(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题参考答案第八、九章
(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第十七、十八章
CHAPTER 171. As illustrated in figure 17.2, the waste generation rates of people are directly related to their economic condition.Nation with high standards of living and productivity tend to have more municipal solid waste per person than less-developed countries.3.1)The remaining numbers of landfills in US are declining as some small, poorly run landfills areclosed as they fail to meet regulations. Others are closed due to full capacity. Therefore, new, modern landfills are in urgent need, especially in metropolitan cities(LA, NY, Toronto).However, it is difficult to find a geologically suitable site and building new ones often receive local opposition.2)What’s more, a modern landfill is becoming increasingly more complex and expensive, and itis sometimes no more cost effective compared to incineration. Experts also suggest that unless further steps are taken to detoxify landfilled materials, they will place burden on upcoming generations to address future impacts.3)Landfills may present long-term threats to groundwater and surface water that arehydrologically connected. Leachate is of particular concern, if the landfill system is not properly sealed, the rain or connected water source may leak through buried trash, dissolving and carrying hazardous materials with it, and pose the major threat to the current and future quality of groundwater.4)There is a problem about the air pollution too. Methane produced by decomposing wasteshould be collected and treated, and they can be used to produce heat or to generate electricity, or they might enter atmosphere and become a kind of greenhouse gas.5.1)Design changes to soft drink bottles and milk jugs can keep out more than one hundredmillion kg of plastic out of the waste stream per year.2)Manufacturing processes have been changed in many industries to reduce the amount ofwaste produced. This kind of change could be done by paying more attention to incidence like leaks, spills and accidents.3)Purchasing decisions can significantly reduce the amount of waste produced. Choosing topurchase things that have reduced packaging waste, not only could this reduce the amount of waste , but also might it encourage the producer to use less in packaging.4)Using materials in such a way that waste is not generated is an important means of curbingwaste. Using less-hazardous alternatives and sharing products that contains hazardous chemicals, following the label directions and using the smallest amount necessary are way to reduce waste or its toxicity5)Reusing items is a way to reduce waste at the source because it delays or prevents the entryof reused items into the waste collection and disposal system.7.Several kinds of program have contributed to the increase in recycling rate.Container laws and mandatory recycling laws in many states provide an incentive to recycle andcurbside recycling make it convenient to recycle. A prominent RecycleBank is a recent program of success.9.1)Electronic waste is a growing problem worldwide as obselete or broken computers andother electronic equipments are discarded. A major problem is the toxic heavy metals used as components, as estimations of 70 percent of heavy metals in US landfills come from discarded electronics, while e-waste account for 2 percent of total trash by volume.2)The amount of e-waste is expected to grow rapidly as people in developing countriespurchase a large number of cellphones and other electronics.3)Much of e-waste is exported to developing countries and laborers use crude techniquesincluding smashing, melting and adding acid or burning plastic coating, which often occur in open space where they release toxins into environment and endanger the health of workers.ndfill gas contain sufficient amount of methane, and can be utilized to generate electricity through the following steps:1)Anaerobic decomposition, as the bacteria feed on organic waste and produce methane andcarbon dioxide.2)Accessing the gas. Drill well into the landfill and insert perforated pipes filled with gravel andsealed on top, which allow gas to be collected from deep down the waste. After vacuumed out the gas, it will be piped to a nearby compression facility where it is dehydrated, filtered and pressurized.3)Becoming electricity. Processed methane gas is piped to an electricity-generating facility andworks as fuel to spin turbine/engine to produce current.4)Back to source. Landfill gas in utility transmission lines will be delivered to businesses orhomes where garbage collection starts or piped directly to where it may be needed as fuel.CHAPTER 181.There are several kinds by classifications of DOT:1)Explosives,which cause a rapid release of gas and heat;2)Gases that may be flammable, nonflammable or toxic;3)Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides;4)Poisonous materials and infectious materials;5)Radioactive materials;6)Corrosives.3.The EPA defines hazardous waste as those with four characteristics:Ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity and toxicity.It has also compiled a list of hazardous wastes.5.The uranium miners are exposed to radioactive gases, while those who smoke tobacco and thusexposed to toxins in tobacco smoke have unusually high incidences of lung cancer. It is apparent that the radioactive gases in uranium mines interact synergistically with carcinogens found in tobacco smoke.7.It is hard to determine appropriate exposure limits as nearly all substances are toxic in sufficiently high doses.Typically the regulatory agency will determine the level of exposure at which none of the test animals is affected( threshold level) and then set the human exposure level lower to allow for a safety margin. The safety margin is important because threshold