专八改错练习题精选(打印版)

改错练习

(一) About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could

be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____

pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____

University.

The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal

Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____

within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____

families to moderate size.

This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal

deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____

the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control

respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____

risk categories.

The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____

maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____

pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____

mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____

two years apart. (二)“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____

has great importance for many people.

This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers

of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____

for one’s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____

portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children, even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____

support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____

of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____

is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth. When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____

they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____

a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____

a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____

way of life.

(三) We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1_____

that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school,

including

college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2_____

with comparable education in Western Europe.

There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build

them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3_____

them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the _____4_____

computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5_____

The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6_____

creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7_____

technology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8_____

new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of

knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are

really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a

faculty for the others. _____9_____

Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,

it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of _____10_____new technology, which can be enormous.

(四) What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,

as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1__

are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2__

a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3__

escape—not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4__

exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5__

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.

The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”—

a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6___

its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may

be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7__

size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8__ gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9__

And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10__

(五) The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__

have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__ monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__ found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter. Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__ “great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England was designated “the King’s fish” because it automatically belonged

to the Crown.

Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__ wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__ Even though some species are protected by the regulations of

the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earth’s stock of whales is still being __7__

depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__ there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will

be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__ awe-inspiring creature that always fed man’s imagination and __10__ made the world a more exciting place

(六)We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any

moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__ languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__ more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__

is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__

animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__

and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__ understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__

language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__ Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__ of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than

some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__

takes language as its object of investigation.

(七) Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1__ appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and

make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__ short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__ There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that

they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__ by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__ have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__ style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,

a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__ on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__ decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__ waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__

(九)When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start

meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a

lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__

way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a person

walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__

bump into other people.

However, a second person thought that this was more a question of

civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__

it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__

to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__

hasn’t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__

known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__ Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__

it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__ said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__ (十)A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing

new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their

original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1__

going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2__

prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the

edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3__

seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4__

the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of

Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5__

dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today—the poor can still be numbered __6__

in millions.

The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7__

two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8__

from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9__

country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10__

-ing out again to the suburbs.:

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十一)

Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect, __1__

while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2__

of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3__

the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.

From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4__

the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5__

the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially, this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6__ magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7__

portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8__

close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9__

string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10__

by amiable attacks.

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十二)

Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__ would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__

However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__ and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.

This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam. Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4__

This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a solid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5__

liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid. Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water, can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6__ on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only because water is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7__ the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8__ us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them __9__ into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn them into solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, which is another reason why its three states have given three different names. __10

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十三)

Classic Intention Movement

In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the

chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1__ to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2__

not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3__

and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4__ therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5__

raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6__

Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7__

This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8__

hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9__

push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10__

body had frozen at the get-ready moment.

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十四)

The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__

ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__

An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of

southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods,

one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,

Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come

from __3__

plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University

of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__

calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__

Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__

one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections

or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__

of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little

dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__

If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__

could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10__ 英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十五)

There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronun- ciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the

fact that pronunciation is learnt ‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography __1__

is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain

throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2__

like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3__ firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4__

whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5__

begin the ‘natural’ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to

read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6__

practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7__

day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.

This is ‘ natural’, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8__

mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a

community and to give a sense of ‘belonging’. We learn quite early to recognize a __9__

‘stranger’, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community —perhaps

only a few miles far. __10__

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十六)

Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1__

hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2__

enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey. __3__

To understand how this transformation has taken place we

must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4__

year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5__

in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6__

bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers,

aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7__

attackers.

Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8__

period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,

so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9__

controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,

awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10__

essential for survival.

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十七)

During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood

of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat

in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat __1__

became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. __2__

War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.

For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through

the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,

so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that __3__

they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, __4__

just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers __5__

groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become __6__

involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. __7__

Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed __8__

a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917

and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices

fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed __9__

the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. __10__

将in改为with将increasing改为incresingly将so改为but删掉soon 或者shortly将just改为only在asked 后面加上for

将involving改为involved将life改为living删掉with或将handle 改为deal . 将total改为full/complete/absolute/overall

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十八)

For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation

of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__

words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such

thing, we are told, like a set of standards first acquired through experience and __2__

knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has

been a __3__

popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the

public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it __4__

flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, it comforts the __5__

confused. Under the banner of democracy and the kind of quality which our

forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good

or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__

media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__

and to see, and that for a critic to say that this program is bad and that program

is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__

philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent __9__

president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications

Commission, this phrase escaped from him under questioning: “One man’s mediocrity __10__

is another man’s good program”.

