硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (20)
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试题及答案
全国硕士研究生入学考试政治试题及答案考试科目：政治考试时间：120分钟试题总分：150分考试类型：选择题、判断题第一部分：选择题（共100分）请根据题意选择最佳答案，并将其填写在答题卡上。
1. 下列哪个是中国共产党的最高纲领？A. 马克思主义基本原理B. 发展生产力C. 建设中国特色社会主义D. 党的总路线2. 全面建设社会主义现代化国家的目标是在什么基础上实现的？A. 全体人民自力更生B. 中国特色社会主义制度C. 民主政治制度D. 公有制经济3. 社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度是什么？A. 公有制经济为主体B. 混合所有制经济C. 计划经济D. 市场经济4. 我国国家机关的性质是什么？A. 人民的工具B. 人民的服务者C. 资本主义D. 官僚主义5. 阶级斗争是马克思主义的核心观点之一，它的根本目的是什么？A. 保持社会稳定B. 实现社会平等C. 推动社会发展D. 实现无阶级社会......第二部分：判断题（共50分）请根据题意选择“正确”或“错误”，并将其填写在答题卡上。
1. 中国特色社会主义必须坚持党的领导，坚持以人为本，坚持经济持续发展，坚持改革开放，坚持科学发展观。
（）2. 中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时也是中国一切劳动者的先锋队。
（）3. 我国国家机关的任务是为人民服务，为人民维权。
（）4. 政治素质是指一个人具备政治觉悟、政治能力和运用政治方法处理社会问题的能力。
（）5. 中国特色社会主义制度是我国的根本制度，不可动摇。
（）......答案解析：第一部分：选择题1. A2. B3. A4. B5. C......第二部分：判断题1. 正确2. 正确3. 正确4. 正确5. 正确......注意：以上答案仅供参考，具体以考试或教师要求为准。
希望以上考试题目及答案能够帮助您更好地准备全国硕士研究生入学考试政治科目。
祝您考试顺利！。
2020 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题(中国科学院大学)计算机专业综合
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：计算机专业综合考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3．试卷共16道大题，每题15分，共240分，考生可以任意选择其中10道大题回答，并在答题纸的该题答案前标明“选做本题”。
4．如果选做的题目多于10道，则判卷将按照所选做试题的题号顺序选择前10道大题计分，后续所做视为无效考试内容。
第一部分：《数据结构》第一题，简答题，共15分（1）请给出下列程序的时间复杂度（n>0）。
（2分）void func(int n) {int i,j;for(i=1,j=0; j<=n; j=j+i) i++;}（2）现有一个线性表的应用，线性表的元素总数不确定，其主要的操作是插入元素、删除表尾元素、查找表尾结点和查找指定结点的前驱结点，那么请问用怎样的数据结构比较好？请给出理由和该数据结构的C语言定义。
（3分）（3）若循环队列存储在数组A[0..m]，头指针Front指向当前队头元素，尾指针Rear指向当前队尾元素的下一个位置，那么当前实际存储有多少队列元素？现有元素x需要入队，请写出元素入队的语句。
（3分）科目名称：计算机专业综合第1页共6页（4）用如下数据结构存储广义表：typedef enum {ATOM, LIST} ElemTag;typedef struct GLNode {ElemTag tag;union {AtomType atom;struct {struct GLNode *hp, *tp;} ptr;}} *Glist;那么，对于广义表X=(A,((),(B,C)),(D,E))，给出其存储结构图，并利用Head、Tail 操作分离出元素E。
（3分）（5）现在需要从5000个元素组成的序列中，用最快的速度挑出前10个最大的元素。
量子力学 中国科学院大学硕士研究生入学考试试题
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：量子力学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、（共30分）考虑一维束缚态。
(1)证明(,)(,)x t x t ψψ不随时间变化，此处波函数ψ不必是定态。
(2)证明对于定态，动量的期望值为零。
(3)证明如果粒子在0t =时刻处于定态，则在以后时刻永远保持定态。
二、（共30分）设波函数()(()ip x x e βψ+ =，而ˆx ，ˆp 分别为x 方向的坐标和动量算符，其中β为实常数。
(1)说明()x ψ是否为ˆp的归一化本征态。
(2)证明ˆ/i p x e x αα''=+ ，及ˆ/i p e x x αα''=- ，其中α为实常数。
(3)化简算符ˆˆ//ˆi p i p e xe αα- 。
(4)化简算符ˆˆ/2/ˆi pi p e x e αα- 。
三、（共30分）一个无自旋粒子的波函数为(2)r K x iy z e αψ-++=，此处222z y x r ++=,其中K ,α为实常数。
（球谐函数：00Y =01Y θ=,11i Y e φθ±±=。
）(1)求粒子的总角动量。
(2)求角动量z 分量即z L ˆ的期望值，及测得 =zL 的概率。
(3)求发现粒子在),(ϕθ方向上Ωd 立体角内的概率。
四、（共30分）(1)一个电子在=0t 的时刻处于自旋态⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=22-131i χ。
在0>t 时刻，在外界加一个磁场0ˆˆ(sin cos )x z B B e e θθ→=+，此时电子的哈密顿量为B S H B ∙-=ˆ2ˆμ，其中ˆS 为自旋算符，B μ为玻尔磁子，求此粒子在任意t 时刻的波函数。
(2)考虑两个自旋为21的粒子处于磁场中，此时系统的哈密顿量为12012ˆˆˆˆˆz z H a b c σσσσ=++∙ ，其中a ，b ，0c 为常数，ˆσ是泡利算符，前两项为粒子处于磁场中的势能，最后一项为两粒子自旋-自旋相互作用能。
攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷-----------------------作者：-----------------------日期：东南大学二○○五年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷请考生注意：试题解答务请考生做在专用“答题纸”上！做在其它答题纸上或试卷上的解答将被视为无效答题，不予评分。
课程编号：442 课程名称：金属学一、选择题（单项选择，每题2分，共40分）1、两晶体的空间点阵相同，则a、它们的晶体结构相同；b、它们的对称性相同；c、它们所属的晶系相同；d、它们所属的空间群相同。
2、配位数与致密度及间隙半径之间的关系是：a、配位数越高，致密度越低；b、配位数越高，致密度越高；c、配位数越高，间隙半径越大；d、配位数越高，间隙半径越小。
3、指出下列四个六方晶系的晶面指数中，哪一个是错误的：a、（1 3 22）；b、（0 1 1 2）；c、（0 3 1 2）；d、（3 1 22）。
4、间隙相和间隙固溶体的区别在于：a、间隙相的结构比间隙固溶体简单；b、间隙相中原子结合符合化合价规律，间隙固溶体不符合化合价规律；c、间隙固溶体中间隙原子在溶剂晶格的间隙中；间隙相中原子在正常原子位子上；d、间隙相中有点阵畸变；间隙固溶体中没有点阵畸变。
5、A、B二组元形成共晶系，则：a、具有共晶成分的合金铸造工艺性能最好；b、具有亚共晶成分的合金铸造工艺性能最好；c、具有过共晶成分的合金铸造工艺性能最好；d、不发生共晶转变的合金铸造工艺性能最好。
6、Cu5Zn8，Cu9Al4，Cu31Sn8虽然化学成分不同，但晶体结构相同，均属黄铜结构，这是因为：a、Zn, Al, Sn三种元素的原子半径相近；b、这三种中间相的电子浓度相同；c、Zn, Al, Sn三种元素的电负性相近；d、Zn, Al, Sn三种元素的晶体结构相同。
7、与(021)和(121)同属一晶带的有：a、 (121)；b、 (221);c、 (110);d、 (221)。
中科院攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题《生物化学及分子生物学》
中科院20XX年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题《生物化学及分子生物学》生物类考研专业课资料一、判断题 20题，20题，每题1.5分，共30分.1、鞘磷脂的代谢过程主要与细胞质膜的流动有关与细胞生物活性分子的生成调节无关。
2、蛋白质的修饰与其运输和定位有关，而与其降解代谢无关。
3、蛋白质的豆蔻酰化是蛋白质脂肪酸化的一种形式。
4、可逆性膜锚定与蛋白激酶参与的信号转到有关，而与G蛋白（如Ras）参与的信号转导无关。
5、蛋白质溶液出现沉淀与蛋白质变性存在必然的关系。
6、Km值是酶的特性常数之一，与酶的浓度、pH、离子强度等条件或因素无关。
7、一个酶的非竞争性抑制剂不可能与底物结合在同一部位。
8、蛋白质泛素化（ubiquitination）过程需要三种蛋白质（酶）的参与，其中之一是泛素--蛋白连接酶。
9、往线粒体悬液中加入NADH可以还原线粒体的辅酶Q。
10、膜上有些七次跨膜受体在与配基结合时会形成二体。
11、低浓度不含钾离子的等渗缓冲液中悬浮着内含0.154M氯化钾的脂质体，此时往悬浮液中加入缬氨霉素，悬浮液的pH会下降。
12、内质网系膜结合的钙ATP酶在催化ATP水解时促进Ca2+/2H+交换。
13、辅酶I（NAD+ ）、辅酶II（NADP+）、辅酶A（CoA）、黄素单核苷酸（FMN）和黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FAD）中都含有腺嘌呤（AMP）残基。
14、端粒酶（telomerase）是一种RNA蛋白质复合物，其作用机制是以RNA为模板，由蛋白质催化逆转录; 所以广义上说，端粒酶是种逆转录酶。
15、Tm是DNA的一个重要特性，其定义为：使DNA双螺旋90％解开时所需的温度。
16、与DNA双螺旋相反方向缠绕而形成的超螺旋叫做“负超螺旋”。
17、细菌中的插入序列（IS）具有转座能力，能随机插入到任一DNA序列中，在靶点两侧形成一段短的正向重复序列。
18、细菌代谢酶的诱导和合成途径中酶的阻遏，调节蛋白都对操纵子起负调控作用。
中国科学院大学硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题：高分子化学与物理
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：高分子化学与物理考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3．可以使用无字典存储和编程功能的电子计算器。
高分子化学部分（75分）一、名词解释（每小题2分，共10分）1. 无规剂2. 茂金属引发剂3. 共缩聚4. 扩链5. 微波引发聚合二、选择题（单选题，每小题2分，共20分）1．以下不互为结构异构体的是：（a）聚乙烯醇和聚氧化乙烯；（b）聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚丙烯酸乙酯；（c）聚乙烯醇和聚乙二醇；（d）聚酰胺-66和聚酰胺-6。
2. 以下叙述正确的是：（a）悬浮聚合配方的主要成分是单体、水、水溶性引发剂、分散剂；（b）悬浮聚合的反应场所是溶液内；（c）悬浮聚合散热容易，可连续化；（d）工业上本体聚合可采用间歇法和连续法。
3. 有关自由基聚合过程的转化率-时间曲线类型叙述错误的是：（a）选用t1/2 = 2 h 的引发剂，苯乙烯有望接近匀速聚合；（b）S形曲线中的中期加速是凝胶效应超过正常速率的结果；（c）采用活性过高的引发剂，导致“死端聚合”。
4. 以下不能用阴离子聚合方法制备的物质是：（a）聚硝基乙烯；（b）聚甲基丙烯腈；（c）聚（氧化三亚甲基）；（d）聚偏二氰基乙烯5. 聚四氟乙烯不具有：（a）电绝缘性；（b）耐腐蚀性；（c）化学稳定性；（d）易染色性能。
6. 以下叙述错误的是：（a）聚醋酸乙烯酯能转变成聚乙烯醇；（b）老化必然导致聚合物的分子量降低；（c）一般主链或侧链含有芳环的聚合物耐辐射；（d）270 o C时聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯可以全部解聚成单体。
7. 不同大小环烷烃的热力学稳定性次序为：（a）3 < 6 < 8；（b）8 < 6 < 3；（c）3 < 8 < 6；（d）8 < 3 < 6。
2020年攻读浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
2020年攻读浙江财经大学硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：431科目名称：金融学综合一、简答题(7个小题，每小题10分，共70分)1、什么是货币市场，什么是资本市场?货币市场和资本市场各自主要有哪些类型的金融交易(或金融工具)?从资金融通的角度来说，这两种市场功能上的主要差异是什么?2、根据债券供求理论，在下列情况下，市场利率将发生怎样的变化?(1)下调股票交易印花税，股票市场变得更为繁荣。