levels vary significantly among species and even members of the same species.9.Hazardous wastes enter the environment in several ways:1)Many molecules that evaporate readily are vented directly into the atmosphere. Many kindsof solvents used in paints and other industrial processes fall into such category.2)Other materials escape from faulty piping and valves, but they are often called fugitiveemissions.3)Uncontrolled or improper incineration of hazardous wastes whether on land or at sea, cancontaminate the atmosphere and the surrounding environment.11.CERCLA was enacted in 1980 to deal with financing the cleanup of large uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites. It has several key objectives:1)To develop a comprehensive program to set priorities for cleaning up the worst existinghazardous-waste sites.2)To make responsible parties pay for those cleanups whenever possible.3)To set up a 1.6 billion dollars Hazardous Waste Trust Fund to support the identification andcleanup of abandoned hazardous-waste sites.4)To advance scientific and technological capabilities in all aspects of hazardous-wastemanagement, treatment and disposal.13.The National Priorities List are those hazardous-waste sites which require urgent attention by Superfund. It included 11000 in the initial evaluation of 40000 sites, while the number fluctuated as new sites are added and sites removed when they are cleaned up or deleted from the list.15.Metal Mining accounted for 31 percent of all toxic waste, which are deposited primarily on surface of land. Electric utilities (power generation) are responsible for 24 percent of releases, most of which into the atmosphere. chemical and metal processing industries are also significant sources.17.Prevent accidental spills, leaks from pipes and valves and loss from broken containers,etc. Other measures include:1)Changing a process so that a hazardous solvent is replaced with water.2)Using a waste produced in a process in another aspect of the process to reduce the amountof waste produced.3)Using a still to clean solvents so that they can used repeatedly4)Allowing water to evaporate from waste can reduce the total amount of waste produced,thus concentrating the hazardous material.19.1)Neutralization of dangerous acids and bases by reacting them with one another can convertthem to non-hazardous materials.2)Biodegradation of organic materials by microorganisms can convert hazardous chemicals toinnocuous substances, Such as in sewage treatment plants3)Air stripping is used to remove volatile chemical from water. Steam stripping works on thesame principle while the high temperature can force out chemicals that ordinary air can not.The volatile compounds can be captured or reused or disposed of.4)Carbon absorption tanks contain specifically activated particles of carbon to treat hazardouschemicals in gaseous and liquid waste. Carbon combines chemically with waste or catch hazardous particles like a fine wire mesh catches grains of sand.Contaminated carbon must then be disposed of or cleaned and reused.5)Precipitation involves adding special materials to a liquid waste. These bind to hazardouschemicals and cause them to precipitate out of the liquid and form large particles called floc.Floc that settles can be seperated as sludge; floc that remain suspended can be filtered and the concentrated waste can be sent to a hazardous-waste landfill.21.The Basel Convention was established in response to the debate over controlling hazardous-waste movements between countries in 1989. There is particular concern about rich, industrialized countries exporting such wastes to developing countries lacking administrative and technological resources to safely dispose of or recycle the waste.Its main objective is to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes and to control and reduce their transboundary movements to protect human health and the environment.23.Transuranic nuclear waste is highly radioactive waste that contains large numbers of atoms larger than uranium with half-lives greater than 20 years. Most of these come from processes involved in the production of nuclear weapons. As the clean-up of former nuclear weapons sites in US take place, transuranic waste is transported to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Calsbad, New Mexico, for storage. （WIIP)25. Low-level radioactive waste can come from a variety of sources, in nuclear power facilities, hospitals and research institutions. Examples include radioactive materials used in medical field. Protective clothing worn by persons who work with radioactive materials, contaminated cleaning materials and other uses of radioactive isotopes.。
环境学导论答案
环境学导论答案第1 章习题参考答案三试全面分析人类环境的组成自然环境组成：物质：空气，水，岩石，土壤动植物，微生物能量：气温，阳光，引力，地磁力自然现象：太阳稳定性,地壳稳定性（地质构造情况；地震，火山活动；海啸），大气力量，水循环，水土演变等多种自然要素人工环境组成：综合生产力，技术进步，人工构筑物，人工产品和能量，政治体制，社会行为，宗教信仰，文化与地方习俗等五环境科学的分科？环境科学可分为三部分：环境学：基础环境学：环境社会学，环境数学，环境物理学（环境声学，辐射污染及控制，热污染级控制），环境化学，环境生态学，环境毒理学，环境地质学；应用环境学，环境控制学，环境管理学，环境工程学（环境污染，防治工程技术及原理（大气污染防治技术，水污染防治工程，固体污染防治工程，固体废物治理及利用工程，核工业环境工程，噪声及热污染控制工程），环境评价与环境规划，环境系统工程，环境水利工程），六环境容量，环境自净能力是什么含义？环境容量：污染物质或污染因素进入环境后，将引起一系列物理，化学和生物的变化，而自身逐步被清除出去，从而环境达到自然净化的目的。
在保持生态平衡的前提下，环境可能容纳污染物质的最大负荷量。
七什么是生态平衡？举例说明。
任何一个正常的生态系统，能量流动和物质循环总是不断地进行着，是一个复杂的，有时、空、量、序变化的动态系统和开放系统，内外存在物质和能量的变化和交换，但在一定时期内，生产者、消费者和还原者之间都保持着一种动态的平衡，这种平衡状态就叫生态平衡。
比如地上的草等绿色植物被羊，牛等动物吃掉，而这些一部分又被人吃掉，人所产生的废物排入到外界被一些微生物分解后，又被细菌等分解成供绿色植物进行光合作用的营养成分，这些营养成分有利于绿色植物的生长，这样就构成了一个动态的平衡。
生态系统由生产者，消费者，分解者和转变者，以及无机营养养分组成。
第2 章习题参考答案2．环境问题有哪些分类方法？分几类？如果从引起环境问题的原因考虑，可将环境问题分为两类。
环境科学概论课后答案
环境科学概论课后答案【篇一：环境科学概论思考题】____________，自然环境和人工环境之间存在着________________________流动,构成一个环境科学研究的复杂体系2绿色交通(green transport)是指：采用____________________、适合都市环境的运输工具，来完成社会经济活动的一种交通概念。
一般绿色工具(green modes)包括徒步、自行车、________________________等。
3环境承载力是衡量地球承载力以及人与环境和谐程度的重要指标，是指在一定的时期范围内，维持人类-环境系统稳定，人类活动不引起环境功能破坏发生质的改变的能力，其实质是在维持人与环境和谐的前提下，人类-环境系统能承受的人类活动的阈值。
