现代英国文学 Lesson 1-Historical Context-简版
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系统阐释现代英国文学的思想价值和创作艺术的丰富性。
课程内容
本课程讲授二十世纪最有代表性的文学家：康拉德、E.M.福
斯特、T.S.艾略特、D.H.劳伦斯、乔伊斯、伍尔夫、A. 赫胥黎
、奥威尔、戈尔丁和多丽丝· 莱辛（多位诺奖获得者）。每讲 包括作家的生平、创作时期及主要作品、思想观点、美学原则 和创作手法、选读或评论和思考题六部分。概括对作家创作最 有影响的事件、作家的生活哲学、政治观、道德观、美学观、 创作手法和艺术风格，结合宏观的社会背景研究和微观的文学 文本分析，探究各个作家批判性主题意义和创新的美学观。
课 程 简 介
本课程讲授二十世纪前半叶具有前锋思想意识和反传统
创作手法的主要作家，这是英国文学史上极其ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ彩的一
章。本课程结合宏观的社会背景研究和微观的文学文本
分析，探究该时期这一优秀作家群体的创作思想源流，
发掘各个作家重要作品中质疑殖民主义和欧洲民族中心
主义、抨击法西斯主义等极权主义模式、批判现代工业 异化效应、张扬女权主义等多方面的现代主义文学主题 意义，分析不同作家作品蕴涵的现代文学创新美学观,
Geography of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
France
时代背景 Historical Context
二十世纪是西方历史上风起云涌的时代，工业革命引导现代化运
动；帝国主义、殖民扩张和法西斯主义引发两次世界大战；苏维 埃社会主义国家和斯大林主义引起欧洲的震动与不安；现代主义 文学艺术引领时代新潮流；战后冷战导致资本主义与社会主义阵 营的意识形态对峙；六十年的欧美民权运动指导西方社会进行深
入民主改革；第三世界国家民族独立运动终结帝国主义。急风暴
雨般的社会政治运动和层出不穷的文化思潮使西方传统生活方式 和价值观发生激变。唯科学主义、工具理性和拜金主义、殖民帝 国主义、各式极权主义、冷战意识，都成为现当代英国文学家的 忧患而被写入文学作品中，由此赋予了英国现代和后现代文学颇
具时代意义的人文关怀。
现代英国文学创新美学观
现当代文学家们又是创新文学审美观和创作技巧的先锋 ，每一个作家都以其独特的审美意识和写作手法完善了 独具特色的文学作品，为英国文学的伟大传统做出了卓 越贡献，也使其文学作品流芳百世。
二十世纪英国文学精彩纷呈，是具有前卫思想意识和反 传统创作美学观的现代主义和后现代主义的文学与文化 之大观。因此，二十世纪英国文学是英语专业教学中不 可或缺的重要内容。
Modern British Literature / 现代英国文学
20th-Century British Literature
20世纪英国文学
课程教材
朱望编著
北京大学出版社 2011年9月
wzhu@
zhuwang2012@
朱望版权声明
1. 这份课件是朱望专门为《现代英国文学大家》教材所做的配套
British Literature(1)
meter(格律/韵律)：foot number & foot pattern in a line. foot: division or unit of a line, each has one strong syllable
and one or more weak syllables.
