地高辛药教育翻译版01
地高辛(digoxin)
地高辛（digoxin）作者：来源：《上海医药》2020年第26期1概述地高辛是公认的窄治疗指数药物（NTIDs）之一，并为我国、美国、日本和加拿大等国家的NTIDs目录所收载[1-2]。
地高辛为强心苷类药物，1954年获美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准上市[3]，有正性肌力、减慢心率的作用[4]，常用于治疗高血压、瓣膜性心脏病、先天性心脏病等急性和慢性心功能不全，尤其适用于伴有快速心室率的心房颤动类的心功能不全[5]。
地高辛既为我国医保用药，又被列入国家基本药物目录，目前仍是常用的心脏疾病治疗药物之一。
对于地高辛用于治疗急慢性心力衰竭（心衰），中国指南[6]维持对地高辛的Ⅱa类推荐，美国指南（包括2013年版和2017年更新版）[7]认为地高辛可降低射血分数下降的心衰（HFrEF）患者住院风险（Ⅱa，B），而欧洲指南[8]将洋地黄类药物降为Ⅱb类推荐；对于规范药物治疗后仍有症状的窦性心律HFrEF患者可考虑应用（Ⅱb，B）[9-11]。
2安全用药提示2.1替换使用地高辛口服生物利用度个体差异大，不同厂家的产品也可有较大差异，临床应用时应注意调整剂量，谨慎替换不同企业的地高辛。
2.2警示①任何洋地黄类制剂中毒、室性心动过速、心室颤动、肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（若伴收缩功能不全或心房颤动仍可考虑）、预激综合征伴心房颤动或心房扑动者禁用。
②低钾血症、不完全性房室传导阻滞、高钙血症、甲状腺功能低下、缺血性心脏病、急性心肌梗死早期、活动性心肌炎、肾功能损害患者慎用。
③有严重或完全性房室传导阻滞且伴正常血钾者的洋地黄化患者不应同时应用钾盐，但如同时应用噻嗪类利尿药时常须给予钾盐，以防止低钾血症。
应用洋地黄患者对电复律极为敏感，应高度警惕。
④老年人应用时，因肝、肾功能不全，表观分布容积减小或电解质平衡失调，对本品耐受性低，必须减少剂量。
⑤地高辛可通过胎盘，妊娠后期母体用量可能增加，分娩后6周须减量。
可排入乳汁，哺乳期妇女应用需权衡利弊。
英语药名翻译
1 Acid acetyl salicyliqe 乙酰水杨酸2 Paracetamol对乙酰氨基酚3 Morphine吗啡,美施康定4 Quinine 4ml 奎宁5 Quinine 2ml奎宁6 CTA7 Penicilline G青霉素8 Amoxicilline阿莫西林9 Gentamycine庆大霉素10 Cotrimoxazole磺胺甲基异恶唑11 Aureomycine pomade 1％金霉素软膏（金霉素每管含量1％）12 Aureomycine pomade 3％金霉素软膏（金霉素每管含量3％）13 Ampicilline 氨苄西林14 Thiamphenicol CP硫霉素口服15 Thiamphenicolinj 硫霉素注射16 Acidebenzoique + Acidesalycpde 3% 苯甲酸+ 水杨酸 (3%)17 Acidebenzoique + Acidesalycpde 6% 苯甲酸+ 水杨酸 (6%)18 Acidenalidixique萘啶酸口服19 Metronidazole甲硝唑20 Cimetidine西米替丁21 Hepatisane sachet22 Charbon active 活性炭23 Dexamethasone地塞米松24 Eau distillee 蒸馏水25 Eau de javel le litre 漂白水26 Gresilsuperieur le litre27 Eau oxygenee 双氧水28 Promethazine spfl普鲁本近,抗胺荨,普鲁米近,异丙嗪29 Atropine阿托品,硫酸阿托品30 Betamethasone + Neomycinecollyre倍他米松+新霉素洗眼液31 Chlorpromzaine氯磺丙脲,对氯苯磺酰丙脲,特泌胰[降血糖药]32 Heparine 肝素33 Promethazine CP 口服异丙嗪34 Dextran右旋糖酐35 Miconazolecreme咪康唑软膏36 Ketoconazole CP 口服酮康唑,力素劳,尼唑啦,里素劳,霉康灵37 Metro Ov甲硝哒唑1 Acetyl salicylate de lysine 赖氨酸乙酰水杨酸盐2 Diclofenac双氯芬酸3 Ibuprofene右旋布洛芬4 Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine磺胺多辛+乙胺嘧啶5 Amodiaquine阿莫地喹6 Amoxiciline阿莫西林7 Erythromycine红霉素8 Doxycycline多西环素9 Cotrimoxazole磺胺甲基异恶唑10 Serum glucose 5% Isotonique 5%等渗糖11 Serum sale 0.9% Isotonique 0.9%等渗盐12 Serum glucose hypertonique 10% 10%高渗糖13 Ringer lactate 林格液乳酸盐14 Perfuseurl’unite 灌注液15 Metro perfusion fl甲硝哒唑灌注液16 Cipro perfusion fl盐酸环丙沙星灌注液17 Furosemide 10mg inj 呋塞米，速尿10毫克注射用18 Furosemide 40mg comp 呋塞米，速尿40毫克复方19 Methyl dopa 甲基多巴20 Digoxine地高辛21 Propranolol普萘洛尔,心得安22 Nifedipine硝苯地平,心痛定23 Buthylhyoscinebromure 20mg inj24 Buthylhyoscinebromurecp25 Praziquantel吡喹酮,环吡异喹酮26 Mebendazole甲苯达唑27 Terpine codeine松油二醇可待因28 Carbocisteinesirop羧甲半胱氨酸糖浆29 Aminophylline inj 注射用氨茶碱30 Aminophylline cp 口服氨茶碱31 Vitamine B complexecp 口服复合维他命B32 Vitamine B complexeinj 注射用复合维他命B33 Acide Ascorbique抗坏血酸, 维他命C34 Hydroxyde Al +Mg 氢氧化铝氢氧化镁35 Seringue 10cc 10cc注射器36 Seringue 5cc 5cc注射器37 Fer+ Acidefolique铁质叶酸38 Coton 药棉39 Hydrosol polivitaminefl 水溶性复合维生素溶液40 Preservatif安全套41 Nystatine