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(十九)

When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided neither of them __1__

have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. Firstly, and most __2__

obviously, new born children are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful

capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing __3__

the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without care from some

other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a

child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human infants is in marked

contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet within __4__

minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young

animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, __5__

compared with the human infant, they very quickly develop the capacity to

fend for them. __6__

It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares with all __7__

other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. For this reason,

biologists now suggest that language be “ species specific” to the human race, __8__

that is to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in __9__

such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies that just __10__

as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in color and just

as they are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they

are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal development as

well-formed human beings.

英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(二十)

The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for

the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words.

A rough

and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical __1__

words have “less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them __2__

“empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. But this is a rather __3__

misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name __4__

of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a __5__

sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet the

is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words __6__

differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they have even in __7__

the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been “little words.”

But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words.” __8__

of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. __9__

Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say:

we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. This is __10__

illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams

and newspaper headlines.

21

More people die of tuberculosis than of any other disease caused by a single agent. This has probably been the case in quite a while. During the __1__ early stages of the industrial revolution, ...

More people die of tuberculosis than of any other disease caused by a single agent. This has probably been the case in quite a while. During the __1__ early stages of the industrial revolution, perhaps one in every seventh __2__ deaths in Europe’s crowded cities were caused by the disease. From __3__ now on, though, western eyes, missing the global picture, saw the trouble __4__ going into decline. With occasional breaks for war, the rates of death and infection in the Europe and America dropped steadily through the 19th and __5__ 20th centuries. In the 1950s, the introduction of antibiotics strengthened the trend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed to be imported to __6__ poor countries. Medical researchers declared victory and withdrew.

They are wrong. In the mid1980s the frequency of infections and deaths __7__ started to pick up again around the world. Where tuberculosis vanished, it came __8__ back; in many places where it had never been away, it grew better. The World __9__ Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people (a third of the earth’s population)suffer from tuberculosis. Even when the infection rate was falling,population growth kept the number of clinical cases more or less constantly at 8 __10__ million a year. Around 3 million of those people died, nearly all of them in poor countries.

22

One of America’s most important export is her modern music. __1__ American popular music is playing all over the world. It is

enjoyed __2__ by people of all ages in all countries. Because ... One of America’s most important export is her modern music. __1__ American popular music is playing all over the world. It is enjoyed __2__ by people of all ages in all countries. Because the lyrics are English, __3__ nevertheless people not speaking English enjoy it. The reasons for its popularity are its fast pace and rhythmic beat.The music has many origins in the United States. Country music,coming from the suburban areas in the southern United States, is one __4__ source. Country music features simple themes and melodies describing day-to-day situations and the feelings of country people. Many people appreciate this music because the emotions expressed by country __5__ music songs. A second origin of American popular music is the blues. It depicted __6__ mostly sad feelings reflecting the difficult lives of American blacks. It is usually played and sung by black musicians, but it is not popular with __7__ all Americans.

Rock music is a newer form of music. This music style, featuring fast and repetitious rhythms, was influenced by the blues and country music. It is first known as rock-and- roll in the 1950’s. Since then there __8__ have been many forms of rock music, hard rock, soft rock, punk rock,disco music and others. Many performers of popular rock music are young musicians.American popular music is marketed to a demanding audience.Now popular songs are heard on the radio several times a day. Some songs become popular all over the world. People hear these songs sing __9__ in their original English or sometimes translated into other languages.

The words may coincide but the enjoyment of the music is universal. __10_

23 Cities can be frightened places. The majority of __1__ the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear __2__ when you live thirty floors u ... Cities can be frightened places. The majority of __1__ the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear __2__ when you live thirty floors up in a skyscraper. Strange __3__ enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks even say hello to each __4__ other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village togeth- __5__ er. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. So __6__ country life has disadvantages too. For example, shopping becomes a major problem and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expe- __7__ dition to the nearest large town. The country has the advantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the __8__ isadvantages of being cut off. The city has noise and population which do harm to human health. But one of their main advantages is that you are at the centre of __9__ things and that life doesn’t come to an end even at ten at night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for the quiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the __10__ country within commuting distance of the large city.