Rhyme: The repetition of sounds in two or more words close to each other in a poem. internal rhyme: Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king. Man proposes, God disposes. alliteration: the initial sounds of two or more words are the same. Farewell, my friends! Farewell, my foes! end rhyme: 1. couplet(双韵): aabbccdd… 2. triplet: aaa 3. quatrain(四行体)押韵有aabb, abab, abba, abcb, aaba approximate rhyme: look-lack, prove-love
Beowulf《贝奥武夫》 Romance
1. Old English Period (449-1066)
大不列颠岛的土著居民aborigines是来自比利牛斯半 岛的伊比利亚人Iberian，他们以创造了巨石文化而著 称。 后来，凯尔特人Celtic从大陆进入大不列颠岛，同化 了土著居民，形成盎格鲁-撒克逊人的最早基础。 449年, 日耳曼人Teuton中的盎格鲁人Anglo、撒克逊 人Saxon进入不列颠。他们同化、消灭了一部分凯尔 特人，将另一部分凯尔特人驱赶到西南和西北部的山 区。 1066年，来自法国的诺曼人Norman征服了不列颠， 他们在英法百年战争后融合在盎格鲁-撒克逊人中。
自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。
一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。
它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。
地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。
乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。
好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。
著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。
后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。
然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。
在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。
基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。
自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。
英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。
这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。
但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。
通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。
英国文学史1~4章课件文本
英国文学史1~4章课件文本Chapter IOld English Period and Beowulf (450-1066)Teaching aims:The general situation of Old English LiteratureThe types and features of Old English poetryThe analysis of epic BeowulfTerms: epic, alliterationThe Stonehenge in c.1400-1800 BCc.600BC: Iron replaces bronze, Iron Age begins; construction of Old Sarum began; Celts began to migrate to the British Islesc.500BC: Evidence of the spread of Celtic customs and artifacts across Britain; They probably gradually infiltrated into British society through trade and other contact over a period of several hundred years;c.150BC : Metal coinage comes into use; widespread contact with continent.Ⅰ.Old English Perio d(450-1066 AD)1) The historical situation600 BC Celts (tribal)(Britons is a branch of Celts) began to migrate to the British IslesInfluence:Cult of mistletoe②55 BC-407 AD Julius Caesar invaded Britain, defeated Celts, and began nearly four centuries of Roman occupation Influence:Latin, Christianity,London③450 AD The “Saxons”(the Teutonic or Germanic tribes ofAngles, Saxons, Jutes) ( originally seafaring people along the coast of Denmark and Germany)came to the British Isles and drove the Celts to Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and settle down themselves and named the central part of the island “England”, became the masters of England and the ancestors of the English people.Influence:ancestor④Late 8-9th century Viking (the Danes from Scandinavia ) invasions and be defeated by the Wessex King, Alfred the Great (849-c899)Influence:Little influence⑤1066 Norman (from Normandy in northern France) Conquest: William, Duke of Normandy, defeated Harold (the last Saxon king) in the battle of Hastings and became the King of England.Influence:Language, culture3.Chief literary achievements1)Pagan literature (Old English poetry in the form of oral sagas)(30,000 lines)Widsith: the first English poetMaldon: the last about a battle before 1000A.D.Beowulf: long epic poem2)Christian literature (writings developed with the teachings of the monks) (since the arrival of Saint Augustine in 597 AD.)◆(south) Roman influence : turn to saintly heroes◆(north) Celtic influence : lyric, subjective◆Anglo-Saxon achievements:(Northumbrian school of Celtic influence)Caedmon: the first religious poet, the father of English song, poetic paraphrase of the Bible)Venerable Bede: Father of English History, wrote The Ecclesiastical History of the English People《英吉利人民宗教史》?Cynewulf: the didactic poem The ChristKing Alfred the Great (848-901, ruled 871-899) :(1)translated a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect.(2)wrote The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》—the first and the best monument of the old English prose, which records the main happenings of Anglo-Saxon period.