外文翻译和原文---物流横向合作的机遇和障碍
物流工程外文翻译---物流推动世界运转

本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译毕业设计(论文)题目:基于供应链管理的达方电子公司的采购管理研究外文题目:Logistics Make the World Go Round译文题目:物流推动世界运转学生姓名:专业:物流工程指导教师姓名:评阅日期:Logistics Make the World Go RoundDuring a panel discussion titled, "Logistics: Bridge to Global Prosperity," at the June 8-9 Wharton Global Forum in Istanbul, moderator George Day described logistics as "the connective tissue that makes the global economy work." Logistics, he said, can be "a huge source of competitive advantage and help expand and launch new business models." Combined with information technology, he added, logistics can "dramatically extend the geographic reach of both large and small organizations." To explore the ever-expanding role of logistics, Day was joined on the panel by Michel Akavi, CEO of DHL Worldwide Express, Middle East, Mirzan bin Mahathir, executive chairman and president of Malaysia-based Konsortium Logistiks Berhad, and Yavuz Cizmeci, chairman of Turkey's ACT Airlines."Logistics is moving the right product in the right quantities to the right place at the right time," stated Day, a Wharton marketing professor who has studied performance-based logistics in such companies as Cisco Systems and General Electric. "The really good supply chains have significantly lower costs, lower inventory and better customer service. Consider Cisco. Its after-sales service group is a $4 billion business and delivers 720,000 spare parts to the company's various manufacturing facilities. Logistics services include customers, field engineers, and fulfillment, distribution and materials repair centers. "The more effectively you manage logistics, the more effectively you take uncertainty out of the system," he said.Eight Trends in LogisticsPanelist Michel Akavi told the audience that when he asked a conference organizer where the panel was taking place, she replied that people would be "arriving a little late and a bit slowly. I said, 'Great. They need a logistics session to wake them up.'"Akavi provided that wake-up call with a discussion of what he sees as eight trends that currently affect logistics. The first is the "explosion" of global trade and global production due to the "the toppling of the old political order, especially the fall of communism. In addition, customs barriers have fallen, especially in Europe, and there is greater trade between the continent's eastern and western parts. Akavi also citedNAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement), MERCOSUR (the South American Free Trade Pact), the World Trade Organization, and GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) as creating a "wave of international trade. The more this happens, the more there is a need for logistics."Look at the Internet, he noted. Being a door-to-door document delivery company, "we were scared of the Internet. But fortunately, documents still need to be signed, sealed and stamped ... .We hope Turkey will not adopt the bad habit of electronic signatures when it joins the EU," he said with a smile, adding that "goods do not travel electronically, thank goodness." The more people use the Internet, the more business there is, the heavier the packages are and the greater the need for letters to move around the world.The second trend is the transition to a post-industrial society, Akavi said. "We have a stagnating population in western countries; the average age is increasing, more money is spent on communication and health, and less is spent on mass produced products. The trend is to more individual transient niche goods combined with services." That means a greater variety of goods needs to be transported, in more specialized ways, directly to users/consumers. "So the logistics industry must specialize in niches, such as the textile industry whose players need to be very responsive to fashion trends. You cannot produce a million products in one place at one time. You have to produce them quickly," often in different parts of the world.The third trend is that we now live in an "on-demand world, Akavi said. "We are a time-is-money society. We are moving to time-based competition. Speed is almost more important than a cheap price. You see that in micro electronics, with chips and game consuls. With PCs and phones, the term used is 'agility' -- the ability to get to the market first. Demand is changing the logistics world."The fourth trend is a growing environmental sensibility. People now ask: "How can we transport less, more efficiently, and how can we do more recycling," Akavi said. "In Europe, we see that the trucks on highways are getting more restricted. Austria is banning some truck traffic on weekends. Rails are being used more often to transport goods because less energy is used. There is also more concern about noisy planes. Wehad to change our fleet in Brussels to quieter planes, and we are moving the Brussels hub to Leipzig, Germany, an area where there are less people. Environmental concerns are shaping the industry."The fifth trend is the "rediscovery of structural process organization," based on greater efficiency and better organization, and the sixth trend is the "deregulation and privatization of public services in communication and transport. We are a good example," said Akavi. Deutsche Post, which owns DHL, "used to be a sleepy inefficient postal system for Germany. After it was privatized and modernized, it started to become profitable. Then it