24 Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. __1__ The most significant the task ahead, the more careful ...

Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. __1__ The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning __2__ required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few __3__ or no planning, it is almost routine. A month’s touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If the matter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, __4__ and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make __5__ sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure success and of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential __6__ to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but

the degree __7__ of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources __8__ and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly __9__ household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply of essentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage __10__ and over-expenditure.

25 Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But

a special kind of “private eye” can trace the missing ancestors of whole peoples by studying the clues buried by words. __1__ ... Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But a special kind of “private eye” can trace the missing ancestors of whole peoples by studying the clues buried by words. __1__ These philologists, such as the language detectives are called, have traced __2__ the word trail back from peoples in Europe, India, South Africa, the Americas,and the Pacific islands in a tiny nameless, and forgotten tribe that roamed central __3__ Eurasia 5000 to 6000 years ago, before the dawn of writing history. __4__ Since a long time scholars have been puzzled over the striking __5__ difference of words in different languages. In Dutch, vader; in Latin, pater;in __6__ old Irish, athir; in Persian, pidar;in the Sanskrit of distant India, pitr.

These words all sounded likely and meant the same thing—“father”__7__ Where did it happen that widely separated peoples used such __8 close related sound symbols? The problem baffled linguists for years. The more so __9__ because “father” was but one of a host of such coincidences. Towards the end of the 18 century it dawned on scholars that perhaps all these words stemmed __10__ from some common language.

26 Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of particu-lar kind is actually taking place around us and is more and more manifesting. Although manki ...

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of particu-lar kind is actually taking place around us and is more and more manifesting. Although mankind has underg- __1__ one no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumu-lation of knowledge. Knowledge begins to increase as __2__ soon as the thoughts of one individual could be com-municated to another by mean of speech. With the in- __3__ vention of writing, knowledge could be communicated and stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in turn added libraries: the growth of knowl- __4__ edge followed a kind of compound-interest law,which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly risen. __5__ then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. However, as soon as new knowl- __6__ edge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called “modern civilization” is not the result of a balanced development of all man’s nature,but not of accumulated knowledge applied to practical __7__ life. The problem now facing humanity is: what is going to be done with all this knowledge? Like is often __8__ pointed out, knowledge is a two edged weapon which could be used equally for good or evil. It is now being __9__ used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that gunners __10__ using science to shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them.

27 You will think about what kind of saving instru- __1__ ment to use or what kind of investment to make. By putting your money in some kind of savings strument or investment, you can set aside sma ...

You will think about what kind of saving instru- __1__ ment to use or what kind of investment to make. By putting your money in some kind of savings strument or investment, you can set aside small amount of mon- __2__ ey regularly and the money will earn interest or divi-dends. Interest refers to the amount what your money __3__ earns when it is kept in a savings instrument. Divi-dends are payments of part of a company’s earnings to people hold stock in the company. A savings instru- __4__ ment has an “interest rate ”associated with it; this refers to the rate which the money in the instrument in- __5__ creases during a certain period of time. Principal refers to the facial value or the amount of money you __6__ place in

the savings instrument on which the interest is earned.

Every type of savings or investment has some risk that the return will be less than needed or expected.Federally insured savings accounts are safe and guar-anteed up to $100,000 by the U.S. Government. Therefore, they may have lower interest rates, making __7__ it hard to save large amounts of money for college. __8__ Bonds and stocks often have higher returns than savings accounts or EE saving bonds but are more riskier. __9__ You can reduce the risks of these kinds of investments by starting to save early. The earlier we begin the less __10__ money you will have to put aside each month and the more total savings you will accumulate.

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One of our main arguments is that we in Western countries actually have part to play in causing the __1__ problems of the Third World. Many Third World countries are saddle with immense debt bur ...

