additives
冷却油的成分

冷却油的成分
1. 基础油(Base Oil):基础油是冷却油的主要成分,它可以是矿物油、合成油或半合成油。
矿物油通常是从石油中提炼的,而合成油则是通过化学反应合成的。
2. 添加剂(Additives):添加剂是为了改善冷却油性能和提供额外的保护而加入的。
常见的添加剂包括抗氧化剂、防腐剂、抗磨剂、清洁剂、抗泡剂、抗乳化剂等。
这些添加剂可以提高冷却油的耐热性、抗氧化性、抗腐蚀性等性能。
3. 抗磨剂(Anti-wear agents):抗磨剂用于减少摩擦和磨损。
它们可以在金属表面形成保护性的膜,减少金属间的接触,并降低磨损。
4. 抗氧化剂(Antioxidants):抗氧化剂用于延长冷却油的使用寿命,防止其在使用过程中因受热和氧化而变质。
5. 清洁剂(Detergents):清洁剂用于清除引擎内部的沉积物和污垢,保持引擎的清洁。
6. 防腐剂(Anti-corrosion agents):防腐剂用于防止引擎内部金属部件受到腐蚀。
7. 抗泡剂(Anti-foaming agents):抗泡剂用于防止冷却液在循环过程中产生过多的气泡,以保证正常的冷却效果。
以上只是常见的一些成分,实际的冷却油配方可能会根据具体用途和要求而有所不同。
食品添加剂的利弊英语

食品添加剂的利弊英语Expertssuggestthatthecorrectuseoffoodadditives,cani mprovefoodquality,,,forexample,ifyoudonotuse,instan tnoodlescannotbestoredforalongtimewilldeteriorate,j ellycannoteataftertwodays,,aftersuchrigorousscienti ficprocessingsyntheticandstrictlylimitedfoodadditiv esinfoodconsumption,becausepeopleineveryaspectofthe pursuitofcommercialinterests,butnowisinflood,thatne arly90%offoodadditives,everyadulteverydaytoeatintot heeightyorninetykindsofadditivescanbeaddedwithoutvi olatingthe"cannotaddthescientificprinciplesalsohadt oaddaslittleaspossibletoadd".1,foodadditivesharmfultothehumanbodyFoodadditivesgenerallyaddinfoodconsumption,~/,sucha ssalt,onceweputinfoodtoomuch,wewillbreakthephysiolo gicalbalance,accordingtoastudybythenationalhealthan dmedicalresearchinFrance,Franceeveryyearatleast75th ousandpeoplesufferingfromcardiovasculardiseaseduetoexcesalt,,nottomentionthatmostsyntheticfoodadditive s,,foodadditivesexceededtheincidentoccurredfrequent ly,knockingusoneafteranotherwake-upcall.Let',mainlyusedaschromogenicagentandmeatprocessing, cankeepthemeatbrightcolor,brightred,,nitritecanprod ucestrongcarcinogenicnitrosaminesinmeatdish,butital sobelongstothefoodadditiveispoisonous,,,2008,12stud entsinwuchangthirddistrictLiangdaoStreetmiddleSchoo lGrade6students,chengmoumou,HubeiInstituteofFineArt shasappearednauseaandvomiting,dizziness,headacheina fast-foodrestaurantafterthemeal,thelips,fingercyano sissymptoms,clinicalconsultationgroupforProvincialP eople'sHospitalexperts:,soweshouldpayspecialattenti ontotheuseoffoodadditiveswithgreatharmtothehumanbod y.2,thebenefitsoffoodadditivesFoodadditiveshavegreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofthe foodindustry,:tosave,topreventspoilage;improvethese nsorypropertiesoffood;tomaintainorimprovethenutriti onalvalueoffood;increasingthefoodvarietyandconvenience;favorabletofoodprocessing,productionmechanizati onandautomationnowcommonlyusedpigmentsincludetwotyp es:,whicharemainlyextractedfromplanttissues,,becaus epeoplearenotawareoftheharmofsyntheticpigment,andpi gmentandnaturalpigmentcomparedwithbrightcolor,stron gcoloring,stablequalityandlowprice,man'slivingstand ard,moreandm,alargenumberofstudieshavepointedouttha talmostallofthesyntheticpigmentcannotprovidenutrien tstothehumanbody,,boxlunch,aglanceatthenutritionali ngredientsoffoodpackagingprintingontheelegant,,refi nedgrainproducts,salt,highfructosesyrupisthefouring redientsinprocessedfoods,,suchascitricacid,aspartam e,stevioside,sodiumcyclamate,Finlandwhitepigment,va nillin,ethylmaltol,potassiumsorbate......Basicallyn oharm,aslongasitdoesnotaddtoomuch.concludingremarksTheuseoffoodadditivesstandardsissued,,foodprocessin gaids,gumsugarbaseagentandfoodspices,involvingtheto p16categoriesoffood,odadditives,theuseofadditivesma ynotcoverfoodspoilage,notadulterate,,putforwardthep rincipleofreducingtheuseoffoodasfaraspossibleinordertoachievetheintendedpurpose.相关个人独资企业之利弊。
饲料添加剂英文分析报告

饲料添加剂英文分析报告additive英 [ˈædətɪv] 美 [ˈædətɪv]n. 添加剂,添加物adj. 累积的,添加的;(与)叠加色(有关)的[ 复数 additives ]短语food additive [食品] 食品添加剂 ; 食物添加剂 ; 添加剂分析additive function [数] 加性函数 ; 可加性函数 ; 加和性函数feed additive [畜牧] 饲料添加剂 ; 饲料添加物 ; 饵料添加剂additive [ 'æditiv ]n. something added to enhance food or gasoline or paint or medicineadj.characterized or produced by addition"an additive process"designating or involving an equation whose terms are of the first degree同义词: linear以上来源于: WordNet柯林斯英汉双解大词典additive /ˈædɪtɪv/ CET6+ TEM81. N-COUNT An additive is a substance which is added in small amounts to foods or other things in order to improve them or to make them last longer. 添加剂例:Strict safety tests are carried out on food additives.对食品添加剂进行了严格的安全检测。