wondered what it should do; it couldn't just sell stamps all its life. So it moved from a postal service to an integrated logistics and transport company."The seventh trend is an orientation toward shareholder value. "Logistics is moving to focus on core competencies. We have seen companies divest so they can concentrate on their core business. There is more outsourcing of the transport function," which helps third party providers like DHL expand and also fuels the growth of specialized transport logistics companies.The eighth and last trend, according to Akavi, is newer communications technologies. "With the Internet, you can find out where your shipment is and contact your call center if the package is stuck. But now, you can also use mobile phones [to do that]. Tracking and tracing is becoming more available. Our company can trace all shipments automatically and detect those that are stuck before the client realizes the shipment hasn't arrived." The RFID -- radio frequency identification tags -- technology is "enormously important for our sector. Without RFID, it would be very hard to find your shipment in our huge warehouses. This [technology] will have a great impact in the coming years."Singapore's ExampleMirzan bin Mahathir, who described his Kuala Lumpur-based company, Konsortium Loistiks Berhad, as split into logistics components and logistics solutions, echoed Akavi's comment that companies are outsourcing their logistics more and more in order to concentrate on core competencies. He went on to note that "the bridge to global prosperity has two levels," the country level and the company level.On the country level, "nations must develop their logistics infrastructure in order to compete. It's not enough to attract manufacturing if you can't get manufactured good to the market in an efficient way," he said. Infrastructure includes building ports, airports, roads and bridges to move, not just goods, but people. Airports are especially critical: "In the Middle East everyone is realizing that airports are a vital piece of infrastructure" and many of them are being built, some close together."But the hardware itself is not enough. Physical infrastructure doesn't help if it is not going to be used effectively," Mirzan noted. Three things are needed: information technology, efficient physical movement and a reliable financial system. "In developing countries, these three things need to go hand in hand. In a few places this has happened, like Singapore. And it is improving in some of the other countries as well."In the logistics business, Mirzan added, goods need to be sent as directly as possible to the market, and they need to reach their destination on time. Yet various government obstacles can hinder that process, including excess paper work, burdensome inspections, and corruption. "If the leadership in any country were to look at logistics and see its role in bringing prosperity to its people, they would have to address these areas." Some countries get it, Mirzan said; others don't.From the company standpoint, he added, some are starting to look at themselves as logistics companies even when they are producing actual goods; it is a competitive advantage. Dell, he suggested, "is actually a logistics company that happens to be in the business of computers. They are very efficient at doing what they do, but it is mainly logistics."Software SolutionsPanelist Yavuz Cizmeci, chairman of ACT Airlines, reminded the audience that Istanbul has historically been a logistical crossroads for commerce and trade, and that Turkey itself is poised to be a logistics center of the future. The trend now, he said, is for many big companies to open branches in Turkey or buy companies already there, ready to take advantage of the country's increasing trade, and its sea, truck, railway and aircraft transportation options. Spending on logistics, he said, should take off in the near future.During a question and answer session, Akavi was asked how his company uses software solutions to optimize its logistics, such as truck loads. "Software is not logistics' core business," he said. "While there is still a lot of software development happening in house, we are working more and more with software developers to find solutions... . About 6% to 7% of our revenue is spent on IT and an increasing amount of it is outsourced."Another audience member noted that he had always perceived the logistics field as having ease of entry, as long as a company can move something from point A to point B. But with improvements in technology and with more mergers among existing companies -- and with small-sized companies still having an advantage in small communities -- are the mid-sized companies being squeezed out, or are there still opportunities for mid-sized companies to grow?"There is definitely room for small, medium and large companies," Akavi said. "We have become large but we offer integrated solutions. Some customers, however, need only a point A to point B transport. Sometimes a smaller size gives more flexibility and can offer better prices. If you don't need a huge network like we have, then there is a market for medium-sized companies."Cizmeci offered his own perspective: "I am a small company. But it doesn't matter what size you are as long as you do the job well and at the right price. As technology gets more and more complicated, life gets more and more complicated, and the big logistics companies cannot really [handle] this well. They need small, clever, cost-effective partners."物流推动世界运转6月8日至9日,沃顿全球校友论坛在伊斯坦布尔开幕。