One of our main arguments is that we in Western countries actually have part to play in causing the __1__ problems of the Third World. Many Third World countries are saddle with immense debt burdens, for __2__ example. They were lent money with low interest rates __3__ in the 1970s, when money flooded into Western banks from the oil-producing countries and was lent out to the Third World. The interest rates have then been risen __4__ dramatically. So you have a situation where a country in many cases can’t even repay the interest, letting alone __5__ the capital, on the debt. And I suppose the best example from what I have come across is a country in West Africa where the consumption, the local consumption of peanuts was banned, because peanuts, if they are imported can bring in a great deal of foreign income. __6__ The peanut is a major source of protein in this country.So you have people go hungry as a result of that. __7__ The peanuts were exported to Great Britain and the United States to feed our cattle. Those cattle then produced a surplus of milk which we do not know what to do with.We have enough milk, more milk than we can cope with in the Western World. And also that milk __8__ was transformed into dried milk powder and then taken back to this country to help feed children who were suffering from malnutrition. So that’s the kind of insanely __9__ economic relationship that we have got ourselves in __10__ the Third World.

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One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special committees s ... One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congress is the power to investigate. The power is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, special committees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees __1__ consisted of members of both houses. Investigations __2__ are held to gather information on the need for future legislation,to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, __3__ to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently,committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting __4__ investigative hearings and to make out detailed studies of issues. __5__

There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most __6__ committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely __7__ in the mass media. Congressional investigations nevertheless __8__ represent one important tool available to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues, __9__ Congressional committees also have the power to compel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contempt of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury these who give false testimony. __10__

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Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for __1__ death, for example, may sometimes oppress you. even when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal with-lone ...

Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for __1__ death, for example, may sometimes oppress you. even when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal with-loneliness. Loneliness can speed your demise no matter conscientiously __2__ you care for your body. “We go through life surrounded by protective convoys of others,” says Robert Kahn, a psychologist of the University of Michigan who studied the health effects of companionship. “People __3__ who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.”One study of elderly heart-attack patients found that those with two or more close associations __4__ enjoyed twice the one-year survival rate of those who were completely https://www.360docs.net/doc/653523002.html,panionship aside, healthy oldsters seem to share a knack for managing stress, poison that contributes __5__ measurably to heart disease, cancer and accidents. Researchers have also been kinked successful aging __6__ to mental stimulation. An idle brain will deteriorate just as sure as an unused leg, notes Dr. Gene Cohen, __7__ Head of the gerontology center at George ashington University. But just as exercise can prevent muscle __8__ atrophy, mental challenges seem to preserve both the mind and the immune system. But what most impresses researchers who study the oldest old is his simple drive and resilience. “People who reach 100 __9__ are not quitters,” says Adler of the National Centenarian Awareness Project. “They share a remarkable ability to renegotiate life in every turn, to accept the inevitable losses __10__ And move on.”

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Eye behavior can give subtle messages which people pick up in their daily life. It tells more than words can. Meeting or failing to meet another person's eyes produce a particular effect.When ...

Eye behavior can give subtle messages which people pick up in their daily life. It tells more than words can. Meeting or failing to meet another person's eyes produce a particular effect.When two Americans __1__ look searchingly at each other's eye, emotions are __2__ heightened and the relationship becomes closer. However, Americans are careful about where and when to __3__ meet other's eye. In our normal conversation, each eye-contract lasts only a few seconds before one or both individuals look away, because the longer meeting of the eyes is rare, and, after it happens, can generate __4__ a special kind of human-to-human awareness. For instance,by simple using his eyes, a man can make a woman aware of him comfortably or uncomfortably; a long and steady gaze from a policeman or judge intimidates accused. __5__ In the U.S., proper street behavior requires a nice balance of attention and inattention. You are supposed to look at a passer-by just enough to show that you are being aware of his presence. If you look too little, __6__ you appear haughty; too much, inquisitive. Much eye behavior is such subtle that our reaction to it is __7__ largely instinctive. Besides, the codes of eye behavior vary dramatically from one culture to other. In the __8__ Middle East, it is impolite to look at the other person all the time during a conversation; in England, the polite listener fixes the speaker with an inattentive __9__ stare and blinks eye occasionally as a sign of interest and attention. In America, eye behavior functions as a kind of conversational traffic signal control the __10__ talking pace and time, and to indicate a change of topic.

