electrical connecting device 50 in FIG. 5 shows that the conductive fastening members 120 terminate in a tapered cutting edge or point 122 adapted to pierce and be driven through the bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a selected portion 104 of the miniature structure.The conductive fastening members 120 are spaced a predetermined distance apart and are parallel to each other. Each conductive fastening member 120 terminates in an output terminal 108 having conductors 110 soldered thereto. The housing or body 124of the bi-prong plug 50 is formed of insulating, cured epoxy well known in the art. FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 show a bi-prong electrical fastening member having a circular cross-section. The elements are shown in solid line with the body 124 shown in dashed line.FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 show a bi-prong electrical fastening member having a rectangular cross-section. The elements are shown in solid line with the body 124 shown in dashed line.FIG. 12 shows an electrical conductor 110 with a conductive end section 126 exposed and twisted together with the end of a conducting lead 128 from a lamp or light bulb 52. A heat-shrinkable tube or cylinder 130 is positioned around each joined connection of the conducting lead 128 and electrical conductor 110. The tube 130 has an axial length sufficient to encapsulate and form a tight, insulating fitting around the connection. FIG. 13 shows the tube 130 and wiring being exposed to a heat source 142 of the right temperature to cause the desired shrinkage.The system disclosed herein can be assembled into a lighting kit for use in a doll house or for other miniature structures such as that used with model trains, model cities and other hobby type structures. In the preferred embodiment, the kit comprises a transformer, copper tape with an adhesive backing, light bulbs, wires, spring clamps (used as connecting means 32 in FIG. 1) and heat shrinkable tubing.The connections for providing a 12 volt electrical signal from the two copper tapes and into a lamp or fixture in the structure is obtained by attaching one of the bi-prong plugs to the bulbs or lamps. The two prongs of the plug are pointed and are pressed into and through the copper tapes in a manner similar to insertion and removal of a two-prong fastener.Installation of the distribution system is fairly simple and can be done without use of tools or soldering equipment. This is of significance in the model or hobby market.It is also envisioned that the connecting means in FIG. 1 may well be a bi-prong electrical connecting device wherein the electrical conductors are connected to the output of the transformer.What is claimed is:1. A low voltage distribution system for a miniature structure comprisingmeans for producing a low voltage signal;a main bus bar formed of a conductive metal foil top layer and an adhesive bottom layer, said conductive metal foil having a pair of elongated bus bar strips each having a selected geometrical dimension across the width thereof, said strips being positioned in spaced parallel relationship wherein the spacing between the parallel center lines of each elongated bus bar strip is of a predetermined distance which is at least equal to said geometrical dimension and said adhesive layer being adapted to attach the main bus bar to a selected portion of a miniature structure with the conductive metal foil exposed;means for connecting the low voltage signal to the conductive metal foil layer and producing a voltage potential across said strips; andat least one bi-prong removable electrical fastening device formed of a pair of spacedconductive fastening members each of which are electrically connected to an output terminal, each of said fastening members terminating in an elongated tapered cutting edge, said tapered cutting edges being in spaced parallel relationship and having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance, and which, when urged into fastening engagement with a said miniature structure, are adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each bus bar and be driven through each of the bus bar strips of the main bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with said selected portion of a said miniature structure located under the adhesive layer, and being adapted to terminate said electrical connection with each of the bus bar strips upon removal of the fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of a miniature structure by slideably withdrawing the tapered edges from each bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strips to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit.2. The system of claim 1 wherein the means for producing a low voltage signal comprises a step down alternating current transformer.3. The system of claim 2 wherein the low voltage signal producing means includes means for detecting and limiting the current flow through the step down transformer.4. The system of claim 3 wherein the low voltage signal connecting means includesa pair of transformer leads; anda pair of spring clips electrically connected to the transformer leads and to the