智能物流系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

智能物流系统中英文对照外文翻译文献智能物流系统在现代物流行业中发挥着重要的作用。
本文翻译了一篇关于智能物流系统的外文文献,提供了中文和英文对照的版本。
Title: A Translation of Foreign Literature on Intelligent Logistics SystemsAbstract:Introduction:Main Body:1. Definition of Intelligent Logistics Systems- 中文:智能物流系统是指应用人工智能和物联网技术,对物流过程进行智能化管理和优化的系统。
- English: Intelligent logistics systems refer to systems that apply artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies to intelligently manage and optimize logistics processes.2. Key Features of Intelligent Logistics Systems- 中文:智能物流系统的主要特点包括即时监控、自动化处理和智能决策等。
- English: The key features of intelligent logistics systems include real-time monitoring, automated processing, and intelligent decision-making.3. Benefits of Intelligent Logistics Systems- 中文:智能物流系统的应用带来了许多好处,包括提高运输效率、降低成本和减少错误率等。
- English: The application of intelligent logistics systems brings numerous benefits, including improved transportation efficiency, cost reduction, and error rate reduction.Conclusion:This translation provides an insight into the concept, functions, and benefits of intelligent logistics systems. Understanding these aspects is essential in harnessing the potential of such systems in the logistics industry.Reference:[Insert reference to the original foreign literature here]以上为智能物流系统中英文对照外文翻译文献的简要内容翻译。
物流管理论文外文资料翻译

1. The Definition of Logistics物流的定义After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。
这就是物流的定义。
在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。
此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。
Three major functions of logistics物流的三大主要功能(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.(1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。
全球物流行业的挑战与机遇

全球物流行业的挑战与机遇在当今全球化的时代,物流行业充满了挑战与机遇。
全球物流行业的发展不仅影响着各个国家的经济和贸易,还对全球供应链的可持续性和效率产生了重要影响。
本文将探讨全球物流行业所面临的挑战以及这些挑战带来的机遇,并分析如何应对这些挑战以实现行业的可持续发展。
一、全球物流行业面临的挑战1. 高度竞争的市场全球物流行业的市场竞争日益激烈。
全球范围内的大型物流企业不断扩张,地区性的物流公司也在不断崛起。
这使得市场上存在着供过于求的状态,物流企业需要不断提高自身的竞争力才能在市场中立足。
2. 快速变化的需求随着科技的发展和全球贸易的提升,全球物流需求日益多样化。
客户对物流服务提出了更高的要求,需要更快速、更便捷的运输方式和更准时、精确的交货。
物流企业需不断调整自身的业务模式,以适应不断变化的市场需求。
3. 跨境贸易的挑战全球化对跨境贸易提出了更高的要求,然而全球各国的政治、法律和监管环境却存在诸多差异与限制。
这给跨境物流带来了挑战,包括海关手续繁琐、物流成本高昂、安全风险等问题。
物流企业需解决此类挑战,提供高效的跨境运输服务。
4. 环境可持续性全球物流行业对环境的影响不容忽视。
物流运输过程中产生的温室气体排放、能源消耗和资源浪费等问题,对环境造成了负面影响。
在减少碳排放和资源消耗方面,物流企业有责任探索可持续的发展模式,并与各利益相关者合作以实现可持续性目标。
二、全球物流行业的机遇1. 新兴技术的应用新兴技术如物联网、大数据分析、人工智能等正逐渐应用于物流行业,为物流企业提供了更多创新和提升效率的机会。
物联网的发展可实现物流过程的智能化和无缝连接,大数据分析可以提供更准确的市场预测和需求预测,人工智能的运用可以优化物流路线和提高配送效率等。
这些新技术为物流行业带来了巨大的机遇。
2. 跨境电商的增长随着跨境电商的快速发展,全球物流行业迎来了新的机遇。
跨境电商的兴起为物流企业带来了巨大的业务增长点,同时也推动了物流行业的创新和进步。
物流专业外文翻译--研究物流业及中国物流技术

原文:Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of ChinaLuo Yixin(Department of Industry and Commerce Management, Human College of Finance and Economics, Human Chansha 410205)Received 15 July 2004AbstractFor further pushing ahead with the developme nt of China’s logistics industry,the author,based on the status quo of China's logistics industry,alfirms the achievements made in the development course of the industry of China.By studying various respects of the industry including the understanding of logistics,standards of technical terms,logistics technologies and management,the author analyzes the major problems existence in China’s current logistics industry and puts forward the rationalization proposal.Key words:logistics;development;problem;measure1 PrefaceModem logistics industry is currently one of the most popular trades.Since China introduced the concept of logistics from abroad in early 1980s,logistics industry has been developed rapidly.At present,our country already has quite a lot of logistics parks and centers,develops a series of modem logistics technologies and obtains a large number of innovation accomplishments bearing self-determination intelectual property rights.Among those are typical ones such as the development of integration logistics management system with self-determination intelectual property rights (LOG + +/SMCS) in 2003.The real—time connection with famous ERP system (SAPR/3)has been realized,the system radically changes the unicity and low integrity level of China’s tr aditional logistics and thus symbolizes that domestic logistics software has been in line with international noFIns for modern logistics management system.Another example is the new structural—type quick stacker that has the operation speed of0—150 m/rain.1ifting speed of 0—40 m/min and forking speed of 0 —20/40 m/rain, bearing self-determination intellectual property rights developed in the same year.Laser ranging technology is applied to the system in horizontal direction.resulting that the distance—measuring error is ± 1 mm within 500 meters and positioning accuracy is ±3 mm.For the vertical direction.due to the application of rotary encoder plus tooth—be technique,positioning accuracy reaches ± 3 mm.In this way.the system successfully integrates a variety of new—type detecting technologies involving laser location,rotary encoder and toth—belt eranging.integration has been utilized for positioning and then radically altered traditional positioning method .Besides,the adoption of redundancy and trouble shooting technique dramatically increases the system's efficiency and reliability.The adoption of over ten new techs consisting of new—type forking structure and loading platform with dimension detector and bar code sensor has promoted the technical advancement of key equipments used in logistics industry as well as greatly narrowed the gap between China and international advanced countries in terms okeyequipments.In 2003。