４环境背景值亦称自然本底值，指在__________________的情况下，环境组成的各要素中与____________________有关的各种化学元素的含量及基本化学成份。
5土壤污染人类活动所产生的物质（污染物），通过多种途径进入土壤，其数量和速度超过了_土壤的容纳能力和__土壤的净化速度_，从而引起土地正常功能遭到破坏或土壤肥力降低，并对土壤、植物和动物造成损害的现象。
6对众多污染物进行分级排队，从中筛选出潜在危害性大，在环境中出现率高，有可靠的监测手段并能获得准确数据，有环境质量标准的污染物作为监测和控制对象。
经过优选的污染物称为环境优先污染物。
7环境规划的特点综合性、涉及面广、地区性、动态性、政策性强等。
8环境污染控制中末端控制与全过程控制相比具有被动消极、原始传统、投资大，效果差、治标等缺点；集中控制与分散控制相比具有尽可能少的投入、尽可能大的效益。
9固体废物处理、处置与利用原则是“无害化”、“减量化”、“资源化”。
10按时间要素环境评价可分为环境回顾评价、环境现状评价、环境影响评价。
其中环境影响评价是对拟开发行动方案或规划产生的环境影响进行评价，提出合理削减负面影响对策。
(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案第十一、十二章
CHAPTER 11 three ways that humans directly alter ecosystems.1)In the past, prehistoric men used human-induced fire to capture game animals or clean landfor agriculture, thus destroying climax communities. The harvesting of tropical forests today works in the same way.2)The conversion of natural land into agricultural land and even urban land in cities , whichcontinues today, has greatly undermined the biodiversity.3)The overexploitation of fishery resources, coupled with the introduction of exotic species,have spawned a series of problems that alter the local water environment.2.Why is the impact of humans greater today than at any time in the past?As the technology advanced, the ability of people to modify their surroundings has increased significantly, the agricultural revolution and modern agricultural technologies, for example, have efficiently turned large parts of the earth into agricultural land.The growing number of human population contributed to the draining of natural resources, as well as the extinctions of many species.3. Describe three factors that influence the genetic diversity of a population.Several things can influence the genetic diversity of a population.1)Mutations are changes in the genetic information of an organism, which introduce newgenetic information into a population by modifying genes that are already present. The DDT-tolerance of insects and the evolution of human resistance to antibiotic medication are such examples.2)Migration of individuals of a species from one place to another is also an important way. Itresults in the reduction of genetic information in the former population and the addition in the new population. This can have a significant effect on both populations if the migrating individual possess rare characteristics.3)Sexual reproduction is another process that influence genetic diversity. Rather than creatingnew genetic information, it tends to generate new genetic combinations when genetic information from two individuals mixes during fertilization, forming a unique individual, which may have a combination to out-compete its peer by being more successful in producing offspring, thus influence the genetic diversity.5.What are the major causes of loss of biodiversity in marine ecosystems?1)Habitat loss is a problem in marine ecosystems, as much of the harvest is restricted toshallow parts of the ocean where bottom dwelling fish can be easily harvested. It involved the use of trawls which are nets that can be dragged along the bottom. The trawls can disturb the sea floor and create conditions that make it harder for the fish population to recover. It captures various other species (25%) that are not commercially valuable and often left dead on board. Their removal further alter the ecological nature of the seafloor. 2)Overexploitation has driven some species to extinction and threaten many others.Organisms can be harvested for various reasons, food, ornaments or other aesthetic uses, and uncrupulous people often poach the already endangered species for quick profit. It isalso common in marine fisheries, and efforts are made to develop aquaculture methods and market new fish species which levitate the problem.3)Climate change has a great effect on the survival of species with limited physiologicaltolerance, such as corals in oceans and amphibians. The warming of water are leading to the declining of coral reefs.7.What is desertification? What causes it?Desertification is the process of converting arid and semiarid land to desert because of improper use by humans.Rangelands are too dry to support crops and grazing of domesticated animals is the only viable solution. But in areas where human population pressure is great, overgrazing is seemingly unavoidable, as people graze too many animals and cut down more trees for firewood. These would expose soil to wind erosion and lead to loss in soil fertility. Cutting down legumes that fix nitrogen would worsen the case. The land would gradually turn into a desert-like ecosystem.9.List six techniques utilized by wildlife managers.Habitat management are modifications to the habitat to enhance their survival and reproduction. The first step is to understand the habitat need of target species, and identify the critical habitat requirements of it. Then, they can alter the habitat and improve the success of the species. Population assessment and management also requires careful planning and the techniques involved included:Population census to keep the numbers of animals in check.Regulating hunting seasons, i.e. In fall so as to take the surplus animals, can ensure adequate and sustainable reproduction of animals.Artificially introduction of certain species when their population is below the desired number or extinct from the local area.Refuges for waterfowls can be built to provide resting places, food and protection from hunting. Transboundary parks can accommodate the movements of migratory animals across different countries.11.What is extinction? Why does it occur?Extinction is the death of a species, the elimination of all individuals of a particular kind. Extinction is a natural and common process through out the evolution, yet human activity has sped up its rate by a factor of 1000-10000. Some