main bus bar.5. The system of claim 1 whereinsaid bi-prong electrical fastening device includes a pair of separate output terminals electrically connected to said spaced fastening members and having a geometrical distance therebetween which is substantially equal to said predetermined distance.6. The system of claim 5 further comprisinga second bi-prong electrical fastening device identical to said at least one bi-prong electrical fastening device and adapted to pierce and be driven through a different section of the main bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a selected section of a miniature structure.7. The system of claim 5 further comprisinga branch bus bar having a pair of elongated bus bar strips having a geometrical dimension across the width thereof which is substantially equal to said selected geometrical dimension, a conductive metal foil top layer and an adhesive bottom layer, said branch bus bar strips being positioned in a spaced parallel relationship wherein the spacing between the parallel center lines thereof is substantially equal to said predetermined distance, said branch bus bar strips each having one end thereof folded back upon itself with the adhesive layer of the folded end in contact with and adhering to the adhesive layer of the unfolded bus bar strip to form a coplanar mating contact with the conductive metal foil layer being located on the outer surface of the folded end, one of said mating contacts at the end of each bus bar strip being positioned in mating electrical contact with the conductive metal foil top layer of the main bus bar; anda second removable bi-prong electrical fastening device formed of a pair of spaced conductive fastening members electrically connected to an output terminal, each of said spaced conductive fastening members being electrically connected to a separate output terminal and each of which terminate in an elongated tapered cutting edge, said tapered cutting edges being in spaced parallel relationship and having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance and which, when urged into fastening engagement with a said miniature structure, are adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each branch bus bar strip and be driven through the elongated strips of the branch bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a section of a said miniature structure located under the adhesive layer, and being adapted to terminate said electrical connection from each of the branch bus bar strips upon removal of the second fastening device conductive fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of a miniature structure by slideably withdrawing the tapered edges from each branch bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strip to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit.8. The system of claim 7 further comprisinga third bi-prong electrical fastening device identical to said second bi-prong electrical fastening device and adapted to pierce and be driven through the branch bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with a selected section of a said miniature structure.9. The system of claim 3 further comprisinga pair of insulated electrical conductors wherein each conductor has one end thereof electrically attached to an output terminal and the other end of the conductor terminating with the conductive end section thereof exposed; anda light bulb capable of being illuminated by the low voltage signal, said light bulb having a pair of conducting leads extending therefrom with each end thereof electrically connected to one of the exposed conductor end sections forming an electrical circuit therewith.10. The system of claim 9 further comprisinga heat-shrinkable cylinder positioned around each joined connection of the conducting lead and electrical conductor, said cylinder having an axial length sufficient to encapsulate and form a tight insulating fitting around said electrical connection.11. A low voltage distribution system for wiring a miniature structure for electricity comprisinga step down voltage transformer adapted to be electrically connected to an alternating current voltage source having a voltage level higher than the desired distribution voltage level for producing a low voltage signal at the level desired for the distribution voltage;a first and second elongated bus bar strip, each having a selected geometrical dimension across the width thereof and formed of a conductive metal foil top layer and a bottom adhesive layer, said bus bar strips being affixed to a selected section of a said miniature structure and positioned in a spaced parallel relationship with apredetermined distance between the center lines of each strip being at least equal to said selected geometrical dimension;a pair of electrical connectors extending from the transformer to the bus bar strips for applying the low voltage signal across said bus bar strips having a plurality of bi-prong removable electrical fastening members terminating in a pair of spaced parallel elongated tapered cutting edges having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance and which, when urged into fastening engagement with said