(2)股票市场波动性升高，公众对股票投资风险预期增强。
(3)房地产市场交易火热，公众对未来房价上涨预期强烈。
(4)政府增加公共投资，财政赤字扩大。
3、简述商业银行应对流动性不足的方式，并从流动性管理的角度简要分析影响银行持有超额准备金数量的因素。
4、中央银行和商业银行在货币供给过程中各自发挥了什么作用?它们的行为如何影响经济中的货币总量?第3页共3页5、什么是债券市场的收益率曲线(也就是利率的期限结构)?常态下的收益率曲线有什么特征?如何解释这种特征?6、什么是欧式期权与美式期权?请写出无收益资产的欧式看涨期权Black-Scholes定价公式。
7、什么是系统性风险?什么是非系统性风险?什么是分离定理?马科维茨(Markowitz)资产定价理论中收益一风险权衡分析所刻画的风险是系统性风险和非系统性风险中的一种还是全部两种风险?请回答以上问题，并画图表示马科维茨(Markowitz)资产定价理论中的有效前沿(边界)。
二、计算题(前两小题每题16分，第三小题8分，共40分)1、已知某股票当期支付股利为D,股利的预期增长率为g,股票的市场预期折现率(市场收益率)为r,当前股票的市场交易价格为P。
(1)试求该股票的第3页共3页固定增长股利贴现模型公式(3分),并介绍该公式是如何求解得到的(10分);(2)假设某一上市公司的股票在一年以后支付的股利为1元，而且在可预测的将来，股利以每年5%的比率增长。
如果市场认为该公司的股票预期收益率为7%,求该股票的市场价格(3分)。
普通物理(乙) 中国科学院大学硕士研究生入学考试试题
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：普通物理（乙）考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、单项选择题（共32 分，每小题4 分）1. 若作用于一质点系上的外力的合力为零，下列说法正确的是：(A). 质点系的动量守恒、角动量不一定守恒、机械能不一定守恒。
(B). 质点系的动量守恒、角动量守恒、机械能不一定守恒。
(C). 质点系的动量守恒、角动量守恒、机械能守恒。
(D). 质点系的动量不一定守恒、角动量不一定守恒、机械能不一定守恒。
2. 自然界中存在四种基本作用力，下面不属于四种基本力的是：(A). 引力。
(B). 弱相互作用力。
(C). 电磁力。
(D). 弹性力。
3. 波源S的振动频率为f0，所发出波在介质中传播速度为 u （远小于光速）。
波源S相对介质运动，速度大小为v S，方向朝向观察者B。
观察者B也相对介质运动，速度大小为v B，方向朝向波源S。
波源和观察者的运动速度大小均小于波速 u，则观察者接受到的频率为：(A). (u+v S)f0/(u−v B)。
(B). (u−v B)f0/(u−v S)。
(C). (u+v B)f0/(u−v S)。
(D).(u−v S)f0/(u−v B)。
4. 当一个带电导体达到静电平衡时，下列说法正确的是：(A).表面上电荷密度较大处电势较高。
(B). 表面曲率较大处电势较高。
(C).导体内部的电势比导体表面的电势高。
(D).导体内任一点与其表面上任一点的电势差等于零。
5. 在下图的电路系统中，电流为I，方向从 a 到 b，电源的电动势大小为 ε，内阻忽略不计。
则 a、b 两端的电势差（U a−U b）为：(A). ε−IR。
(B). IR+ε。
(C). −ε+IR。
(D). −IR−ε。
6. 在感应电场中电磁感应定律可写成∮E⃑K•dll=−dΦ/dt，式中E⃑K为感应电场的电场强度。
2024年广西科技大学考研真题211+翻译硕士英语
广西科技大学 2024 年硕士学位研究生入学考试初试专业课试题考试科目代码：211 考试科目名称：翻译硕士英语考试时间：180分钟（本试题共 11 页）Part I Vocabulary and Grammar （1*20=20 POINTS）Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. After seven years, a missing World War Ⅱ soldier for _____ his desperate relatives were waiting has finally come back.[A] when [B] who[C] whom [D] that2. People often discover their affinity to each other by the love _____ for a book.[A] they has each [B] they have each[C] they each has [D] they each have3. If the athlete _____ to retire at his most glorious moment ten years ago, he could have received more compensation to comfort the family.[A] has chosen [B] had chosen[C] chose [D] were to chose4. “I hope you could listen to your mother; she is the one wh o will always behind you.” The past tense used in the sentence refers to _____.[A] a past event for exact time reference [B] a present event for suggestions[C] a present event for uncertainty [D] a past event for politeness5. “If you have questions about your health, doctors from nearby clinics will help you.” The word “will” expresses _____.[A] prediction [B] obligation[C] permission [D] willingness6. Although the evidence provided by the police is conclusive, the little boy declared himself _____ innocent.