新闻英语常用的缩略词
英语报刊常见缩略词
英语报刊常见缩略词分享首次分享者：简爱已被分享54次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报1.组织机构简称。
如：EU=European Union（欧洲联盟)UNESCO=United Nations Educational,Scientific and CulturalOrganization(联合国教科文组织)OPEC=Organization of Pertroleum Exporting Countries(石油输出国组织；欧佩克)2.常见事物简称。
如：DJI=Dow Jones Index(道·琼斯指数)PR=Public relations(公共关系)3.职业、职务简称。
如：PM=Prime Minister(总理，首相)CEO=chief executive officer(首席执行官)其他：AAUW: the American Association of University Women美国大学妇女联合会AAUWEF：the American Association of University Women EducationFoundation 美国大学妇女教育基金联合会AFP：Agency France Press （法国）法新社AIDS：acquired immune deficiency syndrome 艾滋病APEC：Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济全作组织ATM： Automated teller machine 自动提款机BBC：British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司CAMS：the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 中国医学科学院CEO：Chief executive officer 首席执行官CPC：the Communist Party of China 中国共产党CPI：consumer price index 消费者物价指数CPPCC：the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conf erence中国人民政治协商会议DRC：the Democratic Republic of Congo 刚果民主共和国DVD：digital versatile disc or digital video disc 数码多用途光盘FBI：Federal Bureau of Investigation （美国）联邦调查局GDP：gross domestic product 国内生产总值GNP：gross national product 国民生产总值GPS：global positioning system 全球定位系统HKSAR：the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region香港特别行政区HKU：The University of Hong Kong 香港大学HKUST：Hong Kong University of Science and Technology香港科技大学HIV：Human Immunodeficiency Virus 人体免疫缺损病毒，艾滋病病毒IMF：International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织JD: Justice Department (美国)司法部LANL：Los Alamos National Laboratory 洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室PA：Public Address 公共广播PAS: Public Address System 公共广播系统S.U.V：sport utility vehicle 运动型多功能车UFO：unidentified flying object 不明飞行物UN：the United Nations 联合国UNSC：UN Security Council 联合国安理会Unscom //UNSCOM：UN Special Commission 联合国特别委员会WB：World Bank，世界银行WTO：World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织。
翻译与文体--新闻英语翻译
翻译与文体——新闻英语翻译新闻英语（journalistic English）指英文报刊上常见的各类文章，体裁多样，有新闻报道、新闻特写、广告、公报、文艺作品、述评、访谈、学术介绍和争鸣……题材广泛，内容包罗万象。
限于篇幅，也因不存在一个统一的新闻报刊文体和为了便于陈述，本课所要讲的新闻英语主要指那些新闻性强的news report，news analysis, news features等。
新闻英语有以下文体特点：（一）词汇层面（1）新闻报道通常拥有自己的一些惯用词汇，或者叫做"新闻词语"，如story一词意思常常是news item或news report，而probe一词则指"（新闻）调查"，如中央电视台的一个重要栏目"新闻调查"即译为News Probe。
还有如cut表示reduction；bar表示prevent；curb表示restrain或control等等。
常见的其他例子还有：accord (give) ban (prohibition) bid (attempt) boost (rise, increase) clash抵触，不谐调(disagreement) deal交易，协议(business agreement) freeze稳定，冻结：使（如物价或工资）固定在一个既定或现行的标准上(stabilization) loom隐现(appear) blaze 强调燃烧强度并暗示发光的光辉(fire) comb彻底搜查(search) row 骚乱，吵嚷[rau] (violent argument) rap (to speak severely to, to blame, to punish) move提出议案：按国会的程序作出正式提议(plan, decision, suggestion) round (a series of action) shock (astonishment, blow) shun躲避：故意避开(to keep away from…) heist抢劫；偷窃(robbery) viable (workable) voice (express) operation An instance or a method of efficient, productive activity:有效率的经营方式(activities) pact合同, 公约, 协定(agreement) woo寻求以达到；尽力得到(to seek to win…，to persuade…) fake (counterfeit)这些常用的新闻词语一般都具有短小精悍的特点，这主要是由于使用短小的词语能够节省时间和篇幅并有利于抢发新闻的缘故。
新闻英语标题中常见缩写词
新闻英语标题中常见缩写词快速查询ABM==Antiballistic Missile 反弹道导弹AFP==Agence France Presse 法新社AP==Associated Press 美国联合通讯社ADB==Asian Development bank 亚洲开发银行ASEAN==Association of South East Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟（东盟）AIDS==Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 艾滋病APEC==Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经贸合作组织ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自动取款(出纳)机BBC==British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子布告栏系统或(Bulletin Board Service)电子布告服务B/L (bill of lading)提单CBD (Central Business District) 中央商务区CET (College English Test) 大学英语等级考试CEO==Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官；执行总裁CFO==Chief Finance Officer 首席财务官CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官COO (Chief Operating Officer) 首席运行官CTO (Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 注册会计师CPC==Communist Party of China 中国共产党CIA==Central Intelligence Agency (美国）中央情报局CNN==Cable News Network 美国有线电视新闻网络CRI==China Radio International 国际广播电台CPPCC==Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System) 计算机集成制造系统CPI(consumer price index) 消费者价格指数C&F (cost&freight)成本加运费价C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证C/D (customs declaration)报关单CTN/CTNS (carton/cartons)纸箱CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、的保险加运费价DOS (Disc Operating System) 磁盘操作系统DJI==Dow-Jones index道琼斯工业平均指数D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/P (document against payment)付款交单DL/DLS (dollar/dollars)美元DOZ/DZ (dozen)一打DOC (document)文件、的单据EU==European Union 欧洲联盟EA (each)每个，各EMS (express mail special)特快传递FBI==Federal Bureau of Investigation(美国）联邦调查局FAC (facsimile)传真FOB (free on board)离岸价GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值GNP (Gross National Product) 国民生产总值GMT==Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治标准时间GM==General Manager 总理GM == General Motors 通用汽车公司GPS (Global Position System) 全球定位系统GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 全球移动通信系统GRE (Graduate Record Examination) 美国研究生入学考试GMAT(Graduate Management Admission Test)国外工商管理硕士MBA入学考试G.S.P. (generalized system of preferences)普惠制G.W. (gross weight)毛重IAEA==International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能组织IDA==International Development Association 国际开发协会IMF==International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织ILO==International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织IACC==International