species with low population density and low reproductive rate, in specialized niche are prone to extinction. As technology advanced, human populations grew, we have increasingly huge influence on our surroundings. Consequently, many species have gone extinct.15.List three actions that be taken to prevent extinctions.IUCN lists over 19000 species as threatened with extinction in the Red List of Threatened Species, this can encourage countries to protect the related species and to build natural reserves.The Convention on Biological Diversity are adopted by many countries to preserve the biological diversity.The Endangered Species Act demands all government agencies to do whatever necessary to preserve the endangered species and the following amendment in 1978 saw the “god squad”to exempt some projects from the Act.16.Describe the role of the red list of threatened species in species preservation.IUCN is a highly visible international preservation organization, but has very little power to effect change. It generally seeks to protect species in danger by encouraging countries to complete inventories of plants and animals within their borders and encourage the training of plant and animal biologists within countries involved and the establishment of preservers to protect species in danger of extinction.CHAPTER 121. List three reasons why land-use planning is necessary.1)In modern world, significant amounts of land is covered with buildings, streets and otherproducts of society. But in many cases, cities are established before there is an understanding of the challenges presented by the location, when these cities grew and technology and society changed, the shortcomings of the location become apparent.Therefore, we should understand that each piece of land has its specific qualities based on its location and physical make-up.2)The land should be considered a nonrenewable resource nowadays as the land and theresources it supports(soil, vegetation and watersheds, etc) are not being created today. We need to plot carefully about the use of it. Once it is converted from natural ecosystems or agriculture to intensive human use, it is generally unavailable for other purposes.3)As the human population continues to boom, competition for the use of land wouldundoubtedly increase and systematic land-use planning would be important. Furthermore, as the population becomes more urbanized and cities grow, urban planning becomes critical.3. List three factors that encourage people to move from rural farms to cities in 1800s.4)First, the Industrial Revolution led to improvements in agriculture that required less farmlabor at the same time industrial jobs became available in the city, leading to the rural-to-urban migration.5)Then, the second factor that affected the growth of cities was the influx of immigrants fromEurope. They settled in towns and cities.6) A third reason for the growth was that they offered a greater variety of cultural, social, andartistic opportunities than did rural communities.Thus they were attractive for cultural as well as economic reasons.5.List three physical and three social consequences of urban sprawl.Physical:1)The automobile based society in US can cause serious traffic congestion for those who workin cities but live in the suburbs.2)The new housing or commercial development in suburbs would require the municipalservices to be extended to such areas, which is way more costly than supplying services to areas already in the city. The same is of energy costs because of low energy efficiency.3)Air pollution is also significant due to the reliance on automobiles as primary method oftransportation, and the infrastructure that support automobile travel is impervious to water, and the runoff are channeled directly into local water sources, bringing pollutants(oil, coolant and rubber pieces) into local streams.Social:1)The death of central city occurred as more people move to the suburbs and quality ofservices in urban center drops which starts a downward spiral of decay. This can deprive the remaining residents of basic services. It has a particular hard hit on the poor and elderly.2)Open fields, parks boulevards and similar land uses allow people to visually escape from thecongestion of the city. However, the urban sprawl have deprived a lot of land that could have been used as open space.3)Unpleasant odors, disagreeable tastes, annoying sounds and offensive sights are aggravating,and may be deemed harmful from an aesthetic point of view. Yet this are often the case of unplanned development in suburbs.7.What is a megapolis?As suburbs continued to grow, cities began to merge, and it became difficult to tell were one city ended and another began. This type of growth led to the development of regional cities. Although their cities maintain their individual names, they are really just part of one large urban area called a megalopolis.9.State three consequences of the dominance of the automobile as a means of transport in urban areas.1)The reliance on the automobile has required the constant building of new highways andaccording to DOT it costs 1 trillion per year on maintaining and building new ones.2)The average person in US travels about 260 kilometers per week in car and a person inmetropolitan area spends more than 40 hours per year stuck in traffic delays.3)It is hard to divert funding to establish mass transit besides the dispersed nature of suburbs.11.What characteristics of suburbs contribute to high infrastructure and high energy costs.1)Infrastructure include all physical, social and economic elements needed to support thepopulation, and it is often costly to extend it to the newly developed suburbs as everything need to be built from scratch.2)Energy costs are high due to low energy efficiency, and there are several reasons for this: Firstly, the automobiles