物流配送外文文献及翻译

1、 INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to theright place at the right time for the least cost、 Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions、Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking wasthe emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition、Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of botha cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage、 The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by、China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growthover the past three years、 Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the restof the world、 As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the、 In particular in the automobileglobal consumer brands have established operations thereindustry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers、 Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011,、 InChina is expected to surpass Japan to become the wor ld’s second largest auto marketorder to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed、Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment、China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure、 This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies、Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most globalOEMs, is an emergent consideration in China、 Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise inthe joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management e xperiences and methods from the OEMs、All these factors increase the、difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers2、 The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2、1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goodsin general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective、 United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, r etail and warehouse-type three types、2、2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role inthe process of 、2、3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities、Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers、 Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-techinformation network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system、2、4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms、3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3、1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers、 With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development、However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role,the process of distribution of the low level of modernization、China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow、Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability、 And domestic retailers in this、area has just started, or have not yet started3、2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center、Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing,"、 The which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name onlyother has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low、 Uniform distribution logistics center can notbe achieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not、materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths3、3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database、Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days、 And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high、 Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation、Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development、The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses o f the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response t o sales demand and timely replenishment、This is also a large-scalecross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage、3、4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel、This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks、Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it is new to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated systemof systems、4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented t o manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects、"Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated、Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management、Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in themanagement of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in thefixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings、 "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make a stable and lasting、5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development ofthird-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:(1)Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services、 If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role、 Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities、 Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing、 Itis produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book、 Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy、 Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect、The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction、 The aim