oral 口腔制霉菌素42 Nystatinesuspfl43 Nystatine ovule 阴道制霉菌素44 Oxytocine催产素1 Diclopar2 Niflurilpommade le tube三氟甲苯胺基吡啶甲酸软膏3 Niflugel tube4 Olfen奥尔芬5 Fervexadulte6 Spasfoncp口服间苯三酚7 Spasfoninj注射用间苯三酚8 UPSA－C le tube管装维生素C9 Biofar 12Vit + 12 minerauxBiofar 12种维生素合 12种矿物质10 Baume bengue tube11 Diclininj12 Calpolspfl对乙酰氨基酚,扑热息痛溶液13 Caprazole14 Metrowinsusp15 Veinobiase16 Topaal comp17 Vogaleneinj注射用甲磺哌丙嗪18 Skilaxgtte le fl19 Actapulgite20 Polyginax ovule21 Dermobacter solution fl法国原装进口滴之清(皮肤消毒抗菌液)22 Gants steriles N 7 2/1 la paire 消毒手套规格7 2 /123 Gants steriles N 8 la paire 消毒手套规格824 Tardyferon维生素B9 补充叶酸和铁25 Calgin26 Novalgin安乃近27 Indosolcollyre吲哚克索洗眼液28 VitabactcollyreVitbact洗眼液29 Gentamycinecollyre庆大霉素洗眼液30 Chloramphenicol collyre氯霉素滴眼液31 SterdexpommadeSterdex软膏32 Eludril solution fl氯己定溶液33 Eludrilcollutoirefl 氯己定漱口水34 Otrivinegoutte丁苄唑啉滴液35 Celestene倍他米松36 Nasonexgouttefl内舒拿滴液37 Otoralgylgouttefl38 Aerius恩理思地氯雷他定39 Primalan波丽玛朗美喹他嗪40 Otrivine gel le tube 丁苄唑啉管剂41 otrivinegtte 1% le tube42 Vental spry fl43 Ventoline沙丁胺醇44 Ketamine氯胺酮45 Lidocaine 2%利多卡因 30ml 装46 Tulle gras润肤细布,敷伤巾47 Alcool lode solution乙醇48 Betadinejaunedermique le fl聚烯吡酮磺49 Permanganate de k. 高锰酸钾50 Albuplastperfore51 Compresse敷料,敷料纱布52 Alcool a 96 le litre 96度酒精53 Bande simple 简易绷带54 Bandevelpeau 绷带55 Cacip56 Cary咖喱粉57 Carmox58 Euromox 25059 Euromox 12560 Cary 125 suspfl/60 ml61 Cary 250 suspfl/60 ml62 Rovamycine 3 M螺旋霉素63 Retarpen苄星青霉素64 Bactox阿莫西林钠65 Ceftriaz 1000mg 呋肟头孢菌素酶66 Ceftriaz 5000mg呋肟头孢菌素酶67 Calben68 Blokium天诺敏69 Catapressan氯压定70 Solumedrol泼尼松龙71 Diazepam地西泮72 Tranxene氯卓酸钾73 Nootropyl吡乙酰胺,脑复康74 Ecazide卡托普利/氢氯噻嗪75 Baneocinpoudre76 Exoderil crème tube盐酸萘替芬膏剂77 Exoderil solution 盐酸萘替溶液78 Pommade anti-hemorroidaire tube 治疗痔疮药膏79 Bristopen苯唑西林80 Dicynoneinj注射用酚磺乙胺81 Dicynonecp口服酚磺乙胺82 Fluditecspenft le fl83 Amugyl solution le fl。
药理书上的英文
药理书上常用药英文总结（配音标）一、胆碱受体激动药（Cholinoceptor agonists）1.胆碱酯类（choline esters ['kəʊliːn; -lɪn]['estəs]）乙酰胆碱（acetylcholine,ACh [,æsɪtaɪl'kəʊliːn;]）醋甲胆碱（methacholine）卡巴胆碱（carbachol ['ka:bəkɔl]）贝胆碱（bethanechol [bə'θeinəkɔl, bə'θæ-]）2.生物碱类(alkaloids)毛果芸香碱(pilocarpine[,paɪlə(ʊ)'kɑːpiːn] )毒蕈碱(muscarine['mʌskəriːn; -ɪn] )二、抗胆碱酯酶药（Anticholinesterase Drugs['æntɪ,kəʊlɪ'nestəreɪs]）新斯的明（neostigmine[,ni:əu'stiɡmi:n, -min]）毒扁豆碱（physostigmine[,faɪsəʊ'stɪgmiːn] ）三、胆碱受体阻断药1.M胆碱受体阻断药阿托品（atropine['ætrəpiːn; -ɪn])东莨菪碱（scopolamine）山莨菪碱（anisodamine）2.Nm胆碱受体阻断药琥珀胆碱又称司可林（succinylcholine [,sʌksinil'kəuli:n, -'kɔ-] ）筒箭毒碱（d-tubocurarine）四、肾上腺素受体激动药（adrenocepter agonists）1.α受体激动药去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline,NA[,nɔːrə'dren(ə)lɪn]) 间羟胺（metaraminol[,metə'ræminɔl] ）去氧肾上腺素(phenylephrine[,fenəl'efri:n, ,fi:-])甲氧明(methoxamine)2.α、β受体激动药肾上腺素(adrenaline[ə'drenəlɪn])多巴胺(dopamine['dəʊpəmiːn])麻黄碱(ephedrine['efədriːn])3.β受体激动药异丙肾上腺素(isoprenaline[,aisəu'prenəlin])多巴酚丁胺(dobutamine[dəu'bju:təmi:n])四、肾上腺素受体阻断药1.α受体阻断药酚苄明（phenoxybenzamine[fi,nɔksi'benzə,mi:n] ）酚妥拉明（phentolamine [fen'tɒləmiːn]）哌唑嗪(prazosin)特拉唑嗪(terazosin)多沙唑嗪(soxazosin)2.