(3)created an Anglo- Saxon prose style which was not obscureⅡ. Beowulf1. Genre: national heroic epic2. Time: 8th century .3. Structure: 3182 lines in 2 parts.4. SignificanceIt is the oldest surviving epic poem, the primary work of English literature, and one of the four European heroic epics, with the other three being:The Song of Roland (French: La Chanson de Roland ),The Song of the Cid (Spanish:El Cantor de mio Cid ),The Lay of Igor's Host (Russian: СловоопълкуИгоревь)Term: EpicDefinition: a long narrative poemcelebrating the great deeds ofone or more legendary heroes ina grand ceremonious style.Example: Iliad, Odyssey5. Plot summary6. Artistic features1) Rhetorical devicesAlliterationKenningSimileParallelism2) Other featuresVarious in presentationComparisonMood: Solemn and animatedDescription: vigorous, picturesque and exactTerm: AlliterationDefinition: Alliteration is therepetition of initial sounds inneighboring words.Examples: sweet smell of successAnd sings a solitary songThat whistles in the wind.Term: KenningExcerpts:So the lord's men lived in joys,happily, until one beganto execute atrocities, a fiend in hell;en this ghastly demon was named Grendel,infamous stalker in the marches, he who held the moors, fen and desolate strong-hold; the land of marsh-monsters the wretched creature ruled for a timesince him the Creator had condemnedwith the kin of Cain; (Lines 99-107)That from home heard Hygelac's thane,a good man of the Geats, of Grendel's deeds;he was of mankind of the greatest strength,on that day in this life,noble and mighty; he ordered them a wave-crosser (sea-wood , foamy-necked floater )--a good one-- prepare; he said: the war-kingover swan-road (sea-street, water?s ridge)he wished to seek, that mighty clan-chief, since he was in need of men; (Lines94-201)--for him was the venture of Beowulf,brave seafarer's, a source of great displeasure,because he did not grant that any other manever glorious deeds the more on middle-earthheeded under the heavens than he himself--: (Lines 501-505)a bard sang from time to timeclear in Heorot; there was joy of heroes (Line 495)they praised his heroic deeds and his works of courage, exalted his majesty. As it is fitting,that one his friend and lord honours in words, cherish in one's spirit, when he must forth from his body be led; thus bemourned the people of the Geatstheir lord's fall, his hearth-companions:they said that he was, of all kings of the world,the most generous of men, and the most gracious,the most protective of his people, and the most eager for honour.(Lines 3173-3182)Chapter 2Middle English Period and Chaucer(1066-1485)I. Middle-English Period1. Historical Situation/doc/b72997598.html,nguage Development1. English became richer and more mature after absorbing French and Latin words .2. Old Anglo-Saxon flexions disappeared.3. After the wars, English language went through a process of unification. Changes occur in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. London dialect became the basis of new English, Middle English.3. Literary Achievements1)Romance3)Other genresPoem: Hymn, legend, visionDrama: Mystery play, miracle play, morality playProse: John Wycliff 约翰·威克里夫—Father of English prosetranslation of the BibleAllegory: William Langland?s The Vision of Piers Plowman威廉?兰格伦《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》●John WycliffThe Vision of Piers Plowman :A long middle English(14th century) alliterative allegorical poem with a complex variety of religious themes. One of the major achievements of Piers Plowman is that it translates the language and conceptions of the cloister into symbols and images that could be understood by the layman.Term: Romance传奇A fictional story in verse or prose that relates improbableadventures of idealized characters in some remote or enchanted setting.Term: Ballad民谣A folksong or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. The story is told simply, impersonally and often with vivid dialogue and often in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming.II. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400)Contributions●Father of English literature●Father of English poetry (a great narrative poet)●The greatest poet of the Middle Ages●The first writer of humanistic concern●Creator of Middle English by using London dialect●The first poet to have been buried in Poet?s Corner of Westminster Abbey Being the first realistic writerLife and Literary CareerDant?Alighieri●the Supreme Poet●Father of the Italian language●The first of “the three fountains” or “the three crowns”: The Divine Comedy 《神曲》●The greatest and the masterpiece of Italian language.●A culmination of the medieval world view.●Be of humanistic concerns.●He influenced all the later western literary writers.Giovanni Boccaccio薄迦邱●The third of the Three Crowns of Italian literature;●The great master and model of classic Italian prose;●The greatest of modern story-tellers.Decameron 《迪卡麦伦十日谈》●A frame story encompassing 100 tales by ten young people.●The bawdy tales of love range from the erotic to the tragic.●Tales of wit, practic al jokes, and life lessons contribute to the mosaic.●It documents the life in 14 century Italy.Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》●Genre: elegy in a dream vision●The earliest of Chaucer?s poems;●The book is intended to lament the death of Blanche, the Duchess, an d to console her husband, and Chaucer?s patron, John the Duke.●In the poem, he dreamed a man in black and grief. He shared the man?s grief and helped him out of the sorrow.Term: elegy哀歌，哀悼诗●A song or poem of mourning, pervaded by a tone of deep melancholyThe House of Fame 《声誉之宫》●A poem of over 2000 lines in dream vision.