Association of Conference Center 国际会议中心协会IMO==International Maritime Organization 国际海事组织（或）International Meteorological Organization 国际气象组织ISO ==International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系统IMP (import)进口 1 EXP (export)出口INT (international)国际的INV (invoice)发票LAST(Law School Admission Test ) 法学院入学考试L/C (letter of credit)信用证MPs= Members of ParliamentMBA(Master of Business Administration) 工商管理硕士MPA (Master of Public Administration) 公共管理硕士MAX (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的M/V (merchant vessel)商船MT或M/T (metric ton)公吨NBA==National Basketball Association 全美篮球协会NASA==National Aeronautics and Space Administration 美国国家航空和宇宙航行局NATO==North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织NPC==the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会（或）National Petroleum Council 全国石油委员会NHK==Nippon Hoso Kyokai 日本广播协会NMD (National Missile Defense) 国家导弹防御系统NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 纳斯达克，<美>全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会N.W. (net weight)净重OPEC==Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 欧佩克，石油输出国家组织OPEC==Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国家组织OAU==Organization of African Unity 非洲统一组织PETS (Public English Test System) 全国英语等级考试PLO==Palestine Liberation Organization巴基斯坦解放组织PC==Personal computer 个人电脑PR==Public Relations 公共关系PM==Project Management 项目管理PM==Prime Minister总理；首相PA==Personal Assistant 私人助理PCE/PCS (piece/pieces)只、的个、的支等PKG (package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等P/L (packing list)装箱单、的明细表PCT (percent)百分比PR或PRC (price) 价格PUR (purchase)购买、的购货R&D =Research and Development 研究与开发Reuters 路透社（英国）REF (reference)参考、的查价RMB (renminbi)人民币SDI==Strategic Defence Initiative 战略防御技术S.S (steamship)船运STL. (style)式样、的款式、的类型S/M (shipping marks)装船标记S/C (sales contract)销售确认书TP==Traffic Policeman 交通警察TMDE (Test, Measure and Diagnostic Euipment) 试验、测量与诊断设备TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language )托福考试T/T (telegraphic transfer)电汇T或LTX或TX(telex)电传UN==United Nations 联合国UNCF==United Nations Children’s Fund 联合国儿童基金会UNICEF==United Nations International Chil dren’s Emergency Fund 联合国儿童基金会UNESCO==United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization 联合国教科文组织UFO==Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物VOA==V oice of America 美国之音VIP==Very Important Person 贵宾WWF==World Wildlife fund世界野生动物基金（或）World Wresting Federation 世界摔跤联合会WTO==World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织WIPO==World Intellectual Property Organization 世界知识产权组织WHO==World Health Organization 世界卫生组织WT (weight)重量W (with)具有w/o (without)没有简单分类1）组织机构等专有名称APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经贸合作组织IOC (International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克，石油输出国组织WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF= International Monetary Fund （联合国）国际货币基金组织MPs= Members of ParliamentPM= Prime MinisterNASA＝National Aeronautics and Space Administration［（美国）国家宇航局］2）常见事物的名称UFO＝Unidentified Flying Object（不明飞行物：“飞碟”）DJI＝Dow-Jones Index（道琼斯指数）PC＝personal computer（个人电脑）PR＝public relations（公共关系）3）表示人们的职业、职务或职称的名词PM＝prime minister（总理；首相）TP＝traffic policeman（交通警察）PA＝personal assistant（私人助理）GM =General MotorsNATO =North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationFBI =Federal Bureau of InvestigationUNESCO =United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationR&D =Research and Development,CIA = Central Intelligence AgencyCEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席执行官CFO (Chief Finance Officer) 首席财务官CIO (Chief Information Officer) 首席信息官COO (Chief Operating Officer) 首席运行官CTO (Chief Technology Officer)首席技术官CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 注册会计师MBA (Master of Business Administration) 工商管理硕士MPA (Master of Public Administration) 公共管理硕士4）表示各种系统的缩略词BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子布告栏系统或(Bulletin Board Service)电子布告服务GPS (Global Position System) 全球定位系统GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) 全球移动通信系统CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System) 计算机集成制造系统DOS (Disc Operating System) 磁盘操作系统ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系统NMD (National Missile Defense) 国家导弹防御系统TMDE (Test, Measure and Diagnostic Euipment) 试验、测量与诊断设备NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 纳斯达克，<美>全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会5）有关金融方面的缩略词ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自动取款(出纳)机CBD (Central Business District) 中央商务区GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值GNP (Gross National Product) 国民生产总值CPI(consumer price index) 消费者价格指数6）有关考试方面的缩略词CET (College English Test) 大学英语等级考试GRE (Graduate Record Examination) 美国研究生入学考试PETS (Public English Test System) 全国英语等级考试TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language )托福考试GMAT(Graduate Management Admission Test)国外工商管理硕士MBA入学考试LAST(Law School Admission Test ) 法学院入学考试7）外贸中常见英文缩略词1 C&F (cost&freight)成本加运费价2 T/T (telegraphic transfer)电汇3 D/P (document against payment)付款交单4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证6 G.S.P. (generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTN/CTNS (carton/cartons)纸箱8 PCE/PCS (piece/pieces)只、的个、的支等9 DL/DLS (dollar/dollars)美元 10 DOZ/DZ (dozen)一打 11 PKG (package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等 12 WT (weight)重量 13 G.W. (gross weight)毛重 14 N.W. (net weight)净重 15 C/D (customs declaration)报关单 16 EA (each)每个，各 17 W (with)具有 18 w/o (without)没有 19 FAC (facsimile)传真20 IMP (import)进口 21 EXP (export)出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的 23 MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度 24 M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的 25 M/V (merchant vessel)商船26 S.S (steamship)船运 27 MT或M/T (metric ton)公吨 28 DOC (document)文件、的单据 29 INT (international)国际的 30 P/L (packing list)装箱单、的明细表31 INV (invoice)发票 32 PCT (percent)百分比 33 REF (reference)参考、的查价 34 EMS (express mail special)特快传递 35 STL. (style)式样、的款式、的类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传 37 RMB (renminbi)人民币 38 S/M (shipping marks)装船标记 39 PR或PRC (price) 价格 40 PUR (purchase)购买、的购货 41 S/C (sales contract)销售确认书 42 L/C (letter of credit)信用证 43 B/L (bill of lading)提单 44 FOB (free on board)离岸价 45 CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、的保险加运费价。