are the least energy-efficient means of transporting people. Secondly, the separation of blocks of home from business and shopping areas require greater distance driven to meet basic needs.Thirdly, congested traffic routes result in hours being spent in stop-and-go traffic and wasting much fuel.Finally, the single-family homes require more energy for heating and cooling than multifamilydwellings.13. What land uses are suitable on floodplains?Floodplains are low areas near rivers that are subject to periodic floods, and it is often used for residential or commercial purposes due to its flat character. But flood-control structures need to be built which have detrimental downstream effects and could pose threats during floods.A better use of floodplains is for open space or recreation or agriculture.15. Why is a understanding of the geology and resources base of an area important in land use planning?1)The geologic status of an area must be considered in land-use decisions to prevent possibledisasters and hazards(i.e. Near volcanoes or earthquake-prone faults) or the lack of water, which will inevitably worsen as cities grow. To understand to resource base can lead to wise planning.2)Some land has unique features that should be preserved because of their special value tosociety( Grand Canyon and Yellowstone, etc) and should take precedence over other uses.17.What role do state and regional planning, purchasing of land, and use restrictions play in implementing land-use plans?1)State and regional planning is often more effective than local land-use planning since manyimportant geographic, geological and habitat characteristics cross local political boundaries.2)In addition, a regional approach is likely to prevent duplication of facilities and lead togreater efficiency.3)State or regional planning bodies are also more likely to have the financial resources to hireprofessional planners to assist in the planning process.4)Purchasing of land is the easiest way to protect them, and many environment organizationsopt to purchase lands with special historic, scenic or environmental value. In some cases, the landowners may sell the right to develop the land or place restrictions on the future uses of land.5)Many kinds of l and-use restrictions involve some form of zoning, that designates specificareas within a community for certain kinds of land use. But it has both positive and negative impacts on good land-use planning. Sometimes it help in preserving important historic or cultural sites while in many ways it also contributed to the segregation found in urban sprawl.19.List ten common smart growth principles.The smart growth approach has the following guidelines:1)Preserve open space. Farmland, natural beauty and critical environmental areas.2)Direct development toward existing urban areas, which encourages the reuse of abandonedor poorly used urban space.3)Take advantage of compact building design, so more people can be housed, and a smallercarbon footprint can be achieved. It can also reduce the need to develop new land4)Create a range of housing opportunities and choices, to accommodate people with differentlifestyles, desires and income levels.5)Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place. Pay attention to thedesign of buildings and their relationship with open space and cultural attractions to createa pleasing urban setting.6)Mix land uses, so that people need not drive somewhere to fulfill their basic needs.7)Create walkable neighborhoods, provide pedestrian walks to separate vehicle traffic frompedestrians.8)Provide a variety of transportation choices.9)Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.10)Make development decisions predictable, fair and cost-effective.21.Give examples of conflict over the use of federally owned property.One of the major conflict is between those who prefer to use motorized vehicles and those who prefer to use muscle power over the outdoor recreation activities. They both paid taxes and wish the land can be used as they wish.Conflicts also arise between business interests and recreational users of public lands. The grazing and skiing are hard to reconciliate, and as the regulatory agencies are often understaffed, the ranchers tend to overgraze the land.A particular sensitive issue is the designation of certain areas as wilderness areas. Many people argue it’s unfair because they are paying tax but their access to the wilderness is restricted. While others fear too many people would destroy the charm and unique character.。
环境科学交叉关系学科课后题答案
环境学概论第一周作业1.Environmental problems are complex and interrelated.Within the ecosystem every component seems to be interconnected and interacted with each other as illustrated in the Darwin's theory of the relation between the production of seeds in red clover and numbers of catsEnvironmental problems often involve social, ethical, political and economic issues. It 'snot easy to achieve acceptable solutions to environmental issues; an environmental decision that is supportable from an economic point of view may not be plausible from the political perspective. As the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone manifested, the solution has an ethical side and influence not only natural but also economic and social realms. What's more, environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with political boundaries, thus require the collaboration of multiple states or even nations.It's gettin more complicated as the globalization accelerates and the scale of environmental problems expands and requires better governance to ensure sustainable developments.2.The ecosystem approach is the comprehensive and integrated management of human activities, based on the scientific knowledge about ecosystem and its dynamics, and achievesustainable use of ecosystem goods and services and