●Upon falling asleep the poet finds himself in a glass temple adorned with images of the famous and their deeds. With an eagle as a guide, he meditates on the nature of fame and the trustworthiness of recorded renown. This allows Geoffrey to contemplate the role of the poet in reporting the lives of the famous and how much truth there is in what can be told.The Legend of Good Women《贤妇传说》●A poem in a dream vision form.●The third longest after The Canterbury Tales and Troilus andCriseyde.●The first significant to use the iambic pentameter●The poet recounts ten stories of virtuous women in nice sections.The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟会议》●Approximately 700 lines.●In the form of a dream vision●First refer to the idea that St. Valentine?s Day was a special day of lovers.Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西得》●A finished long poem●Set against the Siege of Troy.●Regarded by some as the finest byChaucer.Term: AllegoryIt is a story or description in which the abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity, or truth, are personified as characters in the story so the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.2.The Canterbury T ales (1386-1400)1) Structure:2) Artistic FeaturesTerm: Heroic couplet英雄双韵体It is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter lines. It was established by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic poetry.Term: iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格A metrical verse line having five main stresses, or a line of five feet and 10 syllables, with every foot (basic metrical unit)comprising 2 syllables, one unstressed followed by one stressed.Characters:●A colorful gallery of 29 pilgrim s who cover a great range of social life.●They include a knight, a squire, a prioress, a friar, a merchant,a clerk, a sergeant of the law, a Franklin, a doctor, the wife of Bath,a plowman, a miller, a summoner, a pardoner, and so on.●Chaucer and the in n host joined them, the inn host acting as the judge about the best story-teller.Themes:●It presents a picturesque panorama of his contemporary England and shows his realistic tendency, subtle irony and freedom of views.●He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness and opposes superstitions and a blind belief in fate. He praises man?s energy, intellect, quick wit and the love for life and mocks at the Roman Catholic authorities who exploit the English people.●He is the avant-garde of the Age of Renaissance.The Prologue●When the sweet showers of April fall and shoot●Down through the drought of March to pierce the root,●…●And the small fowls are making melody●That sleep away the night with open eye●…●In Southwark, at The Tabard, as I lay●Ready to go on pilgrimage and start●For Canterbury, most devout at heart,●At night there came into that hostelry●Some nine and twenty in a company●And promised to rise early and take the way ●To Canterbury, as you heard me say●But none the less, whil e I have time and space, ●Before my story takes a further pace,●It seems a reasonable thing to say●What their condition was, the full arrayOf each of them, as it appeared to me, According to profession and degree,And what apparel they were riding in;And at a Knight I therefore will begin.…There also was a Nun, a Prioress;Simple her way of smiling was and coy.Her greatest oath was only “By St Loy!”And she was known as Madam Eglantyne.And when she sang a service, with a fine Intoning through her nose, as was most seemly, And she spoke daintily in French, extremely, After the school of Stratford-atte-Bowe; French in the Paris style she did not know.At meat her manners were all taught withal; No morsel from her lips did she let fall,Nor dipped her fingers in the sauce too deep; But she could carry a morsel up and keepThe smallest drop from falling on her breast. For courtliness she had s special zest.And she would wipe her upper lip so clean That not a trace of grease was to be seen Upon the cup when she had drunk; to eat,Se reached a hand sedately for the meat.She certainly was very entertaining,Pleasant and friendly in her ways, and straining To counterfeit a courtly kind of grace,A stately bearing fitting to her place,And to seem dignified in all her dealings.As for her sympathies and tender feelings,She was so charitably solicitousShe used to weep if she but saw a mouse Caught in a trap, if it were dead or bleeding. And she had little dogs she would be feeding With roasted flesh, or milk, or fine white bread. Sorely she wept if one of them were deadOr someone took a stick and made it smart;She was all sentiment and tender heart.Her veil was gathered in a seemly wayHer nose was elegant, her eyes glass-gray;Her mouth was very small, but soft and red,And certainly she had a well-shaped head Almost a span across the brows, I own;She was indeed by no means undergrown.Her cloak, I noticed, had graceful charm.She wore a