miniature structure, is adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each bus bar and be driven into and through the bus bar strips forming a plurality of parallel electrical connections therewith and into fastening engagement with a different selected section of a said miniature structure, each of which are located opposite the fastening member and under the bus bar strips and which is adapted to terminate said electrical connection with each of the bus bar strips upon removal of the fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of a miniature structure by slideably withdrawing from each bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strips to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit; anda plurality of light bulbs each of which has a pair of conducting leads which are electrically connected across one of said bi-prong electrical fastening members, said light bulbs each being in parallel circuit connection to each other and being responsive to the low voltage signal applied across the bus bar to become illuminated.12. The system of claim 11 wherein the bi-prong electrical fastening member has a round cross-section.13. The system of claim 12 wherein the bi-prong electrical fastening member has a rectangular cross-section.14. A miniature structure low voltage distribution system having a main bus bar formed of a conductive metal foil layer which is affixed to the miniature structure by an adhesive bottom layer, said main bus bar having a pair of spaced parallel elongated bus bar strips each having a selected geometrical dimension across the width thereof and with the spacing between the center lines of the parallel strips being a predetermined distance, said distribution system comprisingat least one bi-prong removable electrical fastening device formed of a pair of spaced conductive fastening members each of which are electrically connected to an output terminal, each of said fastening members terminating in an elongated tapered cutting edge, said tapered cutting edges being in spaced parallel relationship and having a dimension therebetween substantially equal to said predetermined distance, and which, when urged into fastening engagement with a said miniature structure, are adapted to pierce, form an elongated slit in and parallel to the center line of each bus bar and be driven through each of the bus bar strips of the main bus bar forming an electrical connection therewith and into fastening engagement with said selected portion of a said miniature structure located under the adhesive layer, and being adapted to terminate said electrical connection with each of the bus bar strips upon removal of the fastening member from fastening engagement with said selected portion of aminiature structure by slideably withdrawing the tapered edges from each bus bar strip leaving a slight elongated slit therein while enabling the strips to maintain a voltage potential thereacross independent of the elongated slit.微型结构低压分配系统1.发明背景此项发明涉及到一项独特的低压分配系统，此系统为一个有着电子线路的微型结构，它包含着电力加速构件，其中的电子连接器使一个电灯泡安插在这个微型结构中。
自动化专业英语
自动化专业英语自动化专业英语是指在自动化领域中使用英语进行交流和沟通的语言。
以下是一份标准格式的自动化专业英语文本，详细介绍了自动化专业的背景、学习内容、职业发展和相关技能要求。
自动化专业英语一、背景介绍自动化专业是一门应用科学，涉及机械、电子、计算机、控制理论等多个领域的交叉学科。
它致力于研究和开发能够自动执行任务的系统和设备，以提高生产效率、质量和安全性。
自动化技术在工业、交通、医疗、能源等领域具有广泛的应用。
二、学习内容1. 基础知识：学生需要掌握数学、物理、电子电路、信号处理等基础知识，为后续学习打下坚实的基础。
2. 自动控制理论：学生将学习控制系统的原理、设计和分析方法，包括传感器、执行器、控制器等关键元件的应用。
3. 电气工程：学生将学习电路、电机、电力系统等电气工程相关的知识，了解电气设备的工作原理和调试方法。
4. 计算机科学：学生将学习计算机编程、数据结构、算法等知识，掌握编写自动化系统控制程序的能力。
5. 机械工程：学生将学习机械设计、机械加工、传动系统等知识，了解自动化设备的机械结构和运动原理。
三、职业发展自动化专业毕业生具备广泛的职业发展机会。
他们可以在制造业、能源行业、交通运输、医疗设备等领域从事自动化系统设计、安装和维护工作。
他们还可以在研究机构、大学和科研院所从事自动化技术的研究和开发工作。
随着智能制造、工业互联网的快速发展，自动化专业的需求将进一步增加。
四、相关技能要求1. 英语能力：自动化专业需要与国际合作伙伴进行交流，因此良好的英语能力是必不可少的。
学生需要掌握专业英语词汇、语法和口语表达能力，能够阅读和理解英文文献和技术资料。
2. 技术能力：学生需要掌握自动控制理论和相关工程技术，能够设计和实现自动化系统。
他们还需要熟悉计算机编程、电路设计和机械加工等技术。
3. 团队合作能力：自动化项目通常需要多个专业的合作，学生需要具备良好的团队合作能力，能够与其他专业人员协作解决问题。
电气工程与自动化专业英语中文翻译
第一章 电路基本原理第一节 电流与电压u(t ）和i(t ）这两个变量是电路中最基本的概念,描述了电路中各种不同的关系.电荷与电流电荷与电流的概念是解释一切电气现象的基础原则。
而电荷也是电路的最基本的量。
电荷是构成物质的原子的电气属性，单位是库仑（C ）。
通过基础物理学,我们了解到一切物质都是由被称为原子的基本粒子构造而成的，每个原子中都包含电子、质子和中子。
我们还知道电子上的电荷带负电，每个电子上的电量是1.60210×10—19库仑。
质子带与电子相等的正电荷。
原子上质子与电子的数目相等，使其呈中性.我们来考虑电荷的运动。
电或电荷的独特之处就是它们可以移动,也就是说电荷可以从一个地方移动到另一个地方，从而转换成另外一种形式的能量。
当把一根导线接在电池（一种电源）的两端时，电荷受迫而运动;正电荷与负电荷分别向相反的两个方向移动。
这种电荷的移动产生了电流。
习惯上，我们把正电荷移动的方向或负电荷移动的反方向称为电流的方向,如图1-1所示。
这种说法是由美国科学家、发明家本杰明·富兰克林提出的。
即使我们知道金属导体中的电流是由于带负电荷的电子（运动）而产生的，（我们）也使用默认的习惯,将正电荷运动的方向定义为电流的方向.因此，电流是单位时间内电荷的变化率,单位是安培(ampere,A ）.在数学上，电流i 、电荷q 和时间t 的关系为i=dtdq （1—1）将等式的两边同时进行积分,则可得到电荷在时间t 和t 0之间的变化。
有q== 0t t idt (1-2）在等式（1—1）中我们给电流i 的定义表现了电流不是一个定值量，电荷随时间的变化不同,电流也与之呈不同的函数关系。
电压、电能与电功率使电子在导体中定向运动需要做功或能量转换.功由外电动势提供，最典型的就是图1—1中的电池.外电动势也可理解为电压或电位差。
电路中，a 、b 两点之间的电压U ab 等于从a 到b 移动单位电荷所需能量（所做的功)，有U ab =dqdw (1—3) w 代表电能，单位是焦耳（J ）；q 代表电量.单位是库仑（C ）。
自动化专业英语中文翻译
PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ———————————— 3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ——————————— 5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical V ariables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artific ial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric V ehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。