[A] as [B] to[C] be [D] to be7. Not until her ailing girl fell asleep _____ the ward.[A] the tired mother leaves [B] the tired mother left[C] had the tired mother left [D] did the tired mother leave8. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, _____ they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much harder than [B] as much as[C] any more than [D] no more than9. Such writings are good for nothing _____ the naive, among whom they spread bad influences and foster bad habits.[A] except bluffed [B] except to bluff[C] but to bluffed [D] but bluff10. On September _____ tenth all _____ faculty members of _____ English Department will celebrate _____ Teachers’ Day.[A] the;/;/;the [B] the; the;/;/[C] the; the; the;/ [D] /;the;the;the11. It seems that some computer users have trouble using a touch pad, so if the manufacturers want to be successful, they must design the software in _____ with them as well as with mouse users.[A] pity [B] compassion[C] mercy [D] sympathy12. The laws of Master Sun’s Art of War are meaningless sentences until we know how to _____ them.[A] adopt [B] apply[C] adapt [D] obtain13. In Scotland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, _____ schooling begins at age 5 and ends at age 6.[A] compulsory [B] forced[C] obliged [D] compelling14. Rescue efforts _____ for fear of another dam breach.[A] assume [B] resume[C] prompt [D] result15. The old carpenter can be angry for no reason at times; my sympathy is for his _____ apprentice.[A] long-suffered [B] long-suffering[C] suffering-long [D] suffered-long16. Believers are _____ under the belief that there are immortal spirits protecting them.[A] firm [B] certain[C] firmly [D] implicitly17. Night follows day as a _____ of natural laws.[A] substitution [B] requirement[C] supplement [D] necessity18. Operations which left patients_____ and in need of long periods of discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.[A] fearful [B] unhealthy[C] upset [D] exhausted19. The_____ of the whole operation has been jeopardized by one careless resident doctor who left a pi ece of gauze in the patient’s body.[A] safety [B] security[C] insecurity [D] protection20. The need for water and soil conservation was recognized during the latter part of the last century, and has been _____ developed in the American continent.[A] excessively [B] exceedingly[C] extensively [D] exclusivelyPart II Cloze (1*10=10 POINTS)Directions: There is one passage in this part. The passage has 10 blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and write it down on the Answer Sheet.The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (21) _____ to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (22) _____ thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.