coral trinket on a her arm,A set of beads, the gaudies tricked in green Whence hung a golden brooch of brightest sheen On which there first was graven a crowned A, And lower, Amor vincit omnia.Her cloak, I noticed, had graceful charm.She wore a coral trinket on a her arm,A set of beads, the gaudies tricked in greenWhence hung a golden brooch of brightest sheenOn which there first was graven a crowned A,And lower, Amor vincit omnia.Term: Irony●The use of words to express something other than or opposite of the literary meaning, and also a humourous or sardonic literary style or form characterised by irony.Term: satire●A mode of writing that eposes the failings of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule and scorn.Term: frame(d) story/ frame(d) narrative●A story in which another story is enclosed or embedded asa tale within a tale, or which contains several such tales●E.g. Boccaccio?s Decameron(1353) and Chaucer?s The Canterbury Tales(c. 1390) and Emily Bront??s Wuthering Heights, and Mary Shelley?s Frankenstein.Chapter 3English Renaissance Literature(1485-1616)Tudor, House of (1458-1603)an English dynasty descended from Owen Tudor; Tudor monarchs ruled from Henry VII to Elizabeth I (from 1485 to 1603 ) English RenaissanceHenry VIIIElizabeth I (1558-1603)Humanism1)Thomas More (1478-1535)2)Edmund SpencerLifeWorksThe Shepheardes Calender (1579)《牧人日记》pastoral poem of 12 parts,set the pastoral fashion, ushered in lyrical poetryThe Faerie Queene (1596)《仙后》allegorical romance in verse,Spenserian stanza: stanza of 9 lines in iambic pentameter, the ninth an alexandrine with 6 iambic feet, rhyming scheme is ababbcbcc.Term: Pastoral poemDefinition:A highly conventional mode of poem form that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds and shepherdesses.Pastoral literature describes the loves and sorrows of musical shepherds, usually in an idealized rustic innocence and idleness; paradoxically, it is an elaborately artificial cult of simplicity and virtuous frugality.3)Philip SidneyLifeWorksA Defence of Poesy《诗辩》The Arcadia 《阿卡迪亚》University Wits4)John Lyly5)Thomas Lodge6)Thomas Nashe7)Robert Greene8)Francis Bacon (1561-1626)9)Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)Term: Blank VerseDefinition:Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter.10) Ben JonsonLife and SignificanceContemporary of ShakespeareThe first poet Laureate“sons of Ben”“O rare Ben Jonson”Comedy of HumoursWorksEvery Man in His Humour (1598) )《人各有癖》Every Man out of His Humour (1599)《人各无癖》Volpone(1606)《狐狸》The Alchemist (1610)《炼金术士》Term: Three UnitiesDefinition:In the 1500s and 1600s, critics of drama expanded Aristotle?s ideas in the Poetics to create the rule of the "three unities." A good play, according to this doctrine, must have three traits. The first is unity of action (realistic events following a single plotline and a limited number of characters . The second is unity of time, meaning that the events should be limited to the two or three hours it takes to view the play, or at most to a single day of twelve or twenty-four hours compressed into those two or three hours. The third is unity of space, meaning the play must take place in a single setting or location.Term: HumorDefinition:The bodily fluids to which medieval medicine attributed the various types of human temperament, according to the predominance of each within the body.The comedy of humors, best exemplified by Ben Jonson?sEvery Man in His Humor, is based on the eccentricities of characters whose temperaments are distorted in ways similar to an imbalance among the bodily humours.DanteDa VinciMultiple ChoiceTo be continued…Blank FillingTo be continued…Chapter 4William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Life and Literary CareerKing Edward VI Grammar School at StratfordShakespeare?s HomeLiterary ProductionsHe authored altogether 37 plays and154 sonnets, which were created in 3 phases generally.I. Apprenticeship and growth: History plays and comedies ( 1590-1600)II. Gloom and depression: Tragedies (1601-1608)III. Restored serenity: Dramatic romances (1609-1612)Artistic Features●Represented the t rend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.●Reflected the humanist spirit of his age.●Was most successful in characterization.●Instilled into old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays●Was good at poem writing, which were rich in images,conceit, metaphors and symbols.●Was a master of the English language.Contributions●Break the strict drama principle of three unities.●Breaks the division between tragedy and comedy and creates realistic plays that have both tragic and comic elements.History Plays●Richard III●Henry IV (most significant one)●Henry V (Prince Hal, ideal monarch)●Henry VI●Julius Caesar (about Roman history)Comedies●A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream●As You Like It●The Twelfth Night (most careful plotted)（Problem plays）●Measure for Measure●The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice●Theme: To praise the gallant friendship and the good gentleman in Antonio and reveal the miserable conditions of the Jews in a Christian world.