词组短语同近义词同根词food additive 食品添加剂feed additive [化]饲料添加剂chemical additive 化学添加剂additive noise 相加噪声additive agent 添加剂更多词组短语n. [建][物化]添加剂,添加物addition agent , make weight adj. [数]附加的;加法的attached , plus , more , second , excess词根: addadj.additional 附加的,额外的addable 可增加的addible 可增加的,可添加的adv.additionally 此外;又,加之n.addition 添加;[数] 加法;增加物add 加法,加法运算adder 蝰蛇(欧洲产的小毒蛇);加算器;猪鼻蛇(北美产无毒的)vi.add 加;增加;加起来;做加法vt.add 增加,添加;补充说;计算…总和双语例句原声例句权威例句I think, though, that even in the USA, ethanol is still only used as an additive to gasoline, or petrol.不过我认为,即使在美国,乙醇仍然只用作汽油的添加剂。
additive的用法总结大全

additive的用法总结大全(学习版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制学校:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!additive的用法总结大全additive的意思additive的简明意思n. 添加剂adj. 加添的英式发音 ['ædətɪv] 美式发音 ['ædətɪv]additive的具体用法用作名词 n.additive的基本意思是“附加物; 添加物; 添加剂; 加成剂”,是可数名词,尤指食品添加剂。
Food additives

Contents
What is food additives The use of food additives Types of food additives
The importance of food additives
Advice to the public of food additives
食品添加剂的危害产生的原因
1、使用未经国家批准使用或禁用的添加剂品种。 2、添加剂使用超出规定用量 。 3、添加剂使用超出规定范围 。 4、使用工业级代替食品级的添加剂 1, use without the approval of the state or the use of a variety of additives. 2, the use of additives beyond the prescribed amount. 3, the use of additives beyond the specified range. 4, the use of industrial grade instead of food grade additives
食品添加剂按功能分类: (共21类)
酸度调节剂
漂白剂
抗结剂
膨松剂
消泡剂
胶姆糖基础剂
抗氧化剂
着色剂
护色剂
面粉处理剂 防腐剂 其他
乳化剂
被膜剂 稳定和凝固剂
酶制剂
水分保持剂 甜味剂
增味剂
营养强化剂 增稠剂
Food additives by functional classification: (a total of 21 categories) Acidity regulator Anti knot agent Anti foam agent Antioxidant Bleaching agents Swelling agent chewing gum bases Colorant color fixative Emulsifier Enzyme preparation Flavour enhancer flour treatment agent Membrane agent Water retention agent Nutritional supplements Preservative stabilizer and coagulator Sweet agent Thickening agent Other
助剂 化工英语

助剂化工英语Additives in the Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry plays a crucial role in the modern world, providing a wide range of essential products and materials that support various sectors, from manufacturing to agriculture. At the heart of this industry lies the use of additives, which are substances added to chemical formulations to enhance their performance, stability, or specific properties. These additives, often referred to as "helper chemicals," are essential components in the development and production of a vast array of products.One of the primary functions of additives in the chemical industry is to improve the performance of base chemicals or materials. For instance, in the production of plastics, additives such as stabilizers, plasticizers, and flame retardants are used to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and safety properties of the final product. These additives can improve the durability, flexibility, and fire resistance of plastic materials, making them more suitable for a wide range of applications, from packaging to construction.Similarly, in the production of fuels and lubricants, additives are usedto improve their performance characteristics. Detergents, dispersants, and anti-wear agents are added to fuel and lubricant formulations to keep engines clean, prevent the buildup of deposits, and reduce friction, ultimately extending the lifespan of machinery and improving energy efficiency.In the pharmaceutical industry, additives play a crucial role in the formulation of drugs. Excipients, such as binders, disintegrants, and coatings, are used to improve the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. These additives help ensure the consistent and effective delivery of medications, contributing to improved patient outcomes.The role of additives in the chemical industry extends beyond performance enhancement. They also play a vital role in ensuring the safety and environmental sustainability of chemical products. For instance, corrosion inhibitors are added to