新闻英语词汇和句法特点分析
新闻英语词汇和句法特点分析作者：熊作兰来源：《校园英语·中旬》2021年第11期【摘要】新聞报纸是一种极其重要的大众传媒工具，其主要和中心职能是以最快的速度报道新闻时事。
它的这一社会职能决定了新闻英语与追求艺术效果的文学语言相比，具有许多独有、鲜明语言表达方式。
新闻英语的独特文体特征体现在多方面。
本文笔者着重分析其词汇和句法特点。
【关键词】新闻英语;词汇;句法;特点【作者简介】熊作兰，湖南师大外国语学院。
新闻英语作为一种特有的语言形式和文章体裁，其所使用的词汇和句法有其鲜明的特征。
主要体现在以下几个方面：一、词汇特点1.大量使用缩略法。
缩略法是英语的一种主要构词手法之一，这种构词法所造的新词，被广泛应用于新闻报刊英语中。
采用缩略法一般有以下形式：（1）旧词剪短缩略。
旧词剪短缩略词一部分是由旧词剪短（clipping）形成的，如nukes （nuclear weapons）， narc （narcotic agent）、Viets （Vietnamese）、ad.（advertisement）。
另外，还有把两个词剪短再合成的形式，例如politbureau （Political Bureau）、heliport （helicopter airport ）、Chunnel （Channel tunnel）等。
（2）首字母缩略。
大量使用首字母缩略语既减少了篇幅，意思也很明确。
如ASP （American selling price）、Sino- US relations（relations between China and the United States），WB（world bank）， SALT（Strategic Arms Limitation Talks）等。
这些缩略词，具有简洁、精练的特点，又不会影响新闻的准确性。
2. 大量使用生动形象的新词。
新闻报刊英语词汇的另一个特点是大量使用临时造的新词，这些临时造的新词由于形象生动、新颖、表现力强，满足了新闻报刊要求表达精练，精确明了的特点，有些临时造词因为立意生动形象而慢慢被其他文体吸收。
新闻英语特色
4. The Los Angeles Times The Los Angeles Times, also called the LA Times is a daily newspaper distributed throughout Western United States. The paper is published in Los Angeles, California. Founded in 1881, it is the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in the U.S and the fourth-most widely distributed newspaper here.
德新社：DPA（Deutsche Presse Agentur） 巴通社：Associated Press of Pakistan 合众国际社：UPI (United Press International) 韩国广播公司：KBS (Korea Broadcasting System) 半岛电视：Al Jazeera 澳大利亚联合新闻社 Australian Associated Press (AAP) 泛亚社（香港） Pan-Asian News Agency 共同社（日） Kyodo News Service; Kyodo Tsushinsha
7. Chicago Tribune A flagship publication of the Tribune Company, the Chicago Tribune is a major daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois. Originally called as the ―World‘s Greatest Newspaper‖, it still is one among the most popular newspapers of the Great Lakes region and Chicago Metropolitan area.
新闻缩略语
19. HKEx ＝ Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd . （香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）
20. HKSC=Stock Exchange of Hong Kong/Hong Kong Stock Exchange （香港联合交易所）（联交所）
40. SALT=strategic arms limitation talks （限制战略武器会谈）
41. SDI=strategic defence initiative （战略防御措施）
42. SEHK = Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd （香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）
55. WHO=World Health Organization （国际卫生组织）
56. WTO=World Trade Organization （世界贸易组织）
33. OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries （石油输出国组织）（欧佩克）
34. PC=personal computer （个人电脑）
35. PLA ＝ People's Liberation Army （人民解放军）
9. CNPC=China National Petroleum Corporation （ 中国石油天然气集团公司 ；中石油）
10. CPC=Communist Party of China （中国共产党）
11. CPPCC=Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference （全国人民政治协商会议）
英语常见缩略词语
培优学堂小升初英语常见缩略词大全（见培优网站 五年级习题下载）HB 硬黑CD 光盘，激光唱片（Compact Disc）BBC 英国广播公司（British Broadcasting Corporation）NBA 全美篮球协会（National Basketball Association）kg [计量] 公斤（kilogram）UFO 不明飞行物（Unidentified Flying Object）CCTV 中国中央电视台（China Central Television）UN 联合国（United Nations）BC 公元前（Before Christ）AD 公元cm 厘米（centimeter）km [计量] 公里（kilometer）；千米mm 毫米（millimeter）Tel 电话（telephone）VIP 大人物，贵宾（Very Important Person）RMB 人民币（等于Renminbi）USA 美利坚合众国（the United States of America）BEC（剑桥）商务英语证书（Business English Certificate）CBA 中国篮球协会（China Basketball Association）CCP 中国共产党（Chinese Communist Party）WTO 世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization）OPEC 石油输出国家组织（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）ISO 国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）IOC 国际奥林匹克委员会（International Olympic Committee）APEC 亚太经贸合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）BBS 电子布告栏（Bulletin Board System）GPS 全球定位系统（Global Position System）GSM 全球移动通信系统（Global System for Mobile Communications）DOS 磁盘操作系统（Disk Operating System）ITS 智能交通系统(Intelligent Transportation System) NMD 国家导弹防御系统（National Missile Defense）TMD 战区导弹防御（Theater Missile Defense）WHO 世界卫生组织(The World Health Organization) NASDAQ 全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会（National Association of Securities DealersAutomated Quotation）CEO 首席执行官；执行总裁（chief executive officer）CFO 首席财务官（Chief Finance Officer）CGO 首席政府关系官（Chief Government Officer）CIO 首席信息官（Chief Information Officer）COO 首席运营官(Chief Operations Officer)CTO 首席技术官（Chief Technology Officer）CPA 注册会计师（Certified Public Accountant）MBA工商管理学硕士（Master of Business Administration）MPA 公共管理硕士（Master of Public Administration）ATM 自动出纳机（Automatic Teller Machine）CBD 中央商务区(Central Business District)GDP 国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product）GNP 国民生产总值（gross national product）CET 大学英语考试（College English Test）GRE 美国研究生入学考试（Graduate Record Examination）PETS 公共英语等级考试（Public English Test System）HSK 汉语水平考试（hàn yǔ shǔi píng kǎo shì）AIDS 艾滋病(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) APC 复方阿司匹林（Aspirin Phenacetin and Caffeine）API 空气污染指数CDMA 码分多址（Code Division Multiple Access）CD-RW 可复写式光盘机（rewritable compact disk）CD-ROM 只读光盘驱动器（Compact Disc Read - Only Memory）DVD 数字化视频光盘（Digital Video Disk）EMS 邮政特快快递(Express Mail Sending)EQ 情商（Emotional Quotient）IQ 智商；智力商数（intelligence quotient）ICU 加护病房（Intensive Care Unit）;重症监护病房IP 互联网协议（Internet Protocol）IT 信息技术(Information Technology)OA 办公自动化（office automatic）PC 个人电脑（Personal Computer）；个人计算机SCI (美国)科学引文索引(Science Citation Index) SOHO 在家上班族（Small Office/Home Office）VOD 视频点播（Video-On-Demand）WWW 万维网（World Wide Web）。