●Que stions for discussion:What humanist values are demonstrated in this work?What is Shakespeare?s attitude towards money?●Antonio: I know not why I am so sad: It wearies me; you say it wearies me. But how I caught it, found it; or came by it. What stuff it is made of, whereof it is born, I am to learn, such a want wit sadness makes of me, that I have much ado to know myself.●Salarino: Your mind is tossing on the ocean,…and every object that might make me fear misfortune to my ventures, out of doubt would make me sad.Tragedies●Hamlet《哈姆雷特》●King Lear《李尔王》●Macbeth《麦克白》●Othello《奥赛罗》Tragicomedy 悲喜剧●A kind of drama representing some action in which serious and comic scenes are blended; a composition partaking of the nature both of tragedy and comedy.Term：Farce 闹剧●A light dramatic work in which highly improbable plot situations, exaggerated characters, and often slapstick elements are used for humorous effect.Hamlet《哈姆雷特》●A revenge story similar to Thomas Kyd?s The Spanish Tragedy.●Expressed the noble q uality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist philosophical thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived, as well as the humanistic search for the value of man and the disappointment of such ideals.Act IIIScene 1●HAMLETTo be, or not to be: that is the question,Whether?tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep;No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, …tis a consummation●Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep.●To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there?s the rub;●For in that sleep of death what dreams may come ●When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,●Must give us pause. There?s the respect●That makes calamity of so long life●For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,●Th?oppressor?s wrong, the proud man?s contumely,●The pangs of despised love,the la w?s delay,●The insolence of office, and the spurns●That patient merit of th?unworthy takes,●When he himself might his quietus make●With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death,The undiscover'd country from whose bourn●No traveller returns, puzzles the willAnd makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and momentWith this regard their currents turn awry,And lose the name of action.The romantic drama传奇剧●the kind of drama whose aim is to present a tale or history in scenes, and whose plays (like those of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and others) are stories told in dialogue by actors on the stage.Dramatic Romances●Pericles《培里克利斯》●Cymbeline《辛白林》●The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》●The Tempest《暴风雨》Significance: No malice or bloody conflicts, demonstrate author?s good will for mankind and the wish for a peaceful and harmonious human world in allegorical or fairy-tale romances.Soliloquy戏剧独白●A dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage or while under the impression of being alone to reveal his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience.Shakespearean Sonnets●Contents●StructureSonnet 18To be continued…To be continued…To be c ontinued…。
英国文学Chapter I & Chapter II
英美文学选读纲要（1-2章）英国文学Chapter I The Renaissance Period一、学习目的和要求通过本章学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
二、考核要求(一) 文艺复兴时期概述1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries.（2）历史文化背景A场所：English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.B．印刷术的引进：William Caxton introduced printing into England . C．翻译的时代的出现：With the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being.2. 领会:（1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点A.诗歌：A). 早期特点：The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.B). 代表作家及作品:a. Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender showed the pastoral conventionb. In "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love," Marlowe spoke that it would be very difficult for us to connect it with the voice in his tr agedies.c. Poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary form s and carried on by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.B.戏剧：A). 特点: The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English RenaissanceB). 作家: The most famous dramatists are Christopher Marlowe, Willi am Shakespeare, and Ben Johnson.