industrial chemicals to prevent the degradation of equipment and infrastructure, reducing the risk of leaks and spills that could harm the environment. Antimicrobial additives are used in personal care products and cleaning solutions to prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms, promoting hygiene and public health.Furthermore, the chemical industry is constantly evolving, driven by the need to develop more sustainable and eco-friendly products. Inthis context, the use of "green" additives, derived from renewable or biodegradable sources, is gaining traction. These additives are designed to minimize the environmental impact of chemical products, reducing their carbon footprint and promoting a more circular economy.The development and application of additives in the chemical industry require a deep understanding of chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Chemists, chemical engineers, and formulation scientists work collaboratively to identify and optimize the use of additives, ensuring that they meet the specific requirements of various industries and applications.The chemical industry's reliance on additives is not without its challenges, however. The increasing complexity of chemical formulations, the need to comply with stringent regulatory standards, and the pressure to develop more sustainable solutions all require ongoing research and innovation. Chemical companies must continually invest in R&D to stay ahead of the curve, developing new and improved additives that can address the evolving needs of the market.In conclusion, additives are essential components of the chemical industry, playing a crucial role in enhancing the performance, safety, and sustainability of a wide range of products. As the industrycontinues to evolve, the development and application of these "helper chemicals" will remain a key focus, driving innovation and progress in the years to come.。
AdditivesforSolv...
Additives for Solvent-Free Epoxy Floor Coatings1. IntroductionMany floors of offices, factories and warehouses are coated with floor coatings. Features of a floor coating are good physical properties and a low price. 2K Polyurethane coatings and Epoxy coatings are used for these floors. Especially, Epoxy floor coatings are widely used because of their excellent durability, abrasion resistance, load bearing, impact resistance, chemical resistance, oil resistance and so on.Recently, due to environmental issues and odor problems, solvent-free epoxy floor coatings are getting more and more popular. Solvent-free types are better for our health and have less unpleasant odors. Furthermore, using a solvent-free type, we can get a thicker coating.On the other hand, there are a lot of issues such as foaming, poor workability and poorself-leveling since containing no solvents results in an increased viscosity and shorter pot life. Therefore, various additives are used to solve these problems.In this document, we would like to introduce our additives which are used for solvent-free epoxy floor coatings.2. Pigment-Wetting and Dispersing Agent2-1. Typical properties of DISPARLON DA-325The pigment-wetting and dispersing agent DISPARLON DA-325 is a solvent-free polymer type dispersant. DA-325 is composed of a phosphate group for absorbing onto pigments and a polyether part for compatibility. The polyether part extends in resins and creates a steric hinderance repulsion effect. Therefore DA-325 is effective for the wetting and dispersing of pigments.2-2. Wetting and dispersing effects of DA-325This is the dispersing test result of DA-325 in a solvent-free epoxy floor coating which contains talc as the body pigment. Without dispersant, pigment particles flocculate and cause an increased viscosity. The dispersant wets the pigments, prevents pigment flocculation and provides decreased viscosity. Figure-1 shows the flow curves of the floor coatings containing DA-325. DA-325 decreased the viscosity, and provided "Newtonian flow" at a dosage level of 2% or more. As shown in Photo-1, DA-325 improved the fluidity of the