ofLean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services、Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system、 It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information、In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness、the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage、 Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key、 As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics、 Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the、 Value analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantageof the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities、Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities、 Basic activities of supporting activities is to assistthe revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other、 Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logisticsenterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics、 Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, d oes not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc、 link、 Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play、 Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities、Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses、(2)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development、Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity、Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength、Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics、 Integrated logistics virtualization technology as ameans of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service、Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization、Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources、 Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environmentre-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics、 Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors、 "1 导言物流通常被认为就是将恰当的产品以最低的成本,在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。
物流专业外文翻译--物流配送的重要意义

物流专业外文翻译--物流配送的重要意义与专业有关的英文及译文The significance of logistics distributionModern distribution differs with common logistics, logistics is the product of the business and physical separation, and the distribution is, the unity of content, the distribution itself is more like a form of business, while the distribution in the concrete implementation, there are implemented in the form of business separation, but from the distribution trend of development, business flow and logistics more and more tightly integrated, distribution is the important guarantee of success. The significance of distribution can be analyzed from the following two aspects:(a) the Angle of economicsFrom the point of view of economics, resource allocation and distribution of final configuration of resources in the form of modern shipping economic activity. (1) distribution is part of the allocation of resources, because of the economic system is to distribute or a mechanism of resource allocation in distribution can be regarded as a form of economic system. (2) distribution in the resource allocation function of it is "" at the end of the configuration of resources, is close to the customer's configuration, and as close as possible to the customer is the enterprise management strategy is critical success factors, distribution is an important way of logistics, has very important strategic value for many enterprises, but the limitations make it can't solve all the problems in the field of logistics and distribution. (3) distribution of the main economic activity is delivery. Emphasizes the modern shipping, here shows difference with traditional delivery method, the distribution of major means of economic activity is the modern productive forces, the new labor as support, relying on science and technology, is a "match" and "send"a means of organic combination.(2) the distribution of the implementation of the wayFrom the perspective of the distribution way of implementation of logistics is in accordance with the requirements of customers orders, and in the distribution center or other logistics nodes equipped with goods, and sent to the users with the most reasonable way. (1) distribution is close to the user of the flow field during the process of resource allocation. Distribution is the essence of the delivery, but and general delivery is different: in general can be a random delivery, and distribution is a fixed form, there is a certain organization, channels, with modern technology to support, form a set of complete scientific management system, the distribution is a high level ofshipping method. (2) the distribution is a "transfer" form. Delivery from the logistics node to the user a special shipping method. Look from delivery function, its particularity is shown as: is full-time circulation enterprises engaged in shipping, not production enterprises; Distribution is a "transit" type of delivery, and general delivery especially to the user's delivery is often direct from the factory; Usually send what is the production, delivery and distribution is what companies need to send what. And to do what you need to send what, must be in transit link collection that need, and delivery must take the form of "transit". 