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control the talking pace and time 应该和to indicate a change of topic 并列，作为conversational traffic signal 的定语，也要用动词不定式。To be called beautiful is thought to name something essentia ... control the talking pace and time 应该和to indicate a change of topic并列，作为conversational traffic signal 的定语，也要用动词不定式。To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women’s character and concerns. (In contrast by men whose __1__ essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent.) It does not

need someone in the throes of feminist awareness to perceive that __2__ the way women are taught to be involved in beauty encourages

__3__ narcissism, reinforces independence and immaturity. Everybo dy knows __4__ that. For it is “everybody”, a whole society, whi ch has identified __5__ being feminine with caring about how one l ooks. Giving these __6__ stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation. It is not, of course, the desire to be beautiful is wrong but the

__7__ obligation to be. Women are taught to see their bodies in pa rts, and to assess each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, wais tline, neck, __8__ eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on – each by turn is submitted __9__ to an anxious scrutiny. Even if some p ass the scrutiny, some will always be found wanted. Nothing less t han perfection will do. __10__

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In the United States there are, strict speaking, no national __1__ holiday, for each state must, through legislative enactment or __2__ executive proclamation, appoint the day which each holiday ...

In the United States there are, strict speaking, no national __1__ holiday, for each state must, through legislative enactment or __2__ executive proclamation, appoint the day which each holiday is __3__ celebrated. Congress and the president may establish legal holidays for the District of Columbia and for federal employees throughout the states and territories; and by long custom, days that receive nationwide observation, such as Christmas, Thanksgiving, Labor __4__ Day, Independent Day, and New Year’s Day, are uniformly set __5__ apart by all states as legal, or public holidays. In 1968, federal __6__ legislation established Columbia Day as a legal holiday for the District of Columbia and for the federal government beginning at __7__ 1971. The law also provided begun in 1971 federal employees __8__ would be granted three-days weekends by observing Washington’s __9__ Birthday on the third Monday in February, Memorial Day on the last Monday in May, Columbus Day on the second Monday in October, and Veteran Day on the forth Monday on October. By 1971, most of the states also adopted the new dates. __10__ 34

Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.It is true that in this country we have more overweighted people __1__ than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over weight ...

Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.It i s true that in this country we have more overweighted people __1__ than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over weight correlates an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. __ 2__ These diseases, therefore, may have as much to do with our __3 __ way of life and our high-fat diets as with excessive weight. An

d __4__ th

e associate risk o

f cancer in the digestive system may b

e more __5__ about a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack o

f fiber than a __6__ weight problem.The r eal concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but

that we neither exercise enough or eat well. Exercise is necessary __7__ for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet

without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases.We should surely stop paying so much attention on weight. __8__ Simp ly being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardy if those who _ _9__ get(or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be purely vainglory. __10__

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In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing since __1__ they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors. And ...

In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing since __1__ they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors.

And they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the __2__ fashionable industry today. What are they? They are high heels __3__ --woman’s worst enemy ( whether she knows it or not). High heel

__4__ shoes are the downfall of modern society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticating __5__ for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed on posing short as __6__ as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high hell industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world of unnecessary physical and psychological suffering. __7__ For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating lawns.

Anyone who has ever worn heels on grass know what I am talking __8__ about. A simple trip around the yard on a pair of those babies __9__ eliminates all needs to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides __10__ the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt lying around.

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The violence within a society is controlled through institutionsof law. The most developed a legal system becomes, the more __1__ societies takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and pu ...

The violence within a society is controlled through institutionsof law. The most developed a legal system becomes, the more __1__ societies takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment __2__ of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to dealing with __3__ an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personal carrying out judgment and punishment __4__ upon the person who did the offense. __5__ But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes personalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for __6__ protecting individuals from violence. In cases where he cannot be __7__ protected, the society is responsible for committing punishment. __8__ In a state controlling legal system, individuals are removed __9__ from the circle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the __10__ state assumes responsibility for their protection.

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The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm that has recognized the need for change and done something about it. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversity of the communit ... The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm that has recognized the need for change and done something about it. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversity of the communities for which they provide information. It must __1__ reflect that diversity with their news coverage or risk losing their readers’ interest and their advertisers’ support. Operating within Seattle, which has 20 percents racial minorities, the __2__ paper has put into place polices and procedures for hiring and maintain a diverse workforce. The underlying reason for __3__ the change is that for information to be fair, appropriate, and ubjective, it should be reported by the same kind of population __4__ that reads it.