paint. Thus DA-325 can make pigment dispersion easy at the production stage, and improve the self-leveling properties during the paint application.Table-2 Formulationshear rate (1/s)viscosity(Pa.s)BLANK DA-325 2.0 %BLANK DA-325 2.0 %3. Defoamer3-1. Typical properties of DISPARLON defoamersDISPARLON SPX-20 and SPX-21 are Vinyl / Acrylic polymer type defoamers. SPX-20 and SPX-21 are suitable for high polar resin systems like Epoxy resins and they have leveling properties as well as defoaming properties.DISPARLON SPX-44 is a silicone type defoamer. SPX-44 has a strong defoaming effect, can be used in a wide range of paints and has no influence on the film clarity.3-2. Defoaming effect of DISPARLON defoamersThis is the defoaming test result of DISPARLON defoamers in a solvent-free epoxy floor coating. Compared to the Blank, SPX-20 showed an excellent defoaming effect. (Photo-2)Table-4 FormulationNext is the defoaming and transparency test result in an Epoxy clear topcoat. SPX-44 was superior to Additive A (competitor) regarding defoaming property and clarity. (Photo-3)SPX-44 can be used in an Epoxy clear topcoat formulation.BLANKTable-5 Formulation4. Combination of Dispersant and DefoamerCombining a dispersant and a defoamer has a synergistic effect.Formulation-1Figure-2 shows flow curves of Part A. DA-325 decreased the viscosity and gave flow curves close to a Newtonian flow . SPX-20 didn’t affect the paint flow property .As shown in Photo-4, DA-325 reduced viscosity and made air-releasing easier, but didn’t have defoaming property so the film appearance of DA-325 was similar to Blank. SPX-20 defoamed the film well, but was not perfect. However, the combination of DA-325 and SPX-20 provided an excellent film. This is because DA-325 which reduces viscosity and makes air-releasing easier helps the defoaming effect of SPX-20. Furthermore, lower viscosity and the leveling effect of SPX-20 enhanced the self-leveling properties of the paint and improved the film appearance. Defoaming ClarityFormulation-2In this formulation, the combination of DA-325 and SPX-21 provided an excellent film, and was superior to the combination of competitive Dispersant A and competitive Defoamer A. BlankDA-325LAP-10DA-325 / LAP-10Blank DA-325 1sop% SPX-210.1%Dispersant A 1sop%Defoamer A 0.1%DA-325 / SPX-20SPX-20Figure-3 shows the mechanism of the synergetic effect of a dispersant and a defoamer.Foam in a fluid floats to the surface and then breaks up caused by the defoamer particles. However, if the viscosity of a coating solution is high, the foam floating rate is slow , therefore, the film is crosslinked before foam reaches the surface. Thus the defoaming of a high viscosity fluid is very difficult.A dispersant reduces the viscosity of a coating and provides a Newtonian flow , therefore, helps the air-release and the defoamer can break foam bubbles on the surface efficiently with the help of the dispersant. So the combined use of a dispersant and a defoamer has the synergetic effect. Furthermore, lower viscosity provided by a dispersant is good for the self-leveling of a floor coating. A leveling agent or a defoamer which has leveling effect (e.g. SPX-20 / SPX-21) also helps the self-leveling.The combination of a dispersant and a defoamer provides excellent film surfaces. Figure-3 Mechanism of the synergetic effect of a dispersant and a defoamerAs mentioned in this document, the combination of different kind of additives is very effective to get an excellent appearance of Epoxy floor coatings.6/6。
一次说清燃油添加剂的使用问题!
一次说清燃油添加剂的使用问题!1.燃油添加剂可以提高燃油的燃烧效率。
Fuel additives can improve the combustion efficiency of fuel.2.使用燃油添加剂可以降低排放物的产生。
Using fuel additives can reduce the production of emissions.3.燃油添加剂可以清洁发动机内部的积碳。
Fuel additives can clean the carbon deposits inside the engine.4.添加剂可以减少发动机噪音。
Additives can reduce engine noise.5.使用添加剂可以延长发动机的使用寿命。
Using additives can prolong the engine's lifespan.6.添加剂可以防止燃油在冷天凝结。
Additives can prevent fuel from condensing in cold weather.7.燃油添加剂可以保护发动机的零件不受腐蚀。
Fuel additives can protect engine parts from corrosion.8.添加剂还可以减少维护费用。