（3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释Definitions of the Literary Terms:1.Iambic pentameter 五音步抑扬格is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.2.Blank verse无韵体诗is the unrhymed iambic pentameter line. It was Surrey who first brought it in and Marlowe perfected it with his “mighty lines”and made it the principle medium of English drama.3.Heroic couplet英雄双行体两行押韵的抑扬格五音步a couplet in iambic pentameter4.Sonnet is a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.There are two prominent types:1) Shakespearean sonnet, or the Elizabethan sonnet, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg)2) Italian/Petrarchan sonnet, composed of 2 quatrains and a sestet (rhyming abba abba cdecde)Sestet: a 6-line unit1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period bet ween the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flow ering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement w ent to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the rel igious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, the refore, in essence is a historical period in which the European hum anist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feu dalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expres sed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Chur ch.Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism ( [ə'setisizəm] 禁欲主义)。
(完整版)常耀信英国文学简史笔记1-4章
英国文学简史重点笔记(1-4章)（南开大学出版社常耀信版）Chapter 1 The old English periodBeowulf作品特点及历史意义：1. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period. 2. epic(史诗). 3. The story takes place in Scandinavia, there is no mention of England.作品概述：two part narrative-Beowulf’s fight with the sea-monsters Grendel and his mother; his killing a fiery dragon and his death.写作特点：1. Pagan story has an Christian overlay.2. using of kenning(一种描写手法)。
e.g.: sea is often “swan’s way” or “whale-path”3.conspicious occurrence of alliteration(头韵).4. story’s disgressive manner of narration.5. elevated tone.Chapter 2 Chaucer. The pre-Elizabethan Period. More Geoffrey Chaucer代表作：The Canterbury Tales作家：1. first preeminent English poet. 2. Chaucer was the first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English. 3. a master of realism.作品：Canterbury Tales:主要内容：a collection of 20-odd stories, 4 fragments.作品特点：1. substance is from others, the telling isChaucer’s own. 2. enormous sense of humor. 3.loyalty toreality. Offers such a panorama (全景)of social life. 4.infinite (无限的)sense if humanity.Thomas More代表作：Utopia作家：a humanist. He witnessed the evils of the future of the world and sought to help mend things.作品：Utopia:主要内容：1. consist of two book with emphasis on book two in which the Utopian weal republic is described in detail. 2. book two has 9 sections: section 1: geographic contours. Section 2: city life. Section 3: administration of the country. Section4: lifestyle. Section5: family structure. Section6: utopia travel. Section 7: bondmen. Section 8: attitude towards war. Section 9: religion.作品特点：1. nothing private in Utopia, no one has anything, yet everyis rich. Offers best ideal social system possible. 2. someproblems: strict adherence to conformity; slave system; superpower politics; male-dominated.Chapter 3 The Elizabethan Age. Spenser. Sidney. Marlowe Edmund Spenser代表作：The Faerie Queene; The Shepheardes Calendar.作家：a non-dramatic poet; of Queen Elizabeth’s period; read and loved Chaucer andsaw him as his pattern in literary creation.作品：The Shepheardes Calendar: 主要内容：1. consists of 12 pastoral eclogues(田园牧歌)，one for each month of the year. 2. Dialoguesbetween shepherds or of soliloquies, the everyday life ofcountry people, their feelings and attitudes, and their simplelife of harmony with nature. 3. around with suchobservations on the religious strife and political turbulence ofhis day.作品特点：1. full of archaic(古代的) or“Chaucerian” words, bring into relief a rustic（乡村的，纯朴的）effect.2. The eclogues in the Calendarfall into three groups-plaintive, recreative, and moral.The Faerie Queene: 主要内容：1. praise of ElizabethⅠ’s England in itself.2. Consistent of six books and a fragment of the seventhbook. 3. tell respectively about the Red Cross Knight ofHoliness, the Knight of Temperance, the legend of chastity,that of friendship, the Knight of Justice, and the Knight ofCourtesy.作品特点：1. Courageous experimentation with themeters. Special rhyme scheme of the Spenserian sonnets ,and in the Spenserian stanza.Marlowe代表作：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus; The Jew of Malta作家：The most preeminent figure among the University wits.作品：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus: 主要内容：1. first part of the play tellsof Faustus’s dissatisfactionwith earthly knowledge and of hispart with the devil.2. second part about his satisfaction withhis newly acquired knowledge and power. 3.The third partsoul being dragged down to hell, tries to pray to God’s save.作品特点：1. famous both for itsthematic and formal features. 2. Thematically, Faustusrepresents the archetypal Renaissance humanist of 16thcentury, and a supreme specimen of Everyman for all time.3.Formally, uses some dramatic devices like the choruses.Chapter4Shakespeare主要作品：sonnets, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchantof Venice, As You Like It, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello,King Lear, Macbeth作品：sonnets: 154 in totalTheme: 1. love, passion, and sparks of wisdom. 2.clear vision of lifeand people. 3. Renaissance paean of man. 4. a faithful recordof the mood and tenor of the times.Style: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in tone.Plays: first period: generally happy and cheerful. All dramas this period endhappily.Second period: frustration, tragic period. All his major tragedies werewritten within the space of a few years.Last period: acceptance of the inevitability of life.特点：1. highly moral. Evil be punished and good rewarded.2. wisdom and profound philosophy.3. tolerant of human foibles and faults4. avoids the use of just one color-pure black or white5. comic element alongside the serious.6. sense of individual worth.7. borrows from existing works but revises and makes themsubstantially and superior.Bacon代表作品：Essays作品特点：wisdom and his unique style.Intimate knowledge of human nature。