lnfo的意思中文翻译
lnfo的意思中文翻译
Info是information的缩写，意为信息、资讯、消息等。
在现代英语中，Info常常被用作缩略词，用于代表“information”这个词，可以指任何形式的信息，例如文本、数据、音频、视频等。
Info也常常被用作词根，组成其他词汇，如infographic（信息图表）、infrared （红外线）、inflation（通货膨胀）等等。
总之，Info是一个广泛使用的词汇，通常用于描述各种不同类型的信息。
除了上述的含义，Info还有一些其他的用法和含义，具体如下：
Info还可以作为计算机术语，指计算机系统中的信息。
例如，在计算机科学中，信息可以被存储在计算机内存中，以便快速访问和处理。
Info还可以指代公司或组织的信息服务部门，负责收集、处理和分发各种信息。
这些信息可能包括公司内部的数据、竞争对手的市场情报、行业报告等等。
Info还可以用作动词，表示提供信息、告知等意思。
例如，当我们要询问某个事物的具体信息时，我们可以说“Can you info me about this?”
Info还可以指特定类型的信息，例如新闻信息、金融信息、健康信息等等。
这些信息可以来自各种不同的来源，如报纸、电视、网络等。
总的来说，Info是一个广泛使用的词汇，可以用于描述各种不同类型的信息，包括计算机系统中的信息、公司或组织的信息服务、动词意义上的提供信息等等。
在现代社会中，Info已经成为了一个常见的词汇，我们可以经常听到它在不同场合中被使用。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
以下是新闻英语常用的缩略词（acronym）：1.ABM=anti-ballistic missile（反弹道导弹）2.AIDS=acquired immune deficiency syndrome（爱滋病）（后天免疫力缺乏症）3.ASEAN=Association of South Asian Nations（东南亚国家联盟）（东盟）4.CBRC= China Banking Regulatory Commission（中国银行业监督管理委员会）（中国银监会）5.CEPA= Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement （关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排）6.CIA=Central Intelligence Agency（中英情报局）7.CIS=Commonwealth of Independent States（独立国家联合体）（独联体）8.CISR= China Insurance Regulatory Commission（中国保险监督管理委员会）（中国保监会）PC=China National Petroleum Corporation（中国石油天然气集团公司；中石油）10.CPC=Communist Party of China（中国共产党）11.CPPCC=Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference（全国人民政治协商会议）12.CSRC=China Securities Regulatory Commission（中国证券监督管理委员会）（中国证监会）13.DJI=Dow-Jones Index（道琼斯指数）14.EST=Eastern Standard Time（美国东岸时间）（美国东部标准时间）15.FAO=Food and Agriculture Organization（粮食农业组织）（粮农组织）16.FBI=Federal Bureau of Investigation（联邦调查局）17.GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（美税及贸易总协定）18.GMT=Greenwich Mean Time（格林威治标准时间）19.HKEx＝Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd .（香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）20.HKSC=Stock Exchange of Hong Kong/Hong Kong Stock Exchange（香港联合交易所）（联交所）21.ICBM=Intercontinental Ballistic Missile（洲际弹道导弹）22.ICJ=International Court of Justice（国际法庭）23.ILO=International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）24.IMF=International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金）25.IMF=International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）26.IOC=International Olympic Committee（国际奥林匹克委员会）（国际奥委会）27.IRO=International Refugee Organization（国际难民组织）28.MP=member of parliament（国会议员）29.NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration（美国太空总署）（美国（国家）宇航局）30.NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization（北大西洋公组织织）31.NPC=National Peopl e's Congress（全国人民代表大会）（全国人大）32.OAU=Organization of African Unity（非洲统一组织）33.OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries（石油输出国组织）（欧佩克）34.PC=personal computer（个人电脑）35.PLA＝People's Liberation Army（人民解放军）36.PLO=Palestine Liberation Organization（巴勒斯坦解放组织）（巴解组织）37.PM=prime minister（首相）38.PR=public relations（公共关系）39.RP=Republic of the Philippines（菲律宾共和国）40.SALT=strategic arms limitation talks（限制战略武器会谈）41.SDI=strategic defence initiative（战略防御措施）42.SEHK = Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd（香港交易及结算所有限公司；港交所）43.SFC=Securities and Futures Commission（证券及期货事务监察委员会）（证监会）44.SFO=Securities and Futures Ordinance（（香港）证券及期货条例）45.SNP＝China Petroleum & Chemical Co.（中国石油化工股份有限公司；中石油）46.TP=traffic policeman（交通警察）47.UFO=unidentified flying object（不明飞行物体）48.UNESCO=United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization （联合国教育科学文化组织）（联合国教科文化组织）49.UNGA=United States General Assembly（联合国大会）50.UNICEF=United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund（联合国儿童基金会）51.UNSC=United Nations Security Council（联合国安全理事会）52.UNTC=United Nations Trusteeship Council（联合国托管委员会）53.VIP=very important person（重要人物）54.WHO=World Health Organization（世界卫生组织）55.WHO=World Health Organization（国际卫生组织）56.WTO=World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceAAMA: American Apparel Manufacturers AssociationAATC: American Association of Textile Chemists and ColoristsABB: Activity Based BudgetingABAP: Advanced Business Application ProgrammingABC: Activity Based CostingABM: Activity Based ManagementABMS: Anything But MicrosoftABS: Anti-lock Braking SystemAC: Alternating CurrentACA: Automated Credit AuthorizationACE: American Council on EducationACE: Automated Commercial EnvironmentACIL: American Council of Independent LaboratoriesACV: All Commodity VolumeADA: Americans with Disabilities ActADC: Analog to Digital ConverterADC: Automated Data CollectionADE: Automated Data EntryADEA: Age Discrimination Employment ActADP: Automatic Data ProcessingADSL: Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber LineAESF: American Environmental Science FoundationAFDC: Alternative Fuels Data CenterAFMA: American Fiber Manufacturers AssociationAFUP: Alternative Fuels Utilization ProgramAFV: Alternative Fuel VehicleAIA: Aerospace Industries AssociationAIAG: Automotive Industry Action GroupAID: Agency for International DevelopmentAID: Automatic IdentificationAIM: Application Integration MiddlewareAIMS: Agile Infrastructure for Manufactured Systems (program) ALE: Atomic Layer EpitaxyAM: Amplitude ModulationAME: Association for Manufacturing ExcellenceAMEL: Active Matrix ElectroluminescentAMH: Automated Material HandlingAMI: Acoustic Microscopy ImagingAMI: American Methanol InstituteAML: Anti Monopoly LawAMLCD: Active Matrix Liquid Crystal DisplayAMOLED: Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting DiodeAMPS: American Mobile Phone SystemAMT: Advanced Manufacturing TechnologyAMT: The Association for Manufacturing TechnologyANN: Artificial Neural NetworksANS: Advanced Networks and ServicesANSI: American National Standards InstituteANX: Automotive Network ExchangeAOI: Automated Optical InspectionAP: Accounts PayableAPEC: Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAPI: Application Program InterfaceAPICS: American Production and Inventory Control Society APO: Advanced Planning and OptimizationAPQP: Advanced Product Quality PlanningAPS: Advanced Planning and SchedulingAPS: Advanced Planning SystemsAPS: Active Pixel SensorAPTA: American Public Transit AssociationAR: Accounts ReceivableARC: Auto-Refrigerating CascadeASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian NationsASCII: American Standards Code for Information Interchange ASC-X12: Accreditation Standards Committee (X12)ASIC: Application Specific Integrated CircuitASIP: Application Specific Integrated PassiveASM: Array Surface MountASME: American Society of Mechanical EngineersASN: Advanced Shipping NoticeASP: Application Service ProviderASQ: American Society for QualityASRS: Automated Storage Retrieval SystemsASSP: Application Specific Standard ProductASTM: American Society for Testing and MaterialsATE: Automated Test EquipmentATR: Automated Trouble ReportingATM: Asynchronous Transfer ModeATMA: American Textile Machinery AssociationATMI: American Textile Manufacturers InstituteATO: Assemble To OrderATP: Advanced Technology ProgramATP: Available To PromiseATPA: Andean Trade Preferences ActAV: Audio VisualAXI: Automated X-ray InspectionAVL: Approved Vendor ListBAA: Broad Agency AnnouncementBAM: Bottleneck Allocation MethodologyBAPI: Business Application Programming InterfaceBER: Bit Error RateBFN: Bye For NowBGA: Ball Grid ArrayBIC: Best In ClassBiCOMOS: Bipolar Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor BIOS: Basic Input Output SystemsBIST: Built In Self TestBIT: Bilateral Investment TreatyBLS: Bureau of Labor StatisticsBM: Buffer ManagementBMP: Best Manufacturing PracticesBO: Business ObjectBOD: Business Object DefinitionBOGOF: Buy One Get One FreeBOI: Business Object InterfaceBOH: Balance On HandBOM: Bill Of MaterialsBOM: Business Object ModelBPR: Business Process ReengineeringBTF: Build To ForecastBTO: Build To OrderBTS: Build To StockB2B: Business to BusinessB2C: Business To ConsumerCAA: Clean Air ActCAB: Change Authorization BoardCACM: Central American Common MarketCAD: Computer-Aided DesignCAE: Computer-Aided EngineeringCAFE: Corporate Average Fuel EconomyCAGR: Compound Annual Growth RateCAIV: Cost As (An) Independent VariableCALS: Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle SupportCALS: Commerce At Light SpeedCAM: Computer-Aided ManufacturingCAM: Customer Asset ManagementCAM-I: Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing -- International CAMU: Computerized Assembly Mock UpCAPOSS: CApacity Planning and Operation Sequence Scheduling CARB: California Air Resources BoardCARICOM: Caribbean Common MarketCASA: Computer and Automated Systems AssociationCASE: Computer-Aided System EngineeringCATV: Community Antenna Television (Cable TV)CBD: Commerce Business DailyCBERA: Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActCBI: Caribbean Basin InitativeCBM: Cubic Boron NitrideCBO: Common Business ObjectCBO: Congressional Budget OfficeCBSA: Component Based Solution AssemblyCBT: Computer-Based TrainingCCB: Change Control BoardCCD: Charge Couple DeviceCCM: Color Changing MaterialCCR: Central Contractor RegistrationCD: Compact DiskCDC: Centers for Disease ControlCDE: Common Desktop EnvironmentCDM: Collaborative Development ManagementCDMA: Code Division Multiple AccessCEMS: Contract Electronic Manufacturing ServicesCERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Litigation ActCFAR: Collaboration Forecasting and ReplenishmentCFC: ChlorofluorocarbonCFD: Computational Fluid DynamicsCFM: Continuous Flow ManufacturingCFTA: Canada Free Trade AgreementCG: Consumer GoodsCGI: Common Gateway InterfaceCGM: Computer Graphics MetafileCGMP: Current Good Manufacturing PracticesCHF: Critical Heat FluxCI: Compression IgnitionCI: Continuous ImprovementCID: Charge Injection DeviceCIDI: Compression Ignition Direct InjectionCIDM: Customer-Integrated Decision MakingCINC: Commanders In ChiefCIO: Chief Information OfficerCIPE: Compressed Integrated Product EngineeringCIS: Contact Image SensorCISC: Complex Instruction Set ComputerCISET: Committee on International Science, Engineering and Technology CLASS: Capacity Loading and Operation Sequence SchedulingCLM: Council For Logistics ManagementCM: Contract ManufacturerCM: Change ManagementCM: Configuration ManagementCMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide on SiliconCMRP: Capacitated Material Requirements PlanningCNC: Computer Numerical ControlCNG: Compressed Natural GasCOA: Continuous Ordering AgreementCOB: Chip On BoardCOBRA: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 CAFC: Container on Flat CarCO: Carbon MonoxideCOB: Close of BusinessCO2: Carbon DioxideCOGS: Cost of Goods SoldCOLD: Computer