Additives can also reduce maintenance costs.9.使用添加剂可以提高汽车的燃油经济性。
Using additives can improve the fuel efficiency of the car.10.添加剂可以使排放更加清洁。
Additives can make emissions cleaner.11.添加剂可以防止燃油在高温下发生蒸发。
Additives can prevent fuel from evaporating at high temperatures.12.燃油添加剂能够降低汽车的毒害物质排放。
触变剂机理
触变剂(Rheological Additives)是一类在流体或软物质中加入以改变其流变性质(流动性质)的物质。
触变剂的作用是影响流体的黏度和流变特性,使其在受力时表现出不同的流动行为。
不同类型的触变剂在机理上可能有所不同,但总体来说,它们主要通过改变流体分子间的相互作用以及分子排列状态来实现对流变性质的调控。
以下是一些触变剂的常见机理:
1. 剪切稀化(Shear Thinning):许多触变剂在受到外部剪切力时,会导致流体的黏度降低。
这种现象被称为剪切稀化。
触变剂的分子结构或形状在受力下发生变化,使流体更容易流动。
典型的剪切稀化材料包括聚合物和胶体颗粒。
2. 剪切增稠(Shear Thickening):与剪切稀化相对应,剪切增稠是指在受到剪切力时,流体的黏度增加。
这种现象可能由于触变剂分子在受力下发生聚集或排列变化引起。
硅胶在一些情况下就是一种表现剪切增稠的触变剂。
3. 时间依赖性:一些触变剂的作用是与时间相关的。
在流体施加一定应力后,它的黏度可能会随时间而变化。
这被称为时间依赖性,通常与分子在受力下的流动和排列有关。
4. 电场或磁场响应:一些触变剂在电场或磁场的作用下表现出流
变性质的改变。
这通常涉及到分子内部的电荷或磁性质的变化,从而影响流体的流变行为。
触变剂的选择和设计是依赖于具体应用需求的,例如,在油漆、涂料、食品、药物制剂等领域中都有广泛的应用。
通过合理使用触变剂,可以调控流体的性质,提高产品的稳定性、流动性和加工性。
常见食品添加剂以及食用功效(Common food additives and food efficacy)
常见食品添加剂以及食用功效(Common food additives and foodefficacy)Common food additives and food efficacyIn recent years, the frequent occurrence of food safety incidents, food additives gradually become the focus of media attention, but also become the hearts of consumers doubt. Because of the lack of understanding of food additives and the definition of basic knowledge, do not understand the important role of food additives in food processing, food additives do not understand the management of China's laws and regulations, many people mistakenly add illegal additives in food as food additives, will cause food safety incidents due to food additives.Correct understanding of food additivesFood additives is to improve food quality and color, flavor and taste, as well as for the preservation and processing needs to add food in synthetic or natural substances to enhance the nutritional ingredients and add food in natural or synthetic natural nutrient belonging to the scope of food additives "called" nutritional supplements". Nutrition fortifier also belongs to food additive category.Food additives to improve food quality, quality and flavor, the shelf-life of food raw materials and finished products, to improve the nutritional value of food, for the food processing process is smooth and the development of new products and other aspects, have played a very important role.According to the food additive classification and codes promulgated by China in 1990 (GB12493-1990),According to its main function is: Acidity regulator, anti caking agent, defoaming agent, antioxidant, bleaching agent, leavening agent, gum based agent, colorant, color protecting agent, emulsifier, enzyme preparation, flavoring agent, flour treatment agent, coating agent, water retention agent, nutritional supplements, preservatives, stabilizer and coagulator, sweetening agent, thickening agent and other 21 categories.Efficacy of common food additivesAcidizing agentHas many features to enhance the quality of food, such as changing and maintaining food acidity and improve its flavor; enhance the antioxidation, prevent food spoilage. The acidity regulators approved in China are: citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, sodium citrate, potassium citrate and so on 18 kinds.Anti caking agentA substance used to prevent agglomeration or agglomeration of particles or powdered foods and to keep them loose or free flowing. The particles are fine, loose, porous and strong adsorbability. Easily cause to form caking water, grease, etc., to keep food in a powder or granule state. There are currently5 kinds of anti caking agents available in China: potassium ferrocyanide, sodium silicate, tricalcium phosphate, silica and microcrystalline cellulose.The use of antioxidants and antioxidants can not only prolong the storage period and shelf life of food, but also bring good economic benefits to producers and distributors, and bring a better sense of security to consumers. Commonly used are dimensional C, heterogeneous C and so on.PreservativeIn order to prevent all kinds of