3. Distribution is the combination of "match" and "send". Distribution and delivery, is the important difference between distribution by using effective sorting, distribution and so on tally work, make delivery reached a certain scale, in order to take advantage of scale achieved lower delivery cost. Without sorting, distribution, there is one shipment, need a send a, can greatly increase the consumption of manpower and material resources, cost less than pick up the goods delivery. So, want to reflect the advantage of distribution, sorting, distribution and so on a work is necessary. (4) distribution to users requirements as the starting point. Distribution from the user's interests, according to user requirements of an activity. Therefore, must be clear to set up "the user first", "quality first" concept. Distribution companies as a service provider, should from the user's interests first, on the basis of fully consider the interests of the users obtain the benefits of this enterprise. Distribution enterprises cannot use their own distribution channels to control to control the users of goods, cannot use distribution department division, industry division, cannot use distribution as department division, industry division, where the market approach.Logistics is along with the mass production and large circulation and appear a complete resource allocation and to meet consumer demand. Logistics due to realize the timing and quantitative, punctuality, planning, real-time, low cost, and even can realize zero inventory, customers that can completely replace the customer original supply system in the supply of the supply of higher quality and lower cost, realize the supply to the customer, to realize the integration of enterprise sales and customer supply.Second, the important role of logistics distributionLogistics is refers to the goods from supplier to recipient entity flow process. According to the actual need, transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, circulation processing, distribution, information processing and other basic functions. According to the concept of logistics and the definition of system,logistics system is to complete the goods entity flow from supplier to recipient and will transport, storage, loading and unloading handling, distribution processing, packaging and logistics information together, constitute the functional system of logistics system. The role of distribution performance in:(a) enterprises to adopt distribution systemDistribution system on which distribution, which can reduce logistics costs, improve service levels, in order to expand sales, expand the market, strengthen enterprise competition ability. (2) the product distribution system, distribution need how many, how much production, can realize products zero inventory, you can get the most economical and the biggest benefit. In (3) procurement and distribution system, can achieve how many enterprise, supplier delivery how much, when you need to, when suppliers on delivery. So companies don't need to set up raw material inventory, circulation enterprises don't need to set up inventory, can achieve zero inventory management, greatly reduce operating costs. 4. Zero inventory management, saved a large number of reserve funds, can improve enterprise's financial position, enhance the enterprise economic strength, promote enterprise development. (5) business in distribution system, leading to production system and distribution system as well as the procurement system corresponding revolutionary change, improve enterprise management level.(2) for the masses of users, to improve the logistics service level. Distribution to volume, variety complete, door-to-door delivery on time, on the one hand, the user on a business trip from purchasing transportation replenish onr's stock, such as labor, simplify the procedures, convenient for users, save the cost and improve the efficiency; On the other hand guarantee the supplies, and guarantee the normal production and circulation enterprises, can meet the needs of the people production and living supplies and services to enjoy.(3) distribution can improve the utilization rate of materials and inventory turns.Distribution in distribution center inventory, can use limited warehouse, make limited inventory might be used for a wider more customers, demand is bigger, the market is wide, will greatly improve the material utilization rate and inventory turnover ratio. Still can make warehousing and distribution译文物流配送的重要意义现代配送与普通物流的不同之处在于,物流是商、物分离的产物,而配送则是商物合一的产物,配送本身更像一种商业形式,虽然配送在具体实施时,也有以商物分离形式实现的,但从配送的发展趋势,商流与物流越来越紧密地结合,是配送成功的重要保障。
外文翻译---物流使用第三方服务

The use of third party logistics servicesM.S. Sohail , A.S. SohalWith the globalisation of businesses and the consequent competitive pressures, there has been an increasing dependence on the ability of organisations to deliver customer-adapted products all over the world quickly and on time. This has placed a number of demands on the logistics system and has become a rapidly developing area of investigation. In fact, it has been referred to as the last frontier for the development of strategic competitive advantage (Hum, 2000). To gain a competitive advantage, many organisations are seeking to manage their logistics operations strategically, but realise that they lack the core competencies and are increasingly seeking to outsource their logistics activities (Hum,2000). Apart from this, another important development that is making an impact on the organisations is the increased emphasis on time-based competition (Bhatnagar et al., 1999). Broadly, time-based competition refers to the speed with which products can be manufactured, delivered to the market and serviced.Much has been written in recent years