A diversity committee composed of reporters, editors, and photographers meets regularly to evaluate The Seattle Times’ __5__ content and to educate the rest of the newsroom staff about diversity issues. In an addition, the paper instituted a content __6__ audit that evaluates the frequency and manner of representation of woman and people of color in photographs. Early audits __7__ showed that minorities were pictured far too infrequently and were pictured with a disproportionate number of negative articles.

The audit results from improvement in the frequency of __8__ majority, representation and their portrayal in neutral or positive __9__ situations. And, with a result, The Seattle Times has improved __10__ as a newspaper. The diversity training and content audits helped The Seattle Times Company to win the Personal Journal Optima’s Award for excellence in managing change.

38

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handling, it may become a driving force. When __1__ the United States entered just such a glowing period afte ...

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handling, it may become a driving force. When __1__

the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any other competitor, given its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its __2__ scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies that the war had destroyed. __3__ It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans found __4__ themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competition. Some __5__ huge American industries, such as consumer electronic, had shrunk __6__ or vanished in the face of foreign competition. Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market and America’s machine-tool industry was on the rope. For a while it looked as __7__ though the making of semiconductors, which America had sat at the __8__ heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped talking prosperity for grant. They began to believe that their way of doing __9__ business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980 brought one inquiry after __10__ another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about growing competition from overseas.

39

What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it’s described like __1__ the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things are done around here.” It guides what employees think ...

What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it’s described like __1__ the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things are done around here.” It guides what employees think, act, and feel. __2__ Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique personality __3__ or character of a particular company or organization, and include __4__ such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior. Corporate culture can be expressed in the company’s mission statement and other communications, in the architectural style or interior decoration, by what people wear to work, by how people address to each other, and in the titles given to various __5__ employees. How do you uncover the corporate culture of a potential employer? The truth is that you will never really know the corporate culture after you have worked at the company for a number of months, __6__ but you can get close to it through research and observation. Understanding culture is a two-step process, starting with the research before __7__ the interview and ending with observation at the interview. The bottom line is that you are going to spend a lot of time on the work environment- __8__ and to be happy, successful, and productive, you will want to be ina place where you fit for the culture, a place where you can have __9__ voice, be respected, and have opportunities for growth. __10__

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There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great numbers of animal oil come from whales, those enormous __1__ creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining an ...

There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral.

Great numbers of animal oil come from whales, those enormous __1__ creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick cover of fat called blubber. When the __2__ whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either board the ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which __3__ can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, and none so much as the whale. The livers of the cod and __4__ the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil.

Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins. These oils may be bought at any chemist. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.

__5__ No household can not get on without it, for it is used in cooking. To __6__ the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another.

But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, one almost always __7__ means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships,motor-cars and diesel locomotives; the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machineries. This is the oil that has changed the life __8__ of the common men. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, __9__ which has replaced the private horse-drawing carriage. __10__

41

Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosed their responsibilities __1_ ...

Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosed their responsibilities __1__ to kins (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place __2__ for superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. __3__ However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious”is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you if you are a resident of a smaller community. __4__ But, for the most part, this fact has a few significant consequences. __5__ It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.

Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationship do not differ between more and less urban __6__ people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than do big __7__ city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. or are residents of large communities __8__ any likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation __9__ than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust for strangers. __10__

42

Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are famous examples __1__ of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it __2__ seems likely that a catastrophic event alters t ... Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are famous examples __1__ of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it __2__ seems likely that a catastrophic event alters the global climate __3__ enough to lead to their disappearance. More recent extinctions and near-extinctions－such as the blue whales, tiger, panda, and __4__ North American bison—have been the direct result of human activity. By the early 1990s, species were becoming extinct at a rate of three per hour, or 27,000 every day – a figure quoted by the American biologist Edward O.Wilson of Harvard University, based on his most conservative estimates. This rate of extinctions carries with it some terrible consequences. Each plant that becomes extinct,for example, may take with it as much as 30 insects and animals __5__ that depend on it for food. Habitat loss is one of the most important causes of extinction. For rising populations in many countries __6__ lead to the clearing of more land, habitats such as raining forest __7__ and grasslands disappear.