β肾上腺素受体阻断药普萘洛尔(propranolol[prəʊ'prænəlɒl] )五、镇静催眠药（Sedative--hypnotics ['sedətɪv]）1.苯二氮卓类地西泮（安定，diazepam [dai'æzipæm]）氯氮卓(利眠宁，chlordiazepoxide [,klɔːdaɪæzɪ'pɒksaɪd] )艾司唑仑(舒乐安定，estazolam)2.巴比妥类(barbiturates[ba:'bitjuəreits])3.其他镇静催眠药水合氯醛(chloral hydrate ['klɔːræl] ['haɪdreɪt] )甲丙氨酯（meprobamate,眠尔通[mə'prəʊbəmeɪt] ）丁螺环酮(buspirone)六、抗癫痫药及抗惊厥药（Antiepileptic and Anticonvulsants）1.抗癫痫药（antiepileptic drugs['ænti,epi'leptik] ）苯妥英钠(phenytoin sodium[fə'nitəuin, ,feni'təuin]；又名大仑丁，dilantin [dai'læntin])苯巴比妥（鲁米那phenobarbital[,fiːnə(ʊ)'bɑːbɪt(ə)l; ,fenə(ʊ)'bɑːbɪt(ə)l] ）扑米酮（primidone ['praimidəun] ）乙琥胺（ethosuximide[,eθəʊ'sʌksɪmaɪd] ）丙戊酸钠（Sodium Valproate[væl'prəueit] ）卡马西平(carbamazepine [,kɑ:bə'mæzəpi:n])2.抗惊厥药苯二氮卓类：(diazepam)巴比妥类：(phenobarbital)水合氯醛(chloral hydrate)硫酸镁(Magnesium sulfate[mæɡ'ni:ziəm, -ʃi-]['sʌlfeit])七、抗帕金森病药1.拟多巴胺药左旋多巴（L-dopa)卡比多巴（Carbidopa）司来吉兰（Selegiline）2.中枢抗胆碱药苯海索（benzhexol)，又称安坦(Artane）3.其他金刚烷胺（amantadine[ə'mæntədi:n] ）溴隐亭（bromocriptine[,brəumə'kripti:n]）培高利特（pergolide）八、抗精神病药（Antipsychotic Drugs [,æntɪsaɪ'kɒtɪk] ）1.吩噻嗪类（phenothiazines）氯丙嗪（chlorpromazine[klɔː'prəʊməzɪn; -ziːn]）,又名冬眠灵（wintermine）2.硫杂蒽类(thioxanthences)泰尔登（tardan)3.丁酰苯类(butyrophenones)氟哌啶醇（haloperidol）4.其他抗精神病药氯氮平（clozapine）利培酮(risperidone)九、抗抑郁和躁狂药1.抗抑郁症药米帕明（imipramine，[ɪ'mɪprəmiːn] ,丙米嗪）2.抗燥狂症药碳酸锂（lithium carbonate ['lɪθɪəm] ['kɑːbəneɪt] ）十、镇痛药（Analgesics[,ænəl'dʒi:ziks] ）1.阿片生物碱类:吗啡（morphine['mɔːfiːn] ）可待因（codeine['kəʊdiːn] ）2.人工合成阿片类:哌替啶（pethidine ['peθidi:n, -din]；度冷丁，dolantin[də'læntin] ）芬太尼（fentanyl['fentənaɪl; -nɪl]）美沙酮（methadone ['meθədəʊn] ）曲马朵（tramadol）十一、解热镇痛药（Antipyretic and Analgesic Drugs[,æntɪpaɪ'retɪk; -pɪ-] [,æn(ə)l'dʒiːzɪk; -sɪk] ）1.水杨酸类阿司匹林（aspirin['æsp(ə)rɪn] ）2.苯胺类对乙酰氨基酚（acetaminophen[ə,siːtə'mɪnəfen; ə,setə-]；扑热息痛，paracetamol[,pærə'siːtəmɒl; -'set-] ）3.第四节吲哚衍生物吲哚美辛（indomethacin，消炎痛[,indəu'meθəsin]）4.丙酸类布洛芬（brufen，异丁苯丙酸）5.选择性环氧酶-2抑制剂尼美舒利（nimesulide)吡罗昔康(piroxicam，炎痛喜康)6.其他类解热镇痛药保泰松(phenylbutazone[,fiːnaɪl'bjuːtəzəʊn; ,fenɪl-])十二、抗高血压药（Antihypertensive Drugs['æntɪ,haɪpə'tensɪv]）(一)、肾素-血管紧张素抑制药1、血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制药卡托普利(captopril)2、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药氯沙坦(losartan)(二)、钙拮抗药硝苯地平（nifedipine）尼群地平（nitrendipine)氨氯地平(amlodipine)维拉帕米(verapamil [,virə'pæmil])地尔硫卓(diltiazem)(三)、利尿药氢氯噻嗪(四)、交感神经抑制药1、中枢性抗高血压药可乐定(clonidine['kləunidi:n])2、神经节阻断药美加明(mecamylamine [,mekə'mɪləmiːn])3、去甲肾上腺素能神经末梢阻滞药利血平(reserpine[rɪ'sɜːpiːn])4、肾上腺素受体阻断药哌唑嗪(prazosin['preizəusin])普奈洛尔(propranolol[prəʊ'prænəlɒl])拉贝洛尔(labetalol[lə'bɛtə,lɔl])(五)、扩血管药1、直接扩血管药肼屈嗪(hydralazine [hai'dræləzi:n, -zin] )硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside[,naitrə'prusaid]) 2、K+通道开放药吡那地尔(pinacidil)十三、抗心律失常药（Antiarrythmic Drugs）1.Ⅰ类——钠通道阻滞药ⅠA类奎尼丁（quinidine['kwɪnɪdiːn]）普鲁卡因胺（Procainamide [prəu'keinəmaid]）ⅠB类利多卡因（lidocaine['lɪdə(ʊ)keɪn]）苯妥英钠(phenytoin sodium[fə'nitəuin, ,feni'təuin])美西律（mexiletine）ⅠC类氟卡尼(flecainide)普罗帕酮(propafenone)2.Ⅱ类药----β受体阻断药普萘洛尔(propranolol)3.