1-当代英国概--English_Literature
---His plays fall into categories as following : ---Tragedies : Hamlet (1600--1601) Othello (1604--1605) King Lear (1605--1606) Macbeth (1605--1606) Romes and Juliet (1595) ---Comedies : The Taming of the Shrew (1596) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1596) As you Like It (1599) Twelfth Night (1600) The Tempest (1611)
---his masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales (1387), which contains 24 tales told by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury and are written in verse ---He did not complete his total design but there are 24 tales ---His contributions to English literature is the innovation of English verse by introducing into the native alliterative verse of French and Italian styles --- Chaucer is thus to be regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.
英国文学简史PPT课件
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
6.The 18TH Century The Age Of Enlightenment ⅰ Enlightenment Movement ⅱ Neo-classicism ⅲ Realism ⅳ Sentimentalism
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Q3: The genres of Literature?
fiction & non-fiction Fiction: Novels, Short stories, Plays and Poems.
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Non-fiction : Essay (4 categories -- description, narration, exposition and argumentation.)
7. The Romantic Period (1798-1832): a. desire for the good old times b. Looking into the future Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats Walter Scott Jane Austen
(3) Factors related to religious background: the spread
and establishment of Christianity
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
2. General colors of English Literature (1) Factors affecting the colors of English literature: A. Its environment.
英国文学第一章Lecture 1(Revised)
II. Learning Method sources of work and genre contents of the work (plot, theme, position in literary history) author’s attitude style
☼ We should analyze a literary work from the following three aspects, but remember, when we write a literature review, we should interpret the work from one aspect.
Celts—the earliest settlers of the British Isles
Cultural relics left over by the Celts
I. Old English Period (also called Anglo-Saxon Period, 450-1066) 1. Roman Conquest (前55年-410年） From 55 B. C. to 410 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of Roman empire. Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C.) crossed the Dover Strait in 55 B. C., but Caesar himself only stayed there for a few weeks. Though the Romans built temples, roads, walls, and military camps, they made little influence on the cultural life of Celts.
Timeline of British Literature 英国文学时间线
– Life centered around ancestral tribes/clans that ruled themselves
– At first, tribes/clans were warriors from invading outlying areas
– The printing press helps stabilize English as a language and allows more people to read a variety of literature
– Economy changes from farm-based to international trade
– “Morality Plays”
• Chivalric code of honor
– Knights, their ladies fair
• Religious devotion • Romances
Medieval Period
• Style / Genre
– Oral tradition continues – Folk Ballads
– Kenning
• A poetic phrase used in place of the usual name of a person or thing
• Ex: “A wave traveler” for “A boat”
Medieval Period
• Church instructs its people through the morality and miracle plays
Romanticism
• 1785-1830 • A literary, artistic, and intellectual
英国文学选读unit1
• The Language then • Following the Norman conquest saw the introduction of medieval French culture, including modes of customs, manners, literature, and especially the Norman-French language into England on a large scale. For almost 200 years after 1066 three languages---native English, Norman-French and Latin, existed side by side in England. The native English language, which descended from Anglo-Saxon or Old English was the common speech of the ordinary people. While the Norman lords(封建社会 上层阶级) used French. Latin was used among the scholars in churches and courts. English language gradually underwent profound and extensive changes. Not only were thousands of words borrowed but many old forms of native English words disappeared and the formal grammar was considerable simplified. The language in this transitional stage from Old English to modern English, is generally known as Middle English.