processed foods, fruits and vegetables from decaying, we can use physical or chemical methods to protect them according to specific conditions.Chemical methods are the use of chemicals to inhibit the growth of microorganisms or kill these microorganisms, these chemicals are preservatives. Commonly used are sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sulfur dioxide, lactic acid and so on. Used in the processing of foods such as jams and preserves. Foreign preservatives used in food, the United States about 50 kinds, about 40 kinds of japan. There are 29 kinds of preservatives allowed in our country.Coloring agentCan change the appearance of food, so that it increases appetite. Food synthetic pigment in China is licensing the use of amaranth, carmine, erythrosine, new red, Allura red, lemon yellow, sunset yellow, blue, indigo and their respective aluminum lake, aswell as acid red, beta carotene, sodium copper chlorophyll and a total of 22 kinds of titanium dioxide. Recently, the number of varieties used in various countries has gradually decreased due to the safety problems of synthetic pigments. But good varieties of safety at present is used all over the world.color fixativeAlso known as chromogenic agent, is in the meat and meat products in the role of coloring material, so that in the process of food processing, preservation and other processes will not break down and destroy, showing a good color of the material. This is mainly due to the nitric oxide produced by nitrite combined with myoglobin and hemoglobin in meat, resulting in a bright red nitroso myoglobin and nitroso hemoglobin.Nitrite has certain toxicity, especially can produce a strong carcinogen nitrosamines with amines, so people have been trying to choose a suitable substance instead. So far, there has been no substitute for color protection, antibacterial and meat flavor enhancement.Weigh the advantages and disadvantages,Countries are under strict control of the safety and quality of products. Because of ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, nicotinamide and so on, they can promote color protection (color protection agent), and ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol can also inhibit nitrosamine formation, so it is often used in combination with color protection agents.Thickening agents and stabilizers can improve or stabilize the physical properties of cold drink food, so that the appearance of food lubrication is exquisite. Keep soft and loose texture of ice cream and other frozen foods for a long time.The thickening agent is mainly used to improve and increase the viscosity of the food, food, food to keep flowing jelly flavor and stability, improve food physical properties, and can make the food taste the feeling of lubrication. The thickening agent can increase the viscosity of food or gel formation, thereby changing the physical properties of the food, give food sticky run, suitable taste, and has stable emulsion, or in suspension state, Chinese currently approved the use of thickener with 39 kinds of varieties. Thickeners are hydrophilic polymer compounds, also known as hydrosol. According to its origin can be divided into natural and chemical synthesis (including semi synthetic) two broad categories.Nutritional supplements can increase and supplement certain nutrients in foods, such as minerals and trace elements (vitamins, amino acids, inorganic salts, etc.). A variety of infant formula contains a variety of nutritional fortifier.The addition of a leavening agent to some candy and chocolate causes sugar to produce carbon dioxide and thus acts as a bulking agent. The commonly used leavening agents are sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, composite leavening agent, etc..An acid agent, beverage, candy, etc., often uses an acid agentto regulate and improve the aroma effect. Commonly used citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, etc..Bleaching agent benzoyl peroxide is the main component of flour brightener. Bleaching agent over standard, will destroy the flour