maintenance of ecosystem integrity.It is the right approach because an ecosystem involves not only all organisms but also the abiotic environment, and they form a complex network of interrelationships. Only by thinking systematically, can we understand the dynamics of the ecosystem and take the right action which satisfies human needs while preserving health of the ecosystem.3.The security consists of economic, political, cultural, social andenvironmental aspects.Urbanization and human migration can put great pressure on environment, leading to land degradation and eutrophication, which destroyed the aquatic ecosystem. These would affect the economic and environmental security.The environmental change also threatens environmental resources and caused social instability or even conflicts and wars, thus posing a threat to social and political security.4.Defining human well-being is difficult due to differing views onits definition.first is the resources that people possess, including money and other assets. Such view implies weak sustainability, in which the environment can contribute to development merely by promoting economic growth.second is how people feel about their lives. It means people value the environment for its traditional or cultural aspects.third is what people are able to be and to do. The impacts that the environment have on human well-being are regarded as multidimensional.Above all, human well-being and the quality of the environment are strongly interrelated, and the impact is prominent in various ecosystem services, including provisioning services, regulating services cultural services and supporting services.5.There is difference in how social, political and environmental decisions are made. Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political jurisdictions, while environmental problems do not necessarily coincide with these artificial political boundaries. The problem between Mexico and United States showed that tackling the environmental problem often requires thinking on a ecosystem level instead of as a single nation.There shouldn't be a difference as the economic and political decisions are supposed to adjust to environmental needs and emphasize the environmental concerns. In fact, there should be integrated decision-making that takes in all the above factors, which gives us the best solution.6.The disease has a close relationship with the environment. According to WHO, almost a quarter of all diseases are caused byenvironmental exposure. Environmental risks including pollution, hazards in the workplace, UV radiation, noise and climate and ecosystem change could lead to many diseases, such as malaria, cancer, diarrhea and emerging diseases. Typically, the lack of clean water and sanitation in poor countries and the unhealthy diet and lifestyle in rich countries are both related to diseases.7.Environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Examples are like a fishpond to a fish or the grassland to a cricket.Ecosystem is a region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit, for example the wetlands in Chongming Island.8.In resolving environmental conflicts, we need to take the ecosystem approach, call for better governance, involve related political jurisdictions to arrive at the best available compromise-- the sustainable development strategies.9.Smog is the most severe problem nowadays. There are meteorological, industrial, geographical as well as economical factors.The pollutants are mainly emitted by big factories burning fuel, and then dispersed into atmosphere. Once the weather gets moist and windless, smog is easily formed. Besides, the booming traffic emissions and burning of straws also play an important role in the smog. Specifically, the many high buildings and skyscrapers in Shanghai has curbed the effective diffusion of PM 2.5 particles.However, this is almost inevitable since shutting down big companies that emit pollutants or stopping the traffic growth will do harm to the economy of China.Solving smog would require new and clean energy sources be developed and applied as well as substitute the former techniques with more eco-friendly, although costly techniques. Therefore, there should be more financial aids and policy supports from our governments.。
环境科学学习题及答案
环境科学学习题及答案题目一：什么是环境科学？答案一：环境科学是研究环境与人类相互作用的一门学科，涉及大气、水、土壤及生物等不同方面。
它致力于了解和解决环境问题，保护和改善环境质量，促进可持续发展。
题目二：列举环境科学领域的一些主要问题。
答案二：- 气候变化：包括全球变暖、温室气体排放等问题。
- 水资源管理：包括水质污染、水源枯竭等问题。
- 土壤退化：包括土壤污染、土地沙化等问题。
- 生物多样性丧失：包括物种灭绝、生态系统破坏等问题。
- 环境污染：包括空气污染、水污染、噪音污染等问题。
题目三：什么是环境可持续发展？答案三：环境可持续发展是指在满足当前世代需求的同时，不损害未来世代满足其需求的能力。
它强调经济、社会和环境的相互关系，追求经济发展与环境保护的良性互动。
题目四：为什么环境保护重要？答案四：环境保护对于人类的生存和发展至关重要。
保护环境可以维护生态平衡，减少自然灾害的发生，保障人类健康，促进可持续发展。
另外，环境保护还可以维护地球的美丽和资源的可持续利用。
题目五：个人应如何参与环境保护？答案五：个人应当树立环保意识，从自身做起，采取以下行动：- 节约能源，减少碳排放。
- 减少废物产生，垃圾分类回收。
- 推广可再生能源的使用。
- 关注环境保护组织的活动，参与公益行动。
- 提倡可持续生活方式，例如骑行或使用公共交通工具。
以上是关于环境科学的一些学习题及答案。
希望对你的学习有所帮助！。
环境科学-交叉学科课后critivethinkingquestions答题要点 (1)
第一篇交叉学科篇综合讨论题1. Imagine you are an environmentalist in your area who is interested in local environmental issues. What kinds of issues might these be?1. 假如你是你所居住区域的环境专家。
你对当地那些环境问题感兴趣？当地人民和政府、企业都有那些观点？答案要点：因地而异。
列举工厂污染或荒漠化等等均可。
2. Considering environmental ethics issues in the year 2025.At the rate consumers, corporations, and governments are responding to environmental concerns, what quality- of- life consequences do you project for the year 2025? How will your health, lifestyle, income, employment, and community be affected?2. 考虑2025年的环境伦理学话题。
随着消费者、企业、政府都在承担环境责任，那么到2025年你的生活质量会受到那些影响？你的健康、生活方式、收入、工作和社区都会发生哪些变化？答案要点：请区别本题中生活质量和现有的用GDP来衡量的生活水平（living standard），随着环境责任的增加和资源的枯竭，建立节约型社会是趋势所然。
放弃现有的方便生活方式并不能降低生活质量。
例如：“禁塑令”只是举手之劳，可以改变白色污染等。
同学们应从多方面分析。
第二篇生态学篇综合讨论题1. What is the significance of studying the structure and function of ecosystem on environmental protection?1. 研究生态系统的结构和功能对环保有何意义？答案要点：主要根据物质循环、能量流动等特点进行分析。