about outsourcing logistics activities. There have been various terms used to describe this phenomenon such as logistics alliance (Bowersox, 1990), operational alliances in logistics (Laarhoven and Graham, 1994), contract logistics (Kearney, 1995), contract distribution (Wilson and Fathers, 1989) and third party logistics (Lieb and Randall, 1996). However, third party logistics (3PL) has been the term more widely used in recent times. Given the growing importance of logistics outsourcing, the extent of its usage has been widely examined in the USA (Lieb and Randall, 1996). Sheffi (1990) describes how the 3PL industry in the US has developed, and mentions several economic, regulatory and technological trends drivingthe development. Virum (1993) discusses 3PL development in Europe based on case studies of three Dutch and two Swedish providers. Other studies in the European context have also been undertaken (Lieb et al.,1993).An examination of the usage of 3PL services by large Australian firms (Dapiran et al.,1996) revealed that a number of operating units at many of the largest Australian firms were utilising the services of contract logistics providers. Some studies have outlined the linkage between manufacturing firms and 3PL services providers in Hong Kong, Southern China, Japan and South Korea (Millen and Sohal, 1996). In the South East Asian region, it was reported that Singapore-based firms are generally satisfied with the services of 3PL service providers.With the advent of multi-modal logistics in Malaysia, service providers have been focusing on establishing linkages and forming an entire logistics chain. Another trend noticeable in the 3PL industry in Malaysia is that most of the players specialise in the field as freight forwarding, container haulage, warehouse operation or conventional truckers and operate with minimal linkage to the other components in the logistics chain (New Strait Times, 1998). The current crop of 39 players in the industry are limited in size and operating capacity with duplication of services offered being considered as too many in the industry. Companies have been merging into larger entities to take advantage of the economies of scale and extend market coverage, as the value of a logistic company invariably lies in the market coverage of its network. However, to our knowledge, we have not found any comprehensive studies reported in the literature focusing on the extent of 3PL by firms in Malaysia. This study aims to fill this gap.Results reported in this study indicate that a number of operating units at many of the Malaysian firms are utilising the services of contract logistics providers, and have been doing so for several years. Many ofthese organisations employ the services of more than one contract logistics firm to provide a wide variety of services.Furthermore, many non-users are interested in this approach as evidenced by the 30% who are exploring the idea.Those operating units utilising contract logistics services providers have substantial experience with this practice as evidenced by about 45% having done so for more than 5 years. The decision to utilise contract logistics firms is almost as likely to originate at the corporate, divisional or local level. However, wherever the idea originates, managers from other functional areas will usually be involved in the decision to outsource. The level of commitment to the utilisation of contract logistics providers has been very encouraging with about 75% of the firms responding to this survey characterising their commitment as moderate to extensive. Additional evidence of this high level of commitment is provided by one-half of the firms allocating up to 40% of their total logistics budget to contract providers. In almost all cases,senior logistics executives view the use of contract firms as having had a positive impact on logistics costs, logistics systems performance, customer satisfaction, and employee morale. Based on these results, more than 80% of the managers would at least moderately expand their companies’ use of contract logistics firms.To those logistics executives considering outsourcing,this very positive feedback should be reassuring. The number of experienced organisations provides an important source of information about how to proceed and what to expect. Consideration of the use of contract logistics services providers will bring logistics managers in contact with colleagues in finance, marketing, manufacturing, and other areas, potentially expanding the logistics influence throughout the organisation. This should improve the scope of the analysis, as well as subsequently facilitating implementation.The experience of the firms in this study also provides insights as how to plan for implementation; for example,the need to educate the 3PL services provider about the firm’s requirements. Programmes to place redundant employees must also be developed.The survey also contains useful information for the providers of contract logistics services. The most important means for establishing contact with potential customers are through sales calls by representatives ofthe contract firms and discussions with other logistics professionals. Significant resources spent on other approaches should be questioned, based on the results from this survey. In addition, while users are quite satisfied with their experiences to date, few envision contract providers as a means to enter new markets, develop