(23) _____ he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only (24) _____ that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, (25) _____ 12~15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (26) _____ of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (27) _____, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a (an) (28) _____ of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately (29) _____. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (30) _____ state of affairs.21. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased22. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately23. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence24. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects25. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating26. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers27. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile28. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument29. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined30. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousPart III Reading Comprehension （2*10+4*5=40 POINTS）Section ADirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and write it down on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1This year makes exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (Al) rises fundamental question, “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where thereare no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and cars tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decision are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tam Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AL Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7th Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al”that would cause “overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decision made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it __________.[A] the spy phone software requires no special skills or knowledge[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today[D] has parked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness __________.[A] helps explain artificial intelligence[B] can be misleading to robot making[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles __________.[A] can hardly ever be found[B] is still beyond our capacity[C] causes little public concern[D] has aroused much curiosity34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of __________.[A] affirmation[B] skepticism[C] contempt[D] respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlPassage 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the stale argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Califor nia’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provideupdated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to, say, going through a suspec t’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocket-book of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, finan cial history, medical history and comprehensive records of rec ent correspondence. The development of “c loud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and prot ected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone con-tents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow Californ ia’s argument whole. New disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 2l st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.36. The Super Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to _________.[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant[B] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones37. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of _________.[A] disapproval[B] indifference[C] tolerance[D] cautiousness38. The author believes t hat exploring one’s phone contents in comparable to_________.[A] getting into one’s residence[B] handing one’s historical records[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] going through one’s wallet39. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_________.[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed[B] the court is giving police less room for action[C] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information40. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that_________.[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution[D] principles of the Constitution should never be alteredSection BDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.When given the choice to learn how their actions will affect someone else, 40% of people will choose ignorance, often in order to have an excuse to act selfishly, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.(41) “Examples of such willful ignorance abound in everyday life, such as when consumers ignore information about the problematic origins of the products they buy. We wanted to know just how prevalent and how harmful willful ignorance is, as well as why people engage in it.” said lead author Linh Vu, MS, a doctoral candidate at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.The research was published in the journal Psychological Bulletin.Vu and her colleagues conducted a meta-analysis of 22 research studies with a total of 6,531 participants. The studies were all conducted in research labs or online, and most followed a protocol in which some participants were told the consequences of their actions, while others could choose whether to learn the consequences or not.(42) In one example, participants had to decide between receiving a smaller reward ($5) or a larger reward ($6). If they chose $5, then an anonymous peer (or charity) would also receive $5. If they chose the larger $6 reward, however, the other recipient would receive only $1. One set of participants were offered the option to learn the consequences of their choice, while another group was automatically told the consequences.Across the studies, the researchers found that when given an option, 40% of people chose not to learn