Ⅲ类药----延长动作电位时程药胺碘酮(amiodarone[,æmiəu'dærəu])索他洛尔（sotalol ['səutəlɔl]）4.Ⅳ类药----延长动作电位时程药维拉帕米(verapamil[,virə'pæmil])5.其他类药---腺苷(adenosine[ə'denə(ʊ)siːn])十四、治疗充血性心力衰竭的药物（Drug Used in Congestive Heart Failure）（一）ACE抑制药和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药1.血管紧张素Ⅰ转化酶抑制药：卡托普利(catopril)2.血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗药：氯沙坦(losartan)（二）利尿药噻嗪类（氢氯噻嗪，hydrochlorothiazide ['haɪdrəʊ,klɔːrə'θaɪəzaɪd]）袢利尿药（呋塞米，furosemide [fjuː'rəʊsəmaɪd]）（三）β受体阻断药卡维地洛（carvedilol）美托洛尔(metoprolol)(四)醛固酮拮抗药螺内酯（spironolactone）(五)正性肌力药1.强心苷（cardiac glycosides）洋地黄毒苷（digitoxin）地高辛（digoxin）毛花苷丙（西地兰，deslanoside)毒毛花苷K（strophanthin)2.拟交感神经药多巴胺（DA）多巴酚丁胺（dobutamine）DA1受体激动药异波帕胺(ibopamine)3.磷酸二酯酶抑制剂氨力农(amrinone, inamrinone)米力农(milrinone)(六)血管扩张药硝酸酯类(nitrates ['naɪtreɪt] )硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside[,naitrə'prusaid])肼屈嗪(hydralazine[hai'dræləzi:n, -zin])哌唑嗪(prazosin['preizəusin])十五、抗心绞痛药（Antianginal drug）1.硝酸酯类硝酸甘油（nitroglycerin['naɪtrə'glɪsərɪn]）2.β-肾上腺素受体阻断药普萘洛尔(propranolol) 多用吲哚洛尔(pindolol)噻马洛尔(timolol)美托洛尔(metoprolol)醋丁洛尔(acebutolol)3.钙拮抗药硝苯地平(nifedipine，心痛定)维拉帕米（verapamil）地尔硫卓（diltiazem）哌克昔林（perhexiline）普尼拉明（prenylamine）4.其他抗心绞痛药卡维地洛尼可地尔吗多明丹参酮Ⅱ-A磺酸钠。
地高辛Digoxin
一年级下册数学教案两位数减一位数、整十数人教版 (6)教案：一年级下册数学教学内容：本节课的教学内容来自人教版一年级下册数学教材，主要涵盖第6章“两位数减一位数、整十数”的相关知识点。
具体内容包括：1. 掌握两位数减一位数、整十数的基本方法；2. 能够正确计算两位数减一位数、整十数的结果；3. 理解两位数减一位数、整十数的运算规律。
教学目标：1. 使学生掌握两位数减一位数、整十数的基本方法；2. 培养学生独立思考、合作交流的能力；3. 培养学生对数学的兴趣，提高学生的数学素养。
教学难点与重点：1. 教学难点：两位数减一位数、整十数的计算方法及运算规律；2. 教学重点：帮助学生掌握两位数减一位数、整十数的计算方法，提高计算速度和准确性。
教具与学具准备：1. 教具：黑板、粉笔、课件；2. 学具：练习本、铅笔、橡皮。
教学过程：一、实践情景引入（5分钟）1. 教师通过日常生活情境，如购物、做饭等，引导学生发现两位数减一位数、整十数的需求；2. 邀请学生分享自己在生活中遇到的两位数减一位数、整十数的问题，并尝试解答。
二、知识讲解（10分钟）1. 教师利用黑板、粉笔，结合课件，讲解两位数减一位数、整十数的计算方法；2. 通过例题，展示两位数减一位数、整十数的运算过程，引导学生理解运算规律。
三、随堂练习（10分钟）1. 教师布置练习题，要求学生独立完成；2. 教师选取部分学生的作业进行点评，纠正错误，巩固所学知识。
四、小组讨论（5分钟）1. 教师将学生分成小组，要求学生合作交流，探讨两位数减一位数、整十数的计算方法；五、课堂小结（5分钟）2. 强调两位数减一位数、整十数在实际生活中的应用。
板书设计：两位数减一位数、整十数1. 两位数减一位数：十位上的数不变个位上的数相减2. 两位数减整十数：十位上的数不变个位上的数减去整十数的个位数作业设计：35 7 =46 8 =23 12 =2. 家长可以引导孩子运用两位数减一位数、整十数的方法，解决生活中的实际问题，如购物、做饭等。
罗氏地高辛标记说明书 英文版
For life science research only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.FOR IN VITRO USE ONLY.DIG High Prime DNA Labeling and Detection Starter Kit IFor color detection with NBT/BCIP.Random primed DNA labeling with digoxigenin-dUTP,alkali-labile and detection of hybrids by enzyme immunoassayCat. No. 11 745 832 910Store at Ϫ15 to Ϫ25° C Kit for 12 labeling reactions of 10 ng-3 g DNAand detection of 24 blots of 100 cm²Instruction ManualVersion November 20091.Preface1.1Table of Contents1.Preface (2)1.1Table of Contents (2)1.2Kit contents (3)2.Introduction (5)2.1Product overview (5)3.Procedures and required materials (8)3.1Before you begin (8)3.2DIG-DNA Labeling (9)3.3Determination of labeling efficiency (12)3.4DNA transfer and fixation (15)3.5Hybridization (17)3.6Immunological detection (19)3.7Stripping and reprobing of DNA