nutrition, hydrolysis of benzoic acid will cause damage to the liver.Flavors and fragrancesThe essence is a mixture containing more than two spices, and the standard does not specify the upper limit of the use of the flavor in the product. Only the upper limit of the use of spices is prescribed. Individual enterprises privately produce and use food spices without state approval or use low-quality and illegal raw materials to make exorbitant profits.Sweetening agentSweeteners are foods that give food sweetness. They include sucrose, glucose, fructose, preserved fruit syrup, saccharin sodium and so on. The lower cost of saccharin sodium has a certain upper limit. The phenomenon of excessive use of saccharin sodium, especially in certain inferior beverages, preserves, and preserves.EmulsifierStabilize the physical state of the food, improve the food structure, simplify and control the food processing process, improve flavor and taste, improve food quality, and extendshelf life. Emulsifiers are mainly used in food processing, such as baked food and starch products, ice cream, margarine, chocolate, candy, chewing gum, vegetable protein drink and emulsifying essence. Emulsifier is a kind of food additive with large amount of consumption. Many kinds of licensed products are used in different countries. There are 30 kinds of food additives approved in our country.Film coating agentA layer of film is applied on some food surfaces, not only in appearance but also in beauty,And it can extend the retention period. These substances used for food surface coating, from the quality, preservation, glazing, and prevent evaporation of water and other substances known as the film agent. The surface of the fruit is coated with a film that inhibits moisture evaporation, prevents microbial invasion, and forms an air conditioning layer, thereby prolonging fruit retention time. Some candies, such as chocolates, are not only bright and beautiful in appearance, but also prevent adhesion and keep the quality stable.Common violation additives hazardsLeather hydrolysateThe main component is hydrolyzed leather protein, the main role is to increase the protein content, common in dairy products, milk drinks. Food experts say inferior hydrolyzed protein production of raw materials mainly from leather factory scrapmaterials, and leather scraps containing potassium dichromate and sodium dichromate, used in the production of hydrolyzed protein of this material, naturally absorbed into the product, can lead to human poisoning, the loose joint swelling, even caused the death of children.potassium bromateBecause potassium bromate can increase the gluten strength, whitening of flour, make easy forming and not easy to swell collapse characteristics of poor quality of fermented flour into bread, and the price is cheap, which is widely used in the industry of flour additives. But this kind of additives in recent years in the experiment was found to produce bromate, and this material can lead to the test with mammalian kidney disease, therefore, the international agency for research on cancer has compound potassium bromate as carcinogens.Beta lactamaseAlso called golden Magnolia enzyme, the main role is to create a false masking of antibiotics, "no anti milk culprit".Some cows suffer from mastitis and other diseases. In order to cure the disease, the cows often use penicillin, so that the milk produced by these cows contains antibiotics, and the quality of raw milk is affected. Some illegal enterprises and individuals often add additives beta lactamase in milk, and degrade the antibiotics in the milk so that the dairy factory can collect milk, and the inspectors can not find out the antibiotics contained in the milk. This approach can muddlethrough in the examination, but the degradation still residues in milk, the milk drinking will be harmful to human health.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
食品添加剂具有以下作用: 改善食品色、香、味及口感等感官指标 保持和提高食品的营养价值。 有利于食品保藏和运输,延长食品的保 质期。 增加食品的花色品种。 有利于食品加工操作。 满足不同人群的需要。 提高经济效益和社会效益。
一、酸度调节剂 酸度调节剂又称酸味剂、酸化剂,是赋予食 品酸味的添加剂。