环境生态学习题答案
《环境生态学》习题集参考答案第一章绪论（合计43题）一、填空题1.人类对自然的适应环境污染5.《寂静的春天》原生环境问题和次生环境问题7.生态破坏和环境污染8.生态破坏环境污染产生9.《增长的极限》10. Haeckel英美学派法瑞学派前苏联学派12.生物圈生命支持系统13. 大气圈微观二、选择题1. A2. B3. D4. D5.A B C D6. A7. A B8. B9. A 10. C三、判断题1. （√）2. （×）3.（√）4.（×）5.（×）6.（√）四、名词解释——指人类为其自身生存和发展，在利用和改造自然的过程中，对自然环境破坏或污染所产生的危害人类生存的各种不利的反馈效应。
或指由于人类不恰当的生产活动引起全球环境或区域环境质量的恶化，出现了不利于人类生存和发展的问题。
——是研究认为干扰下，生态系统内在的变化机制、规律和人类的反效应，寻求受损生态系统的恢复、重建和保护对策的科学。
即应用生态学的原理，阐明人与环境间相互作用的机制和效应以及解决环境问题的生态途径的科学。
——是研究生物与其环境之间相互关系的科学。
——是研究和指导人类在认识、利用和改造自然中，正确协调人与环境相互关系，寻求人类社会可持续发展途径与方法的科学，是由众多分支学科组成的学科体系的总称。
——是生物圈与生命支持系统的统一体，是地球上全部生物与之发生相互作用的环境的总和。
五、简答题1.生态圈运行的主要特点及启示。
答：特点：生态圈的物质是封闭循环的；生态圈是具有自我调节和控制能力的自持系统；生态圈具有优化演进的能力。
启示以自己的理解围绕要怎么善待生态圈来作答。
2.简答环境生态学的主要研究内容和学科任务。
答：研究内容包括人为干扰下生态系统内在变化机制和规律研究；生态系统受损程度及危害性的判断研究；各类生态系统的功能和保护措施的研究；解决环境问题的生态学对策研究。
学科任务：研究以人为主体的各种环境系统在人类活动的干扰下，生态系统演变过程、生态环境变化的效应以及相互作用的规律和机制，寻求受损生态系统恢复和重建的措施。
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1. Early in human history, people began to use additional sources of energy to make their lives more comfortable. They domesticated plants and animals to provide a more dependable supply of food. Domesticated animals furnished a source of energy for transportation, farming, and other tasks. They provided people with a source of power other than their own muscles.2. Transportation, Residential, commercial and industrial needs3. Central to the Industrial Revolution was the invention of steam engine, which could convert heat energy into the energy of motion. The major heat energy producer is coal and the steam engine made possible the large-scale mining of coal. Nations without a source of coal or those possessing coal reserves that were not easily exploited thus didn’t participate in the Industrial Revolution.4. Invention of steam engine, coal discovery and mining as well as wood shortages in densely populated areas.5. The invention of the internal combustion engine and the automobile dramatically increased the demand for oil products. The prospering automobile industry and road construction lead to more energy consumption, creating more demand for oil.6.a. Government policy has kept the cost of energy artificially low and supported the automobile industry while removing support for bus and rail transport.b. The convenience of rapid travel provided by automobiles.7.(1) Imposing taxes on energy(2) Granting subsidies to energy producers8. Electricity is both a way that energy is consumed and a way that it is supplied. (secondary energy) The transportation of electrical energy is simple and the uses to which it can be put are varied.9.a. The consumption of electricityb. The government regulationsc. The availability of resources that could produce electricity10. Residential and commercial energy use; industrial energy use; transportation energy use.11. OPEC nations control over 75% of the world’s estimated oil reserves of 1,400 billion barrels of oil; Today’s economy is highly dependent on oil as a source of energy. Thus, OPEC countries can set the price of oil through collective action.12.Political:Increased solidarity among OPEC countries and continuing political instability in the Middle East had made oil prices to peak at over US $147 per barrel in mid-2008.Economic:The worldwide economic recession that began about 2008 lowered the demands for energy use and people’s access to energy.13. Despite the possibility that new rich reserves would be found, the price of nonrenewable energy would continue to rise as the availability of energy become less. But as new technologies develop and price of renewable energy goes down, maybe we can see the trend of transformation to “green industry”.1. Coal, oil, natural gas.2. A resource is a naturally occurring substance of use to humans that can potentially be extracted.Reserves are known deposits from which material can be extracted profitably with existing technology under prevailing economic conditions. Reserves are a portion of the total resource. The concept of reserves is an economic idea and is only loosely tied to the total quantity of a materialpresent in the world.3.a. Discovery of new oil deposits.b. Better drilling techniques that led to the discovery of deeper oil deposits,c. Offshore drilling that make use of oil under the ocean floor.4. Coal was formed from plant material that had been subjected to heat and pressure. In many regions of the Earth 300 million years ago, there were many freshwater swamps, which resulted in large accumulations of plant material. And their decay was inhibited after their deaths under water. Thus, a spongy mass of organic material formed. It is thought that the chemical nature of these ancient plants and the lack of many kinds of decay organisms at that time also contributed to the accumulation. Due to geologic changes in the Earth, some of these organic deposits were submerged by seas. The plant material that had collected in the swamps was then covered by sediment. The weight of the sediment on top of the deposit compressed it and heat from the Earth caused the evaporation of water and other volatile compounds. Thus, the original plant material was transformed into coal.5. Lignite coal has a high moisture content and is crumbly in nature. Subbituminous coal has a lower moisture content and a higher carbon content (46%-60%) than lignite. Bituminous coal has a low moisture content and a high carbon content (60%-86%). Anthracite coal is 86%-98% carbon and relatively rare.6. Oil and natural gas probably originated from microscopic marine organisms. When these organisms died and accumulated on the ocean bottom and were buried by sediments, their breakdown released oil droplets. Gradually, the muddy sediment formed rock called shale, which contained dispersed oil droplets. In instances where a layer of porous sandstone formed on top of the oil-containing shale