the consequences of their actions. (43) That willful ignorance was correlated with less altruism（利他主义）: People were 15.6 percentage points more likely to be generous to someone else when they were told the consequences of their choice compared with when they were allowed to remain ignorant.The researchers hypothesized that one reason for willful ignorance might be that some people behave altruistically because they want to maintain a positive self-image of being an altruistic person. In those cases, willful ignorance can allow them to maintain that self-image without having to act in an altruistic way.The meta-analysis backed that up, according to study co-author Shaul Shalvi, PhD, a professor of behavioral ethics at the University of Amsterdam. (44) That’s because people who chose to learn the consequences of their action were 7 percentage points more likely to be generous compared with participants who were given information by default. That suggests that truly altruistic people choose to learn the consequences of their actions.“The findings are fascinating as they suggest a lot of the altruistic behaviors we observe are driven by a desire to beh ave as others expect us to,” Shalvi said. “While most people are willing to do the right thing when they are fully informed of the consequences of their actions, this willingness is not always because people care for others. (45) A part of the reasons why people act altruistically is due to societal pressures as well as their desire to view themselves in a good light. Since being righteous is often costly, demanding people to give up their time, money and effort, ignorance offers an easy way out.”All of the studies included in this meta-analysis took place in labs in the United States or Western Europe, or on online platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk. Future research should aim to examine willful ignorance in more diverse settings, according to the researchers, and to investigate ways to combat this behavior.Part IV Writing （30 POINTS）Directions:Write a composition on the topic “My Generation’s Views on Work” in about 400 words.You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state clearly what your view is.In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.11。
中科院1999年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题《生物化学与分子生物学》附答案
一、是非题：20题，共20分。
答“是”写“+”，答案“非”写“一”，写在题后的（）中。
1、单克隆和多克隆抗体的差别在于制备方式的不同。
2、气体分子，如NO，是可以作为信号分子在生物体内行使功能的。
3、二硫键和蛋白质的三级结构密切有关，因此没有二硫键的蛋白质就只有一级和二级结构。
4、所有信号肽的位置均在新生肽的N端。
5、对于可逆性抑制剂的抑制作用，抑制50%时的抑制剂浓度等于其抑制解离常数Ki。
6、在酶的催化反应中，HIS残基的咪唑基既可以起碱催化作用，也可以起酸催化作用。
7、蛋白激酶对蛋白质磷酸化的部位除了Ser、Thr、和Tyr外，还有His、Cys、Asp等。
8、维生素B1的化学名称为硫胺素，它的磷酸酯为脱羧辅酶。
9、线粒体内膜与外膜的结构完全不同，它们是完全分开互不接触的两种膜。
10、细胞色素氧化酶与细胞色素b-c1复合物的三维空间结构已得到阐明。
11、氧化磷酸化也是可逆的。
12、嗜盐菌视紫红蛋白与视网膜视紫红蛋白不同，前者经光照后导致跨膜质子梯度，后者经光照后导致跨膜钠离子流动。
13、端粒酶（telomerase）是一种反转录酶。
14、转录不需要引物，而反转录必须有引物。
15、DNA复制时，前导链合成方向是5’→3’，后随链则是3’→5’生成。
16、人基因组的碱基对数目为2.9×109，是自然界最大的。