1-14外源性物质
教学目的: 理解食品添加剂的概念、功效和对 食品添加剂的要求
掌握几种重要的食品添加剂(防腐
剂、发色剂、着色剂、酸味剂、甜味 剂等)
1-14外源性物质
教学重点: 理解食品添加剂的概念、功效和 对食品添加剂的要求,食品添加剂的 化学结构、性质及功效 教学难点: 各种食品添加剂的化学结构及性 质
性污染物。
1-14.1食品添加剂 为改善食品品质和色、香、味以
及为防腐和加工工艺的需要而加入食品
中的化学合成或天然物质。
鉴于某些食品添加剂对人体有一定毒性作
用,尤其是过量使用,会对健康造成一定 危害,故对添加剂的使用种类、使用量、
人体摄入量、残留量及其本身应具有的化
学特性都有严格规定。
食品中酸味剂在饮料中的应用是最广泛的, 酸味剂在饮料中的作用如下: 使用饮料产生特定的酸味。 改进饮料的风味与促进蔗糖的转化。 通过刺激产生唾液,加强饮料的解渴效果。 具有防腐作用,一般清凉饮料中添加 0.01~0.3%的酸味剂,使pH值下降,细 菌难于生长。
酸味剂除了调味作用外还有以下作用:
三、食品中的缓冲液和pH控制 缓冲体系 能抵抗少量外加酸、碱或稀释的作用, 而本身的pH值不发生显著变化的体系称 为缓冲体系(buffering system)。 在食品加工过程中,要使体系的pH稳定 在预期的水平,必须通过缓冲体系。缓 冲体系的主要成分是弱有机酸和它的盐。 在食品工业中,葡萄酸、醋酸、柠檬酸 和磷酸的钠盐经常用作控制pH和调节酸 味。
1-14.1.6 膨松剂
(Bulking agents)
膨松剂 膨松剂是在以小麦粉为主的焙烤食品中添 加,并在加工过程中受热分解,产生气体, 使面胚起发,形成海棉状致密多孔组织, 从而使制品具有膨松、柔软或酥脆的一类 物质。 分类 膨松剂可分为生物膨松剂(酵母)和化学 膨松剂两大类。
化学膨松剂分类 化学膨松剂是由食用化学物质配制的, 可分为单一膨松剂和复合膨松剂。 常用的单一膨松剂为NaHCO3和 NH4HCO3。 复合膨松剂一般由三种成分组成:碳酸 盐类、酸性盐类、淀粉和脂肪酸等。
1-14.1.1 酸度调节剂 (Acidity regulators)
酸味剂可分类 (1)无机酸:磷酸 (2)有机酸:柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、延 胡索酸、抗坏血酸、乳酸、葡萄糖酸。 注:食品中用酸味剂,半数以上是选用柠檬酸, 其次是苹果酸、乳酸、酒石酸、醋酸及磷酸
影响酸味的因素: 一般温度对酸味影响较小。 酸与甜味有相乘效应,与咸味有消杀效应。
酶制剂 从生物(包括动物、植物、微生物)中提 取的具有生物催化能力的物质,辅以其 他成分,用于加速食品加工过程和提高 食品产品质量的制品,称为酶制剂。
我国已工业化生产的、用于食品工业的 酶制剂有α-淀粉酶、高温α-淀粉酶、β-淀 粉酶、异淀粉酶、糖化酶、葡萄糖异构 酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶等。
(一)防腐作用
(二)抗氧化作用
(三)缓冲作用 (四)其它作用
常用酸味剂的性质与用途:
(1)柠檬酸(2-羟基丙三羧酸)无色 透明结晶,或白色颗粒、白色结晶性
粉末,无臭、味极酸适用于清凉饮料、
果酱类、罐头、糖果、糕点馅、羊奶、
使用量不限;调节酒类pH值,用于肉
制品可使颜色和风味更持久。
(2)乳酸(α-羟基丙酸)透明无色或淡
食品中的外源性物质,指通过食品生 产加工或流通过程进入食物,非食物
本身所固有的物质。
1.食品添加剂:指在食品加工、生产、 处理、包装、保藏等过程中人为加入 和使用的,对人体无害的,对食品的 某一方面具有益作用的少量化学合成 或天然物质。
2.食品污染物:指在食物生长期间或 食品生产、加工、流通过程中因污染 进入食品的有害物质。据其性质分为 生物性污染物、化学性污染物和放射
食用天然色素是来自天然物,利用一定
的加工方法所获得的有机着色剂,我国
批准使用的食用天然色素有66种。
如:姜黄素、虫胶色素、红花黄色素、
红曲米、酱色、胡萝卜素、辣椒红素和
甜菜红等
合成色素:实际上合成色素就是染料, 多以煤焦色素或苯胺色素(结构中有 联苯胺或偶氮基的有色物质) 我国许可使用的食品合成色素有苋 菜红、胭脂红、赤藓红、新红、诱 惑红、柠檬黄、日落黄、亮蓝、靛 蓝和它们各自的铝色淀,以及酸性 红、β-胡萝卜素、叶绿素铜钠和二氧 化钛共22种。
(4) 磷酸是唯一作为食品酸化剂使用的无 机酸。在有香味的碳酸饮料,特别是可乐 和类似啤酒的无醇饮料中,磷酸是广泛使 用的一种重要酸化剂。
二、碱 在食品加工中,为了改善食品的颜色 和风味,常需进行碱处理。 在食品加工中,强碱还大量用于各种 水果和蔬菜的去皮。只要它们与氢氧 化钠的热溶液(约3%,60~82℃)接 触,随后稍加磨擦即可达到去皮的目 的
着色剂
1-14.1.7 着色剂 (colour)
使食品着色和改善食品色泽的物质, 通常包括食用合成色素和食用天然色 素两大类。 天然色素:来源于植物组织,但并非 天然色素均无毒,如属于天然色素的 藤黄及一些天然无机色素为剧毒或毒 性很强的物质。
着色剂
1-14.1.7 着色剂 (colour)
使用说明: 要经过规定的<食品安全毒理学评价
程序>证明在使用限量范围内对人体
无害,也不应含有其它有毒物质。
对食品的质量和营养成分无破坏作用,
也不能在食品或人体内分解形成有毒
物质。
在允许使用范围内,长期摄入后对食 用者不引起慢性中毒作用。
两种以上添加剂同时使用时,不具有
毒性的协同作用。
不得检出有害杂质和致病微生物;不 得用以掩盖食品的缺陷或作伪。
消泡剂 消泡剂是在食品加工过程中为降低表 面张力,消除泡沫的物质。 消泡剂分类 一类能消除已产生的气泡,如乙醇; 另一类则能抑制气泡的形成,如乳 化硅油等。
我国许可使用的消泡剂有乳化硅油、高碳 醇脂肪酸酯复合物、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯季 戊四醇醚、聚氧乙烯聚氧丙醇胺醚、聚氧 丙烯甘油醚和聚氧丙烯氧化乙烯甘油醚、 聚二甲基硅氧烷等7种。
亚硝酸盐具有一定毒性,尤其可与胺类 物质生成强致癌物亚硝胺。 为了促进护色和防止生成强致癌物亚硝 胺,在使用亚硝酸盐腌肉时,用 0.55g/kg抗坏血酸钠或异抗血酸钠,以 降低腌肉中形成的亚硝胺量。
1-14.1.9 乳化剂
乳化剂 乳化剂是一种分子中具有亲水基和亲油基 的物质。它可介于油和水的中间,使一方 很好地分散于另一方的中间而形成稳定的 乳浊液。 乳化剂分类 乳化剂大体可分为造成水包油(油/水) 型乳浊液的亲水性强的水溶性乳化剂,和 造成油包水(水/油)型乳浊液的亲油性 强的油溶性乳化剂两大类。
(Emulsifieres)
乳化剂在食品加工中主要应用在焙烤食 品及淀粉制品、冰淇淋、人造奶油、巧 克力、糖果、口香糖、植物蛋白饮料、 乳化香精中。 我国批准使用的有30种,如单硬脂酸甘 油酯、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、山梨醇酐单硬脂 酸酯、山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯、木糖醇单 硬酯酸酯等 。
1-14.1.10 酶制剂 (Enzyme preparations)
常见酸-盐体系的缓冲范围是: 柠檬酸和柠檬酸钠 pH2.1~4.7 醋酸和醋酸钠 pH3.6~5.6 磷酸二氢钠和磷酸氢二钠 pH6.0~8.0 碳酸氢钠和碳酸钠 pH9.0~11.0
1-14.1.2 抗结剂 (Anticaking agents)
抗结剂 抗结剂又称抗结块剂,是用来防止颗粒 或粉状食品聚集结块,保持其松散或自 由流动的物质。 我国许可使用的抗结剂:硅铝酸钠、磷 酸三钙、二氧化硅和微晶纤维素。
复合膨松剂按碱性原料可分为三类: 单一剂式复合膨松剂 二剂式复合膨松剂 氨系复合膨松剂
复合膨松剂依产气速度可分为三类: 快性发粉 慢性发粉 双重反应发粉
我国情况 我国准许使用的蓬松剂有:碳酸氢钠、 碳酸氢铵、磷酸氢钙、硫酸铝钾(钾明 矾)、碳酸钾、沉淀碳酸钙、复合疏松 剂等。 近年来的研究表明,膨松剂中的铝对 人体健康不利,因而人们正在研究减少 硫酸铝钾和硫酸铝铵 等在食品生产中的 应用。
1-14.1.11 增味剂 (Flavour enhancers)
增味剂及分类 增味剂或称风味增强剂,是补充或增强食 品原有风味的物质,我国历来称为鲜味剂。 鲜味剂按其化学性质的不同主要有两类, 即氨基酸类和核苷酸类。 增味剂应用 目前我国批准许可使用的增味剂有谷氨酸 钠、5’-鸟苷酸二钠、5’-肌苷酸二钠、 5’-呈味核苷酸二钠和琥珀酸二钠等6种。
1-14.1.8 护色剂
(Colour fixatives)
护色剂
护色剂又称发色剂,是能与肉及肉制品 中呈色物质作用,使之在食品加工、保
藏等过程中不致分解、破坏,呈现良好
色泽的物质。
我国准许使用的护色剂主要是硝酸及亚
硝酸盐。
亚硝酸和硝酸的钠盐和钾盐通常用于
肉类腌制。它们的作用是保持肉类的 颜色、抑制微生物的生长及产生特殊 风味。即起发色作用又起防腐作用, 但又有毒性和致癌作用,利弊均明显, 使用中应严格控制
其它作用 1. 各种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果不同。常常 发现几种抗氧化剂的组合有更大的保护 作用,显示出协同效应。(如:抗坏血 酸可以使参与脂质氧化链反应的酚类抗 氧化剂获得再生或形成大的供氢体。)