Output To Laser DiskCOM: Component Object ModelCOO: Cost of OwnershipCORBA: Common Object Request Broker ArchitectureCOS: Class of ServiceCOTS: Commercial Off The ShelfCP: Cost PerformanceCPIM: Certified in Production and Inventory Management CPM: Certified Purchasing ManagerCPPS: Cost Performance Products SectorCPU: Central Processing UnitCQA: Certified Quality AuditorCQE: Certified Quality EngineerCR: Contrast RadioCRADA: Cooperative Research and Development Agreement CRAP: Crummy Resource Allocation ProcessCRC: Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRM: Customer Relationship ManagementCRP: Capacity Requirements PlanningCRP: Continuous Replenishment ProgramCRT: Cathode Ray TubeCRT: Current Reality TreeCSBB: Client Side Browser BasedCSI: Customer Satisfaction IndexCSP: Chip Scale PackagingCSP: Commerce Service ProviderCTE: Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionCTE: Committee on Trade and the EnvironmentCTG: Council for Trade in GoodsCTO: Configure To OrderCTP: Capability To PromiseCVD: Chemical Vapor DepositionCVD: Countervailing DutyDAMA: Design Anywhere Manufacture AnywhereDARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDAQ: Data AcquisitionDAS: Deputy Assistant SecretaryDAU: Defense Acquisition UniversityDBMS: Database Management SystemDC: Direct CurrentDC: Distribution CenterDCA: Direct Chip AttachDCE: Distributed Computing EnvironmentDCOM: Digital Component Object ModelDCS: Digital Cellular SystemDCS: Distributed Control SystemDDE: Dynamic Data ExchangeDEM: Dynamic Enterprise ModelingDES: Distributed Execution SystemDFA: Design for AssemblyDFAA: Design for Automated AssemblyDFAS: Defense Finance and Accounting ServiceDFB: Distributed FeedbackDFD: Design for DisassemblyDFE: Design For EnvironmentDFL: Demand Flow LeadershipDFM: Demand Flow ManagementDFM: Demand Flow ManufacturingDFM: Design For ManufacturabilityDFS: Distributed Factory SystemDFSC: Design for Supply ChainDFT: Demand Flow TechnologyDFX: Design For XDI: Disability InsuranceDID: Digital Image DecodingDIN: Deutsches Institut fur Normung (German national standards institute) DISA: Defense Information Systems AgencyDLA: Defense Logistics AgencyDLL: Dynamic Linking LibrariesDMA: Digital Memory AccessDMD: Direct Metal DepositionDMI: Digital Migration InterfaceDNC: Direct Numerical ControlDNS: Domain Name SystemDOC: Department of CommerceDOD: Department of DefenseDOE: Department of EnergyDOE: Design of ExperimentsDOL: Department of LaborDOLAP: Desktop OnLine Analytical Processing DOS: Department of StateDOT: Department of TransportationDP: Design PostponementDRAM: Dynamic Random Access MemoryDRC: Design Rule CheckingDRP: Distribution Requirements Planning DSB: Dispute Settlement BodyDSC: Digital Still CameraDSM: Distributed System ManagerDSMC: Defense Systems Management College DSO: Days Sale OutstandingDSOM: Distributed System Object ModelDSP: Digital Signal ProcessorDSRP: Demand Solutions Requirements Planning DSS: Decision Support SystemsDTD: Document Type DefinitionDTP: Distributed Transaction Processing DUT: Device Under TestDVD: Digital Video DiskDW: Data WarehousingDWDM: Dense Wavelength Division MultiplexingEA: Enterprise ApplicationEAI: External Application InterfaceEBR: Electronic Batch RecordEBXML: Electronic Business XMLEC: Electronic CommerceEC: Engineering ChangeECC: Error Correction CodeECM: Engineering Change ManagementECN: Electronic Change NoticeECO: Engineering (or Electronic) Change Order ECR: Efficient Consumer ResponseECR: Engineering Change RequestECRC: Electronic Commerce Resource CenterECU: European Currency UnitEDA: Electronic Document AccessEDA: Electronic Design AutomationEDA: Engineering Design AidsEDGAR: Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and RetrievalEDI: Electronic Data InterchangeEDIFACT: Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and TransportEDM: Electronic Discharge MachineEDM: Electronic Data ManagementEDMS: Engineering Document Management SystemsEEOC: Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionEES: Engineering Execution SystemsEFI: Electronic Freight InvoiceEFT: Electronic Funds TransferEFTA: European Free Trade AssociationEIA: Electronic Industrial AllianceEIC: Earned Income CreditEIS: Executive Information SystemEISA: Extended Industry Standard ArchitectureELV: End of Life VehicleEMAS: Eco-Management and Audit SchemeEMC: Electromagnetic CompatibilityEMI: Early Manufacturing InvolvementEMI: Electronic Magnetic InterferenceEMS: Effective Management SystemsEMS: Enhanced Messaging ServiceEMS: Environmental Management SystemEMS: Electronic Manufacturing ServicesEMU: European Monetary UnionE&O: Excess and ObsoleteEOQ: Economic Order QuantityEPA: Environmental Protection AgencyEPA: Equal Pay ActEPACT: Energy Policy ActEPSCOR: Experimental Program to Stimulate Cooperative ResearchERA: Electronic Remittance AdviceERC: Engineering Reseach CenterERISA: Employment Retirement Income Security ActERP: Enterprise Resource PlanningERS: Evaluated Receipt SettlementESD: Electrostatic DischargeESE: Environmentally Sustainable ElectronicsEST: Environment, Science and TechnologyETBE: Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl AlcoholETO: Engineer To OrderETP: Enterprise Transportation PlanningEU: European UnionEV: Electric VehicleEVA: Economic Value AddedEVM: Earned Value ManagementEU: European UnionEZ/EC: Empowerment Zone/Enterprise CommunityFA: Flexible AutomationFAA: Federal Aviation AdministrationFACTS: Federal Agencies' Centralized Trial Balances System FAM: Fixture Assisted ManualFAR: Federal Acquisition RegulationFAS: Final Assembly ScheduleFASAB: Federal Accounting Standards Advisory BoardFAT: File Allocation TableFBE: Framework Based EnvironmentFBI: Federal Bureau of InvestigationFCA: Flip Chip AssemblyFCC: Federal Communications CommissionFCEV: Fuel Cell Electric VehicleFCP: Finite Capacity PlanningFCP: Flip Chip PackageFCS: Finite Capacity SchedulingFCS: Foreign Commercial ServiceFDA: Food and Drug AdministrationFDI: foreign Direct InvestmentFDM: Frequency Data MultiplexingFED: Field Emission DisplayFEHA: Fair Employment and Housing ActFEM: Finite Elements MethodFEMA: Federal Emergency Management AssociationFHA: Federal Housing AdministrationFHWA: Federal Highway AdministrationFICA: Federal Insurance Contributions ActFIFO: First In, First OutFINCEN: Financial Crimes Enforcement NetworkFIP: Factory Information ProtocolFIS: Factory Information SystemFLSA: Fair Labor Standards ActFM: Frequency ModulationFME: Failing Manufacturing EnterpriseFMEA: Failure Mode and Effect AnalysisFMLA: Family Medical Leave ActFMS: Financial Management ServicesFMS: Flexible Manufacturing SystemFO: FiberopticFOIA: Freedom Of Information ActFP: Finite PlanningFPA: Focal Plane ArrayFPD: Flat Panel DisplayFPDS: Fedeal Procurement Data SystemFPI: Federal Prison IndustriesFPT: Fine Pitch TechnologyFRA: Federal Railroad AdministrationFROG: Free Roaming On GridFRT: Future Reality TreeFRU: Field Replaceable UnitsFSAN: Full Services Access NetworkFSK: Frequency Shift KeyingFSO: Foreign Service OfficerFTA: Federal Transit AuthorityFTAA: Foreign Trade Area of the AmericasFTP: File Transfer ProtocolFTTC: Fiber to the CurbFTTH: Fiber to the HomeFUD: Fear Uncertainty and DoubtFUTA: Federal Unemployment Tax ActFWPCA: Federal Water Pollution Control Act FYI: For Your InformationGAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GaAs: Gallium ArsenideGaN: Gallium NitrideGAO: General Accounting OfficeGATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services Gb: GigabitGbs: Gigabit Per SecondGDP: Gross Domestic ProductGEC: Global Economic CommerceGEM: Generic Equipment ModelGEO: Geosynchronous Earth OrbitGHz: Gigahertz or billions of cycles per second GIF: Graphic Interchange FormatGIS: Geographic Information SystemGIS: Graphical Information SystemGMP: Good Manufacturing PracticesGMROI: Gross Margin Return on InvestmentGPRS: General Packet Radio ServiceGPS: Global Positioning SystemGSA: General Services AdministrationGSM: Global System MobileGSP: Generalized System of PreferencesGUI: Graphical User InterfaceHASA: Highly Accelerated Stress AuditHBT: Heterojunction Bipolar TransistorsHC: HydrocarbonHCCD: Horizontal Charge Coupled DeviceHDB: High Density Printed BoardHDD: Hard Disk DriveHDI: High Density InterconnectHE: Harsh EnvironmentHEA: Harsh Environment AutomobileHEC: Hybrid Electric VehicleHEM: Harsh Environment MilitaryHEMT: High Electron Mobility TransistorHFET: Heterostructure Field Effect TransistorHH: Hand HeldHHS: Department of Health and Human ServicesHIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HMD: Head Mounted DisplayHMI: Human Machine InterfaceHMO: Health Maintenance OrganizationHOV: High Occupancy VehicleHP: High PerformanceHPCC: High Performance Computing and Communications HPPS: High Performance Product SectorHPV: High Production VolumeHR: Human ResourcesHRM: Human Resource ManagementHSM: Hierarchical Storage ManagerHTML: Hypertext Markup LanguageHTTP: Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHUD: Heads Up DisplayHUD: Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentIAEA: International Atomic Energy AgencyIC: Integrated CircuitICE: Internal Combustion EngineICSU: International Council For ScienceICT: In-Circuit TextIDB: Inter-American Development BankIDEMA: International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association IDIS: Integrated Disbursement and Information SystemIEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF: Internet Engineering Task ForceIG: Inspector GeneralILEV: Inherently Low Emission VehicleIMCS: Inventory Management and Control SystemIMS: Insulated Metal SubstrateIMT: International Mobile TelephoneIMTI: Integrated Manufacturing Technology InitiativeINFORMS: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences INS: Immigration and Naturalization ServiceI/O: Input OutputIP: Intellectual PropertyIP: Internet ProtocolIPC: Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits IPPD: Integrated Product and Process DevelopmentIPR: Intellectual Property RightsIPS: In-Plan SwitchingIPT: Integrated Product TeamIQR: Inventory Quality RatioIR: InfraredIRI: Industrial Research InstituteIRM: Integrated Resource ManagementIS: Information SystemISDN: Integrated Services Digital NetworkISO: International Standards OrganizationISTEA: Intermodal Surface Transportation ActISV: Independent Software VendorISWG: Interoperability Service Working GroupIT: Information TechnologyITA: Information Technology AgremeementITAC: International Telework Association and CouncilITER: International Thermonuclear Experimental ReactorITRI: Interconnection Technology Research InstituteITRS: International Technology Roadmap for SemiconductorsITS: Intelligent Transportation SystemITSS: Information Technology Solutions ShopITU: International Technical UnionJDAM: Joint Direct Attack Munitions ProgramJEIDA: Japan Electronic Industry Development Association JESSI: Joint European Submicron Silicon InitiativeJIT: Just In TimeJPEG: Joint Photographic Experts GroupKBE: Knowledge-Based EngineeringKGD: Known Good DieKPI: Key Performance