and an impermeable layer of rock formed on top of the sandstone, concentrations of oil often form. Natural gas, like oil, forms from fossil remains. If the heat generated within the Earth reached high enough temperatures, natural gas could have formed along with or instead of oil. This would have happened as theorganic material changed to lighter, more volatile hydrocarbons than those found in oil.7. Coal: Europe and Eurasia; Oil: Middle East; Natural gas: Middle East.8.A. Landscape Disturbance.B. Acid Mine DrainageC. Air pollution9. Secondary recovery methods include pumping water or gas into the well to drive the oil out of the pores in the rock. Tertiary recovery methods include pumping steam into the well to lower the viscosity of the oil and allow it to more readily. Other techniques include more aggressive pumping of gases or chemicals into wells.These methods have costs and can manifest in the price of oil.10. Mainly oil leakage, which includes oil spills and oil entering the oceans results from natural seeps and pollution from the use of oil as lubricants and fuel in machinery and the residue from these uses that is washed into streams and carried to the oceans. The evaporation of oil products and the incomplete burning of oil fuels contribute to air pollution.11. Of the three fossil fuels, natural gas is the least disruptive to the environment. A natural gas well does not produce any unsightly waste, although there may be local odor problems. Except for the danger of an explosion or fire, natural gas poses no harm to the environment during transport. Since it is clean burning, it causes almost no air pollution. The products of its combustion are carbon dioxide and water.12. The acceptance of the threat of climate change has had major implications for nuclear power. Since nuclear power plants do not produce carbon dioxide, many people, including some environmental organizations, have reevaluated the value of nuclear power and see it as a continuing part of the energy equation.As the cost of oil and natural gas has increased, electricity generation from these sources has become more costly, making nuclear power moreattractive. Countries with few fossil fuel reserves and those with developing economies are most likely to build nuclear power plants.13. Nuclear disintegration releases energy from the nucleus as radiation, of which there are three major types: alpha radiation; beta radiation; gamma radiation. In addition, when they disintegrate, the nuclei of a few kinds of atoms release neutrons.14. An atom that has a nucleus that will split, it is said to be fissionable and the process of splitting is known as nuclear fission. If these splitting nuclei also release neutrons, they can strike the nuclei of other atoms, which also disintegrate, resulting in a continuous process called a nuclear chain reaction.15. The generation of electricity is mainly about the generation of products that came from a nuclear chain reaction. In order to maintain a nuclear chain reaction the fast moving neutrons must be slowed. This is accomplished by a moderator substance. Control rods contain nonfissionable materials that absorb the neutrons produced by fissioning uranium and prevent the neutrons from splitting other atoms. In order to manage the large amount of heat produced within the nuclear reactor, a coolant material is needed to transfer the heat away. In the production of electricity, a nuclear reactor serves the same function as burning a fossil fuel. It produces heat, which converts water to steam to operate a turbine that generates electricity.16. Mining, extracting the uranium from the ore, enriching U-235, fabricating the fuel rods, installing and using the fuel in a reactor, and disposing of the wastes.17. When an alpha or beta particle or gamma radiation interacts with atoms, it can dislodge electrons from the atoms and cause the formation of ions. When ionization occurs in living tissue it can result in damage to DNA or other important molecules in cells. The degree and kind of damage vary with the kind of radiation, the amount of radiation, the duration of the exposure, and the types of cells irradiated. Ionizing radiation can cause mutations, which are changes in the genetic messages within cells.Mutations that occur in the ovaries or testes can form mutated eggs or sperm, which can lead to abnormal offspring. Mutations that occur in other tissues of the body may manifest themselves as abnormal tissue growths known as cancer.18. Time, distance, and shielding are the basic principles of radiation protection.19. Three Mile Island Chernobyl Fukushima Dai-ichi20. Contaminations associated with the radiation produced by the fuel and the waste products of its use. Radiation would cause damages to people’s bodies and increase the possibility of abnormal babies. Explosions, leaks of nuclear plants would cause a long-term evacuation of a long distance from the plant since the half-lives of some radioactive isotopes are extremely long. Radioactive products may contaminate the rivers and oceans around it and thus, cause environmental problems all over the world. Any living thing around the plant would receive high exposures, which may lead to death or abnormality. The disposal of nuclear waste has also raised environmental concern.21. Stage 1 involves removing fuel rods and water used in the reactor and properly storing or disposing of them. This removes 99% of the radioactivity.22.a. Decontaminate and dismantle the plant as soon as it is shut down.b. Secure the plant for many years to allow radioactive materials that have a short half-life to disintegrate and then dismantle the plant. (However, this process should be completed within 60 years.)c. Entomb the contaminated portions of the plant by covering the reactor with reinforced concrete and placing a barrier around the plant.。