blots (21)4.Results (22)4.1Typical results (22)5.Appendix (23)5.1Trouble shooting (23)5.2References (24)5.3Ordering Information (25)1.2Kit contentsBottle/ Cap Label Contentincluding function1DIG-HighPrime •50 l DIG-High Prime• 5 × conc. labeling mixture containingoptimal concentrations of random primers, nucle-otides, DIG-dUTP (alkali-labile),Klenow enzyme and buffer components •ready-to-use•clear, viscous solution•for efficient random primed labeling of DNA2DIG-labeledControl DNA •20 l•[5 g/ml] pBR328 DNA(linearized with Bam HI)•clear solution•determination of labeling efficiency3DNA DilutionBuffer •3×1ml•[50 g/ml fish sperm DNA in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA; pH 8.0 at +25°C]•clear solution4Anti-Digoxigenin-AP Conjugate •100 l•[750 U/ml]•from sheep, Fab-fragments,conjugated to alkaline phosphatase •clear solution5NBT/BCIP• 6 × 1 ml•50x conc. stock solution [18.75 mg/ml nitrobluetetrazolium chloride and 9.4 mg/ml 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate in67% (v/v) DMSO]•can vary between light yellow and brown, clearsolution•reacts with alkaline phosphatase.6Blockingsolution • 4 × 100 ml•10 × conc.•yellow, viscous solution7DIG Easy HybGranules •to give 4 × 100 ml (preparation page 17)•Hybridization solutionAdditional equipment and reagents requiredIn addition to the reagents listed above, you have to prepare several solutions.In the table you will find an overview about the equipment which is needed for the different procedures.Detailed information is given in front of each procedure.Procedure Equipment Reagents3.2 DIG-DNA labeling Water bath•H2O, sterile, doubledistilled water•EDTA, 0.2 M, pH 8.0,sterile3.3 Semi-quantitativedetermination oflabeling efficiencyNylon membranes positivelycharged*•DIG Wash andBlock Buffer Set*•TE-bufferor•Washing buffer•Maleic acid buffer•Detection buffer•TE-buffer3.4 DNA transferand fixation•UV-transilluminator•commercial availableUV-cross linker• 2 × SSCor•10 × SSC3.5 Hybridization•Nylon membranes, positivelycharged*•Hybridization bags*or•Temperature resistant,sealable plastic bags or rollerbottlesNote: Do not use open trays whenworking with DIG Easy Hyb buffer3.6 Immunologicaldetection•Container of appropriate size inrelation to filter size•Hybridization bags*•DIG Wash andBlock Buffer Set*•TE-bufferor•Washing buffer•Maleic acid buffer•Detection buffer•TE-buffer3.7 Stripping andreprobing of DNAblots•Large tray•Water bath•10 × SSC•10% SDS•0.2 M NaOH2.Introduction2.1Product overviewTest principle The DIG High Prime DNA Labeling and Detection Starter Kit I uses digoxigenin(DIG), a steroid hapten, to label DNA probes for hybridization and subsequentcolor detection by enzyme immunoassay [1].Stage DescriptionDNA labeling DIG-labeled DNA probes are generated with DIG-High Primeaccording to the random primed labeling technique. DIG-High Primeis a specially developed reaction mixture containing digoxigenin-dUTP, alkali-labile (Fig. 2) and all reagents, including enzymenecessary for random primed labeling, premixed in an optimized5 × concentrated reaction buffer.Hybridization DIG-labeled probes are used for hybridization to membraneblotted nucleic acids according to standard methods. The use of thealkali-labile form of DIG-11-dUTP enables easier and more efficientstripping of blots for rehybridization with a secondDIG-labeled probe.Immunological detection The hybridized probes are immunodetected with anti-digoxigenin-AP, Fab fragments and are then visualized with the colorimetric substrates NBT/BCIP.ApplicationDIG-labeled DNA probes can be used:•for all types of filter hybridization•for single copy gene detection in total genomic DNA, even from organisms with high complexity, e.g. human, barley, and wheat.Sample material•DNA fragments of at least 100 bp •linearized plasmid, cosmid or DNA •supercoiled DNAAssay timeThis table lists the reaction time of the single steps Number of tests1 kit is sufficient for•12 standard labeling reactions of up to 3 g template DNA and detection of•24 blots of 100 cm 2.Quality ControlUsing unlabeled control-DNA (pBR 328), labeled as described in the protocol, 0.1 pg of homologous DNA is detected in a dot blot after 16 h color develop-ment (1 pg of homologous DNA can be detected after 1h color development).Step Reaction time DNA labeling 1 h-O/N Hybridization6 h or O/N Immunological detection 1.5 h Color development0.5 - 16 hKit storage/ stabilityThe unopened kit is stable at -15 to -25° C until the expiration date printed on the label. Shipping conditions on dry ice.Once opened, please refer to the following table for proper storage.Sensitivity and specificityA single copy human gene is detected in a Southern blot of 1 g digested pla-centa DNA.Note: Sensitivity depends both on the concentration of labeled DNA in the hybridization and on the time of color reaction.AdvantagesThis table describes benefits and features of the kit.Kit componentStorageAnti-Digoxigenin-AP Conjugate cap 42-8° C, stableBlocking solution bottle 6•unopened, stable at 15-25° C•once opened, it should be aliquoted and stored at -15 to -25° C or at 2-8° C up to one month when keeping sterile•working solution should always be prepared fresh NBT/BCIP cap 6•2-8° C,stable•or at least 4 weeks at 15-25° CNote: During shipment of the kit on dry ice, a precipitate may occur which is easily dissolved by briefly warming to 37°CBenefitFeatureAccurate and fastThe use of premixed DIG-High Prime mini-mizes the hands-on-time required to label DNA probes and increases yields and reproducibility.Sensitive Single-copy genes can be detected in total human DNA complex and plant genomes.Time-savingDIG-labeled probes can be stored for at least one year. Hybridization solutions can be reused 3 – 5 times, depending on the amount of labeled probe used for signal generation in each hybridization.3.Procedures and required materials3.1Before