IndicatorKW: KilowattKWh: Kilowatt HourLAN: Local Area NetworkLAP: Large Area ProcessingLC: Low CostLCA: Life Cycle AssessmentLCC: Leadless Chip CarrierLCC: Life Cycle CostLCD: Liquid Crystal DisplayLCL: Less Than Container LoadLCOS: Liquid Crystal On SiliconLCPC: Life Cycle Product CostLCTV: Liquid Crystal TelevisionLCPC: Life Cycle Product CostLED: Light Emitting DiodeLEO: Low Earth OrbitLEP: Light Emitting PolymerLEV: Low Emission VehicleLGA: Land Grid ArrayLHC: Large Hadron ColliderLMDS: Local Multi-Point Distribution SystemLNA: Local Noise AmplifierLNG: Liquid Natural GasLPF: Low Pass FilterLPG: Liquid Propane GasLSI: Large Scale IntegrationLTCC: Low Temperature Co-fired CeramicLTL: Less Than TruckloadLVS: Layout Verification SystemsMADE: Manufacturing Automation and Design Exploration (program) MAI: Multilateral Agreement on InvestmentMAST: Manufacturing Analyst for Science and TechnologyMC: Mass CustomizationMCC: Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp. MCIC: Multilayer Ceramic Integrated CircuitMCM: Multi-Chip ModuleMCP: Multi Chip PackageMCS: Manufacturing Control SystemMCS: Multiple Constraint SynchronizationMEMS: Microelectromechanical SystemsMEO: Middle Earth OrbitMEP: Manufacturing Extension PartnershipMES: Manufacturing Execution SystemMESA: Manufacturing Execution System Association MHPA: Mental Health Parity ActMHz: Megahertz or millions of cycles per second MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionsMIS: Management Information SystemMITI: Ministry of International Trade and Industry MLC: Multi Layer CeramicMLL: Multi Layer LaminateMMF: Multi Mode FiberMMI: Man Machine InterfaceMMIC: Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MMS: Materials Management SystemMOS: Metal Oxide SemiconductorMOU: Memorandum of UnderstandingMPS: Master Production ScheduleMR: Magneto ResistanceMRA: Mutual Recognition AgreementMRP: Manufacturing Resource PlanningMRP: Materials Requirement PlanningM&S: Modeling and SimulationMSDS: Material Safety Data SheetMSI: Medium Scale IntegrationMTBA: Mean Time Between AssistsMTBE: Methyl Tertiary-Butyl EtherMTBF: Mean Time Between FailureMTBI: Mean Time Between InterruptionMTO: Make To OrderMTS: Make To StockMTTR: Mean Time To RestoreMSC: MacNeil-Schwendler Corp.Muda: "Waste" in JapaneseMVP: Modular Variable PricingNAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNAFTA: North American Free Trade AgreementNAM: National Association of ManufacturersNAPM: National Association of Purchasing ManagementNAS: National Academy of SciencesNASA: National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNEBS: New Equipment Building StandardsNC: Numerical ControlNCMA: National Contract Management AssociationNCMS: National Center for Manufacturing SciencesNDI: Non Development ItemNEMI: National Electronics Manufacturing InitiativeNGO: Non-Governmental OrganizationNHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationNIFM: National Institute for Flexible ManufacturingNIH: National Institutes of HealthNIIIP: National Industrial Information Infrastructure Protocol NIS: Newly Independent StatesNIST: National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNMTA: National Machining and Tooling AssociationNO: Nitrogen OxideNOAA: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric AdministrationNPI: New Product IntroductionNPR: National Performance ReviewNRC: National Research CouncilNRC: Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNRLA: National Labor Relations BoardNSB: National Science BoardNSF: National Science FoundationNSIC: National Storage Industry ConsortiumNSTC: National Science and Technology CouncilNTSC: National Television System CommitteeNTR: Normal Trade RelationsOA: Optical AmplifierOADM: Optical Add-Drop MultiplexerOAG: Open Applications GroupOASIS: Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information StandardsOCC: Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyODM: Original Design ManufacturerODM: Original Device ManufacturerODS: Ozone Depleting SubstanceOE: OptoelectronicsOECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OEE: Original Equipment EffectivenessOEIC: Optoelectronic Integrated CircuitOEM: Original Equipment ManufacturerOFPP: Office of Federal Procurement PolicyOIDA: Optoelectronics Industry Development Association OIG: Office of the Inspector GeneralOLAP: Online Analytical Programs (or Processing)OLE: Open Linking EmbeddingOLED: Organic Light Emitting DiodeOLTP: On Line Transaction ProcessingOMB: Office of Management and BudgetOMG: Object Management GroupONR: Office of Naval ResearchONU: Optical Network UnitOOP: Out Of ProductionOPC: OLE for Process ControlOPT: Optimized Production TechnologyOSHA: Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSIC: Open Supplier Integration CenterOSTP: Office of Science and Technology PolicyOTC: On-Time delivery to Commit dateOTCR: On-Time delivery performance to Customer Request Date OTDM: Optical Time Division MultiplexingOXC: Optical Cross ConnectPA: Power AmplifierPAC: Production Activity ControlPAL: Europe's television standard committeePBA: Printed Board AssemblyPBC: Plated and Bonded CopperPBJA: Plastic Ball Grid ArrayPBT: Persistent, Bioaccumulative and ToxicPC: Personal ComputerPCB: Printed Circuit BoardPCD: Poly Crystalline DiamondPCM: Phase Change MaterialPCS: Personal Communication ServicePCVC: Personal Computer Video ConferencePDA: Personal Digital AssistantPDC: Personal Digital Cordless phonePDP: Plasma Display PanelPDF: Portable Document FormatPDM: Product Data Management。