In the East Africa, once renowned for its wildlife, few wild animals __8__ remain living outside the boundaries of national parks and game __9__ reserves. In other parts of the world, coastal ecosystems are clearing __10__ for development. Wetland areas are drying out as a result of water extraction to support farming and tourism. Bird species are among the worst affected by the loss of wetlands.

44

Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the bad __1__ influence of this or that individual writers. But an e ...

Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the bad __1__ influence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can become __2__ a cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same effect __3__ in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drink __4__ because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the most __5__ completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the sloven of our language __6__ makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is irreversible. Modern English, especially written English, __7__ is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and think clearly is a __8__ necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerning __9__ of professional writers. I will come back to this present, and I hope __10__ that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer.

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The growth of the world’s population and its pressure to resources __1__ threaten to change the quality of life as we know it. It takes __2__ 100,000 years of human existence for the world ... The growth of the world’s population and its pressure to resources __1__ threaten to change the quality of life as we know it. It takes __2__ 100,000 years of human existence for the world to reach its 1997population of 5.85 billion people. The increase of 80 million people in 1996 alone is the equivalent of a new U.S population every 3.4years or new Canadian population every 138 days. The UN population Fund predicts that by the year 2050, the world population have __3__ exploded to 10 billion people. This would double in less than a century the already bulging population who existed when it reached __4__ 5 billion in 1987. The chemicals we spew into the air also cause disease.

For example, they attack the Earth’s ozone layer, which helps shield the Earth away the Sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays. It is well established __5__ that the ozone layer has thinned considerably during recent decades.Concomitantly, the rate of new cases of the dead skin cancer, __6__ melanoma, has grown dramatically from 1,168 of each 100,000 __7__ Americans to 3,650. This 213 percent increase means that 40,300 Americans diagnosed with melanoma in 1997 and 3,650 died of the __8__ disease. There are some scientists who believe that pollution is even threatening the ability of humans to produce. Chemicals which are __9__ used to make pesticides, plastic, and other products are finding their ways into the human food chain through fish and even through __10__ breast milk.

46

Act natural! Don’t be nervous! Well, that’s easier said than done when you’re standing in front of a group of people and delivering what, at that point in time, feels like the m ...

Act natural! Don’t be nervous! Well, that’s easier said than done when you’re standing in front of a group of people and delivering what, at that point in time, feels like the most important public appearance you’ve ever made. Have you dressed right? Is your hair __1__ all in place? Can you see you sweating? __2__ Have you heard Winston Churchill? What about Dr. Martin Luther __3__ King Jr. and Abraham Lincoln? What do all these people have in common? They are famous people who made famous speeches. John F. Kennedy, in his presidential inaugural address said: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” We always admire people who are eloquent as that, and __4__ we all wish we could be so eloquent ourselves.

Have you ever drew special attention to other people speaking __5__

in the public? __6__ What are qualities that a person needs in order to make a great __7__ speech? There is an old Chinese saying that went, “A man is good __8__ because of his mouth, and a horse is good because of its legs.”

Humans has the ability to communicate through speech, and in speech __9__ We have a special opportunity to make impact. Sometimes, it’s a __10__ lasting one.

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You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surrounding. What you now see appears to drift upward. You __1__ are board a train in a busy station when suddenly another ...

You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surrounding. What you now see appears to drift upward. You __1__ are board a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next __2__ to your starts moving forward. __3__ For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body’s sensors and interpret what must be happening – that your train __4__ might have moved, not the other; that downward motion is now __5__ normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.

The sensors that make this magic are two kinds. __6__ Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burnt __7__ ten miles away. Colorful vision in each eye comes from six to seven __8__ million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, the third to __9__ blue.

By monitoring how many wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay that data brainwork. Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an __10__ average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve.

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Humankind’s future safety and longevity of life on Earth largely depend on the environment which we live. Keeping the air we __1__ breathe free of pollution is a major priority towards mak ... Humankind’s future safety and longevity of life on Earth largely depend on the environment which we live. Keeping the air we __1__ breathe free of pollution is a major priority towards making this earth a safe place. Other areas of concern are water, land, the ozone layer, and the preservation of flora and fauna of the planet.