17、细胞器DNA的复制并不限于S期，可在细胞周期的各期中进行。
18、基因转录的终止信号应位于被转录的序列以外的下游区。
19、真核生物细胞核内不均一RNA(hnRNA)分子量虽然不均一，但其半衰期长，比胞质成熟mRNA 更为稳定。
20、DNA复制是在起始阶段进行控制的，一旦复制开始，它即进行下去，直到整个复制子完成复制。
二、选择题：25题，每题一分，共25分。
1、生长调节素（omtomedin）是A．胰岛素B．生长激素C．胰岛素样生长激素Ⅰ和ⅡD．表皮生长因子2、生物体内氨的转运主要通过A．尿素循环B．谷氨酰胺C．尿酸3、识别信号肽的是一种信号识别颗粒，它是A．糖蛋白B．信号肽C．脂蛋白D．核蛋白4、微管蛋白的异二聚体上的结合位点是A．GTP B．ATP C．cAMP D．ADP5、基因剔除（knock out）的方法主要是用来阐述A．基因的结构B．基因的调控C．基因的表达D．基因的功能6、胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性中心中构成一个电荷中继网的三个氨基酸残基是A．His，Arg，Glu B．Ser，Lys，Asp C．Ser，His，Asp D．Ser，Arg，Glu7、MWC模型和KNF模型的一个区别是A．MWC模型可以解释正协同性，而KNF模型不能B．MWC模型可以解释负协同性，而KNF模型不能C．MWC模型不能解释正协同性，而KNF模型能D．MWC模型不能解释负协同性，而KNF能8、琥珀酸脱氢酶所需要的辅酶（基）是A．CoA B．FAD C．NAD+ D．NADP+9、对于一个遵守米氏方程的酶，当活性达到最大反应速度的99%时，底物浓度是其Km值的倍数为A．10 B．100 C．90 D．9910、一个酶有多种底物，判断其底物专一性强弱应依据参数A．Kcat B．Km C．Kcat/Km11、NO的生成主要来自A．组氨酸B．赖氨酸C．精氨酸D．谷氨酸胺12、哺乳动物细胞质膜的标志酶是 A．钠钾ATP酶B．细胞色素氧化酶C．H+-ATP D．谷氨酸胺13、辅酶Q是一种化合物，它含A．硫胺素B．异咯嗪结构C．异戊二烯单位的醌类D．铁、硫14、典型哺乳动物细胞内外的Na+，K+离子浓度A．细胞内Na+，K+均比细胞外高 B．细胞内Na+，K+均比细胞外低C．细胞内K+比细胞外高，Na+比细胞外低 D．细胞内Na+比细胞外高，K+比细胞外低15、当线粒体呼吸处于状态4时，内膜两侧的pH差可以达到A．0.1PH单位B．1PH单位C．1.5PH单位D．>2PH单位16、端粒酶（telomerase）是一种蛋白质-RNA复合物，其中RNA起A．催化作用B．延伸作用C．引物作用D．模板左右17、新生多肽链的信号肽与下列哪种物质识别，从而引导肽链进入内质网A．核糖体B．核糖体亚基C．信号肽酶D．信号肽识别颗粒（SRP）18、真核生物mRNA帽子结构中，m7G与多核苷酸链通过三个磷酸基连接，其方式是A．2’-5’B．3’-5’C．3’-3’D．5’-5’19、与核酸中嘌呤环和嘧啶环上的原子来源都有关的氨基酸是A．丙氨酸B．天冬氨酸C．亮氨酸D．甲硫氨酸20、大肠杆菌mRNA上起始密码子上有的SD序列可与某种RNA的3’端配对，然后启动多肽链生成，这种RNA是 A．tRNA B．SnRNA C．16srRNA D．23srRNA21、染色质DNA的碱基可被甲基化，DNA甲基化的作用是A．关闭某些基因B．活化某些基因C．可关闭某些基因，同时可以活化另一些基因D．与基因表达的调节无关22、遍在蛋白（ubiquitin）广泛分布于各类细胞，它与蛋白质结合后，造成A．蛋白质更加稳定B．蛋白质有效转运C．蛋白质迅速降解D．蛋白质固定在细胞膜上23、DNA损伤的光修复作用是一种高度专一的修复方式，它只作用于紫外线引起的A．嘧啶二聚体 B．嘌呤二聚体 C．嘧啶-嘌呤二聚体24、λ噬菌体侵入寄主细胞后，决定它进入裂解循环的基因产物是A．N B．Q C．Cro D．CI25、环状的线粒体DNA进行复制的方法采用A．多起点双向B．滚环C．D-环 D．单起点双向三、填空题；12题，共25分，一空一分。
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硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
一、选择题( 共18题，每题2 分，共36分)
1. 一可逆热机与一不可逆热机在其它条件都相同时, 燃烧等量的燃料, 则可逆热机牵引的列车行走的距离：( )
(A) 较长(B) 较短(C) 一样(D) 不一定
2. 向某溶剂中加入适量非挥发性溶质形成稀溶液后，导致沸点升高，说明该溶液中溶剂的化学势与未加溶质前溶剂的化学势相比发生了什么变化？( )
(A) 升高(B) 降低(C) 相等(D) 无法确定
3. 一定量的某理想气体从始态经向真空自由膨胀到达终态，可用下列哪个热力学判据来判断该过程的自发性：( )
(A) ∆U (B) ∆G (C) ∆H (D) ∆S
4. 对于下列平衡系统：①高温下水蒸气被分解；②同①，同时通入一些H2(g)和O2(g)；③H2(g)和O2(g)同时溶于水中，其独立组元数K和自由度数f的值完全正确的是：( )
(A) ①K = 1，f = 1 ②K = 2，f = 2 ③K = 3，f = 3
(B) ①K = 2，f = 2 ②K = 3，f = 3 ③K = 1，f = 1
(C) ①K = 3，f = 3 ②K = 1，f = 1 ③K = 2，f = 2
(D) ①K = 1，f = 2 ②K = 2，f = 3 ③K = 3，f = 3
5. 已知反应2NO(g) + O2(g) = 2NO2(g) 是放热的，当该反应在某温度、压力下达平衡时，若使平衡向右移动，则应采取的措施是：( )
(A) 降低温度和减小压力(B) 降低温度和增大压力
(C) 升高温度和减小压力(D) 升高温度和增大压力
6. 将氧气分装在同一绝热气缸的两个气室内，其中左气室内氧气状态为p1=101.3 kPa, V1=2 dm3, T1=273.2 K，右气室内状态为p2=101.3 kPa, V2=1 dm3, T2=273.2 K；现将气室中间的隔板抽掉（忽略隔板厚度），使两部分气体充分混合，则此过程中氧气的熵变为：( )
(A) ∆S >0 (B) ∆S <0 (C)∆S =0 (D)不确定
7. 在下列状态变化中，哪个可以应用公式d U =T d S - p d V ? ( )
(A) NO2气体缓慢膨胀，始终保持化学平衡NO2 = NO + (1/2)O2
(B) NO2气体以一定速度膨胀，解离出来的NO + (1/2)O2总是低于平衡组成
(C) SO3气体在解离为SO2 + (1/2)O2的条件下膨胀
(D) 水在-10℃时等温结冰
8. 2摩尔液态C2H5OH在正常沸点完全转变为气态时，一组不变的热力学函数（变）是：
1。