new customers or expand their current offerings. Those contract logistics firms able to offer opportunities of such a nature may find their markets growing rapidly.The above analysis of the experience of Malaysian firms in their usage of contract logistics services indicates that the market for 3PL services in Malaysia has a good potential for further development. While there is still a percentage of firms which have not outsourced their logistics functions, we believe that the vision of developing Malaysia into a logistics hub in the region will further enhance the use of the contract logistics services in the years to come.This study provides 3PL services providers who are considering South East Asia as a potential market, a comprehensive analysis of the current situation in Malaysia.Technovation 23 (2003) 401–408物流使用第三方服务质谱苏海尔 , 索哈尔随着企业全球化和随之而来的竞争压力,出现了以提供越来越依赖于组织能力的客户,产品适应世界各地的迅速和及时。
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附件1: 外文资料翻译译文物流横向合作的机遇和障碍Frans Cruijssen, Martine Cools, Wout Dullaert1 绪论全球市场的激烈竞争,产品生命周期的缩短以及顾客期望较高的服务已迫使托运人和物流服务提供商投资来建立彼此之间密切的互惠互利关系。
例如纵向的合作,包括了供应商,生产商,配送商,顾客和物流服务提供商,该理论被广泛的学术研究所支持。
Gibson et al. (2002)指出该研究主要在于鉴别潜在的机遇(例如Gentry, 1993),关键成功因素法(例如Tate, 1996)和合伙人选择的标准。
最普遍和最好的研究是关于托运人雇佣第三方物流服务提供商来完成他们的物料管理和产品配送业务的全部或部分业务的研究(Simchi-Levi et al., 1999)。
Tyan et al. (2003)阐述了被第三方物流服务提供商整合的供应链的优势,这种经济规模能够让他们获得单个托运人所不能获得的大规模的设施。
Leahy et al. (1995)评定了托运人和第三方物流服务提供商之间纵向合作成功的决定性因素。
横向合作被European Union (2001)定义为市场上具有相同水平的公司在运作时的协调惯例。
物流中的横向合作所获得的推动主要是在西欧。
在比利时和荷兰,《欧洲物流中心的引力》一书中,作者在书中指出欧洲有30家正式的物流合伙企业。
通过紧密的合作,物流服务提供商的合伙人可以提高生产力,例如通过优化运输路线,减少空运里程和降低非核心作业的成本来增加物流网络的竞争力。
横向合作方面的物流文献还比较地不成熟,虽然海洋运输(see e.g. Shepperd and Seidman, 2001)和空运行业(Fan et al., 2001; Oum et al., 2002)方面的横向合作的文献比较普遍并且研究也非常的成熟,但是在物流横向合作方面的文献却非常地匮乏。
这个问题只被Bahrami (2003), Cruijssen and Salomon (2004), Erdmann(1999), and V os et al. (2003)研究过,他们研究的重点在于通过仿真研究来确定合作能够带来潜在的节约成本和列举了一些成功的案例。
本文阐述了物流横向合作中潜在机遇以及在实践中运作中和维护物流合伙关系的主要障碍,并对此进行了第一次大规模的实验性研究。
2 研究综述虽然关于物流横向合作方面的文献比较匮乏,但是在自营公司之间的合作,比如战略联盟和共同经营,这些经验已经被收集到管理类文献作为标准了。
该文献构成了物流横向合作的机遇和障碍的一系列研究的基础。
这项研究的发展是基于物流服务提供商大量操作员的认识和见解。
这份调查中有很多物流服务提供商的总经理阐述了他们对这项研究的看法。
2.1 机遇联盟形成的背后的驱动力是联盟成立后对每个合伙人纯粹的积极的影响(Parkhe, 1993)。
通过合作,合伙人之间可以产生所谓的相关收益。
Dyer and Singh (1998)定义相关收益为“在关系交流中连带地产生的超常规的利润,该利润不能通过孤立的公司而只能通过联盟中某个合伙人的特殊贡献产生。
”他们的争议主要集中在合作的公司能否通过特殊关系资产,信息共享程序,缺乏资源时的捐助和有效的管理来产生相关收益。
从一个物流文献的上下文中我们得出相关收益可以是“有形的”(例如经济规模)和“无形的”(例如学习模型)。
Bartlett and Ghoshal (2000)提出了可以让参与的公司获得经济规模利益或学习利益的三种方法,这三种方法分别是:(1)共享他们的资源和集中精力从事核心业务;(2)分享其它参与公司的特殊优势和技能;(3)通过彼此之间的贸易和资源的互补来达到共同获利和消除复制的高额成本。
Kogut (1988)根据小额交易可以减少合伙人交易的成本,增强合伙人的竞争力和市场的主导权,能够满足合伙人对组织知识的需求和学习等这些条件,总结了合作联盟的优势。
合作的潜在优势同样被很多其他的作者提及和研究,例如Hagedoorn(1993), Hamel et al. (1989), Hennart (1988), Ohmae (1989) and Zineldin and Bredenlow (2003).这些高层次的合作机遇为那些想合作的物流服务提供商能够获得很多特殊机遇提供了理论依据。
基于这些机遇的讨论,形成了下面很多的主张,这些主张涉及到成本和生产力,服务和市场形势。
2.1.1 成本和生产力上文已经提到,横向合作可以为合伙人提供一个组织学习和向其它拥有特殊技能和优势的合伙人学习的平台(Hamel, 1991; Kogut, 1988; Westney, 1988)。
通过这种方式,他们可以完善他们自己的运作方法,这也就暗示着横向合作的物流服务提供商能够增强他们控制能力和降低供应链成本的能力(Gibson et al., 2002)。
此外,在非核心业务方面的横向合作能够提供潜在的共同采购(例如运输工具,车上电脑和燃料)的机会进而降低采购成本(Dyer and Singh, 1998)。
根据核心业务和非核心业务以及降低采购成本降低的研究可以得出下面三种观点:(1)横向合作可以提高公司核心业务的生产力,例如减少空驶,更好地使用仓储设施等等。
(2)横向合作可以降低非核心业务的成本,例如组织安全培训,共享燃料设施等等。
(3)横向合作可以降低采购成本,例如运输工具,车上电脑,燃料等等。
2.1.2 服务合作的专业化对生产力的影响是众所周知的。
最优秀的实践价值链可以通过公司间的专业化,进而到允许单独的公司集中从事一些简单的活动以及与其他公司之间的复杂的交流来表现(Alchian and Demsetz, 1972; Dyer, 1997)。
通过这中做法,横向合作不仅能够带来利益和协作效应(例如规模经济,高素质的劳动力,较高的研究水平和高科技的使用权),还能够以较低的成本带来较大的顾客附加价值的增加(Zineldin and Bredenlow, 2003)。
此外,联盟还能够使公司间相互学习彼此的技术和能力(Hamel, 1991; Kogut, 1988; Westney, 1988),这也是另一种以较低的成本改进质量的潜在的方法。
我们综合了关于顾客服务的横向合作机遇的理论,得出了以下的两个观点:(4)物流服务提供商在拓宽他们服务的同时还能够从事专门的研究。
(5)物流服务提供商能够以较低的价格提供较高质量的服务,例如在速度方面,配送频率方面,覆盖的地理范围方面以及配送时间的可靠性方面等等。
2.1.3 市场形势纯粹的数量规模说明了,当为大的工业托运人(例如在石油化工工业)提供物流服务时,个体的单独的物流服务提供商是禁止进入这个服务链条中的。
横向合作联盟是一个非常有用的工具,它能够拓展可用的车队,服务的范围以及地理覆盖范围,同样还能够增加他们的顾客影响力(Bleeke and Ernst, 1995)。
这个机遇在观点(6)中被列了出来。
观点(7)反映了横向合作是在不确定市场状况下保护公司利益、增强公司竞争力和市场主动权的一种服务方式。
(Kogut, 1988)。
(6)横向合作能够使单独的物流服务提供商在更大的合同框架下为大的托运人提供服务。
(7)横向合作能够帮助保护公司的市场份额。
这七种关于横向合作的机遇的观点被总结在表1中。
表1 关于横向合作机遇的七种观点编码观点(1)横向合作可以提高公司核心业务的生产力,例如减少空驶,更好地使用仓储设施等等。
(2)横向合作可以降低非核心业务的成本,例如组织安全培训,共享燃料设施等等。
(3)横向合作可以降低采购成本,例如运输工具,车上电脑,燃料等等。
(4)物流服务提供商在拓宽他们的服务的同时还能够从事专门的研究。
(5)物流服务提供商能够以较低的价格提供更高质量的服务,例如在速度方面,配送频率方面,覆盖的地理范围方面以及配送时间的可靠性方面等等。
(6)横向合作能够使单独的物流服务提供商在更大的合同框架下为大的托运人提供服务。
(7)横向合作能够帮助保护公司的市场份额。
2.2 障碍文献中很少有关注这种密切合作关系的负担和不好的方面(Zineldin and Bredenlow, 2003)。
横向合作通常是作为一种不确定性的保证,而这种不确定性主要是指很难来策划一些必需的业务和估量已实现的产出。
因此拥有可信赖的关系就显得非常重要了(van der Meer-Kooistra and V osselman, 2000; Tomkins, 2001),但是这种机遇的风险依然存在。
这种相关风险的一个典型的来源就是合伙人的机会主义的行为,也就是该合伙人不遵守该协作组织的规则(Williamson, 1985; Das and Teng, 1998)。
我们找到了横向合作中与障碍相关的四个方面的观点:合伙人的选择,利益的决定和分配,合伙人中不平等的谈判地位以及信息和通讯技术。
2.2.1 合伙人的选择分析一个潜在的合伙人的战略和组织的能力是需要与它相关的物质资产的数据,同样还需要无形资产和组织能力方面的数据(Bartlett and Ghoshal, 2000)。
寻找潜在的贸易合伙人和评价他们的适合性和可靠性,是成为中小型物流服务提供商参与横向合作的一个巨大障碍(Bleeke and Ernst, 1995; Williamson, 1985; Hennart, 1993; North, 1990)。
此外,最近的实验证据(Chalos and O’Connor, 2004)证明了合伙人的不确定性,是使该组织管理复杂性的一个主要原因。
物流服务提供商选择合伙人的两个障碍如下:(8)很难找到一个同等规模,能够跟自己在(非核心)核心业务方面合作的物流服务提供商。
(9)很难找到一个可靠的团体来协调合作,使所有的参与者都满意。
2.2.2 利益的决定和分配大部分联盟的狭窄范围阻止了他们对这种组织的自然属性,广度,以及在合伙企业改革中可能产生的风险和酬金的分配,甚至阻止了对每个合伙人的角色和任务定义的全面理解(Bartlett and Ghoshal, 2000)。
预期和非预期的成本的公平分配的重要性同样被强调在内(Gibson et al. 2002)。
观点(10),(11),(12)包括了关于横向合作利益的决定和分配的阻碍因素。
(10)由于横向合作的原因合伙人很难预先决定利润和运营收入。
(11)合伙人事先很难保证对分配的工作的利益公平分配。
(12)一个公平的利益分配原则对一个成功的合伙企业的所有合伙人来说都是必要的。
2.2.3 合伙人中不公平的谈判地位Gibson et al. (2002)解释了合伙人的相关议价能力是怎样发展和演化的,而这正是理解一个联盟是否有可能进行兼并的关键因素。