you beginGeneral handling rec-ommendationsThis table describes general hints for DIG labeling and detection.OverviewRecommendation GuidelineWork under clean conditions•Autoclave DIG System solutions•Filter-sterilize solutions containing SDS•Tween 20 should be added to previouslysterilized solutionsUse clean incubation trays Rigorously clean and rinse laboratory traysbefore each use.Membrane handling requirements•Wear powder-free gloves•Handle membrane only on the edges andwith clean forcepsSection 3.2DIG-DNA labeling↓Section 3.3Quantification of labeling efficiency↓Section 3.4DNA fixation↓Section 3.5Hybridization↓Section 3.6Immunological detection↓Section 3.7Stripping and reprobing of DNA blots3.2DIG-DNA LabelingIntroduction DNA is random primed labeled with Digoxigenin-11-dUTP using DIG-HighPrime, a 5x concentrated labeling mixture of random hexamers, dNTP mix con-taining alkali-labile Digoxigenin-11-dUTP, labeling grade Klenow enzyme andan optimized reaction buffer.Additional equipment and reagents required •water bath•ice/waterThis table lists composition, storage and use of the required reagents in addi-tion to kit componentsTemplate DNA The following table lists the recommended features of the template DNALabeling of DNA isolated from agaroseIf you intend to perform genomic Southern blotting, you should separate thetemplate insert DNA from the vector by agarose gel electrophoresis.Excise the DNA fragment from an agarose gel. For best results use either our High Pure PCR Product Purification Kit * or our Agarose Gel DNA ExtractionKit* to separate the DNA from the agarose.Solution Composition Storage Use Water Autoclaved, double distilled water15-25° C,stableDilution of DNAEDTA0.2 M ethylenediamino- tetraacetic acid,pH 8.015-25° C,stableStopping thelabeling reactionFeature DetailPurity For plasmid DNA use the High Pure Plasmid Isolation Kit * for purification.When other commercially available purification kits are used, we recommendto do an additional phenol/chloroform extraction to remove residual protein.This step is also necessary when templates have been treated with restrictionor other modifying enzymes before labeling.Size To obtain optimal results, template DNA should be linearized andshould have a size of 100 or larger. Template DNA >5 kb should be restric-tion-digested using a 4 bp cutter (e.g. Hae III) prior to labeling.Amount With the procedure described below principally 10 ng – 3 g of template can be labeled, however, please check in the given table the necessaryamount of probe needed for your size of blot. By scaling up of all volumes andcomponents accordingly this procedure can be used for labeling of largeramounts. If single-copy gene detection in complex genomes is performed atleast 300 ng of template DNA (probe concentration: 25 ng/ml hybridizationsolution) should be labeled.Procedure This procedure is designed for 10 ng-3 g of DNA. Larger amounts (up to 10g) can be labeled by scaling up of all components and volumes.Yield of labeling reac-tion Table 1:This table shows you the yield of DIG-High Prime labeling under optimal condi-tions.In the standard reaction with 1 g DNA per assay approx. 