Every country has ecological issues to deal. In South America, __2__ the rain forests are rapidly disappearing as people burn and cut down trees to make for farmland. Many Middle-Eastern and Asian countries __3__ have a battle to fight with air, water, and land pollution. Lakes and swamps are spread with debris. __4__ Mass chemical spraying is used to kill pests on trees and plants. Abundant __5__ use of water in countries as China has caused major water shortage. __6__ Rivers become polluted by factories and the populations that live on their banks. Global warming is considered a major factor caused __7__ the droughts in eastern China, the Sudan, Ethiopia, and northern Kenya.

The reduction of the ozone layer is blamed for the global warming trends in variant countries of this globe, and the spread of disease like skin __8__ cancer. Societies at large need to pay attention to the existing problems in order to get of the imminent danger of famine, drought and diseases __9__ that rise from the damage that pollution causes. __10__

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DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world had ever known,exposed nature’s vulnerability. Unlike most pesticides, which effect- __1__ tiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of in ...

DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world had ever known,exposed nature’s vulnerability. Unlike most pesticides, which effect- __1__

tiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of insects, DDT is __2__ capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once. Developed in 1939, it first distinguished itself during the World War II, cleaning __3__ South Pacific islands of malaria-caused insects for U.S. troops, while __4__in Europe being used as an effective de-lousing power. Its inventor was awarded by the Nobel Prize. __5__ When DDT became available for civilian use in 1945, there were only a few people who expressed the second thought about this __6__ new miracle compound. One was nature writer Edwin Way Teale,who warned, “A spray as discriminate as DDT can upset the economy __7__ of nature of all insects are good, but if they are killed, things __8__ go out of kilter right away.” Another was Rachel Carson, who wrote to the Reader’s Digest to propose an article about series of __9__ tests on DDT being conducted not far from which she lived in Maryland. __10__

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Transport can be a major expense for many companies,especially when cars have to be provided for both managerial and sale staff. __1__ As a result, it's important to keep a close eye at the man ... Transport can be a major expense for many companies,especially when cars have to be provided for both managerial and sale staff. __1__ As a result, it's important to keep a close eye at the many costs __2__ associated with company cars and how these different costs compare.

The moment a new car is driven away from the showroom,its value will drop as much as 12 percent. This is what is __3__ known as depreciation and is the largest single cost to the buyer of a new vehicle. Depreciation is the highest in the __4__ first two years of a vehicle's life: at the end of that period a car could be worth just the third of its brand new price. __5__ Although the rate of depreciation decreases as time goes by, it remains a major cost factor, as around 85 percent of company vehicles are brought brandly new. __6__ However, it is important to know that some cars depreciate much more than others——regardless of price. This is often __7__to do with rarity and prestige value. The more common the car, the more quickly, in general, it loses vaule. Exported __8__ models, which are restricted in number, can hold their value better than those are produced domestically and widely available. __9__ In the same way, depreciation on a new model of a particular make may be low for the first few years after their launch. __10__ This happened when diesel cars were first introduced. They depreciated more slowly when they were rarely seen; now that they are relatively common, this is no longer true.：

10. their—its/the。据上下文，its或the指代或特指a new model of

a particular make

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Something has been happening to the concept of "fiction",either in critical discourse and elsewhere. For a long time, __1__ this concept operated under common understood restrictions. __2__ It wa ... Something has been happening to the concept of "fiction",either in critical discourse and elsewhere. For a long time, __1__ this concept operated under common understood restrictions. __2__ It was used to refer to a certain genre of literature; a certain __3__ aspect of literature in general——the element of plot, action,or fable, including such constituents like character, setting, __4__ scene, and so on; and to any narrative or story contained __5__ a large element of invention. But recently, the concept of "fiction" has undergone an extension. Though still used to __6__ refer to the action or plot of literary work, it has come to __7__ be appllied to something more: to the ideas, themes, and beliefs that are being embodied in the action or plot. It is __8__ not only the events in literature that are regarded as fictive but the "message" or "world view" conveyed in the presentation of the events as well. And this is not the end of the matter.

Gone a step further, critics now sometimes suggest, by a kind __9__ of tautology, that literary meanings are fictions although all __10__ meanings are fictions, this critical view asserts that "life" and "reality" are themselves fictions.

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Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and emigrated from