15% of the nucle-otides are incorporated into about 0.8 g of newly synthesized DIG-labeled DNA within 1 h and approx. 38% of the nucleotides into about 2 g after 20 h. Using DIG-High Prime solution, reactions were performed with increasingamountsof different template DNAs for 1 h and 20 h. The yield of DIG-labeled DNA was determined by incorporation of a radioactive tracer and confirmed by a dot blot (Average of 10 independent labeling assays)Step Action1Add1g template DNA (linear or supercoiled) and autoclaved, double distilled water to a final volume of 16 l to a reaction vial.2Denature the DNA by heating in a boiling water bath for 10 min and quickly chilling in an ice/water bath.Note: Complete denaturation is essential for efficient labeling.3•Mix DIG-High Prime (vial 1) thoroughly and add 4 l to the denatured DNA, mix and centrifuge briefly.•Incubate for 1 h or O/N at 37° C.Note: Longer incubations (up to 20 h) will increase the yield of DIG-labeledDNA (see table below ).4Stop the reaction by adding 2 l 0.2 M EDTA (pH 8.0) and/or by heating to 65°C for 10 min.Note: The length of the DIG-labeled fragments obtained with DIG-High Prime range from 200 bp to 1000 bp or larger, depending on the length of theoriginal template.T emplate DNA 1 h20 h10 ng 45 ng 600 ng30 ng 130 ng1050 ng100 ng 270 ng1500 ng300 ng 450 ng2000 ng 1000 ng 850 ng2300 ng3000 ng1350 ng2650 ng.Fig. 2: Yield of DIG-labeled DNA from different amounts of template DNA after 1 and 20 h incu-bation of the DIG-High Prime reaction at 37°C.3.3Determination of labeling efficiencyIntroduction Determination of the yield of DIG-labeled DNA is most important for optimaland reproducible hybridization results. Too high of a probe concentration in thehybridization mix causes background, while too low of a concentration leads toweak signals.Test principle The preferred method for quantification of labeled probes is the direct detec-tion method.Preparation of additional solutions requiredPlease find in the following table composition and preparation of additionalreagents required. The following buffers are also available in the DIG Wash and Block Buffer Set, DNase and RNase free.*Please note: These solutions are also used in the detection procedure ofchapter 3.6. and can be prepared in larger quantities.Stage Description1• A series of dilutions of DIG-labeled DNA is applied to a small strip of nylon membrane positively charged*.•Part of the nylon membrane is preloaded with defined dilutions of DIG-labeled control DNA (vial 2) which are used as standards.2•The nylon membrane is subjected to immunological detection with anti-digoxigenin-AP conjugate (vial 4) and the premixed stock solutionof NBT/BCIP (vial 5).•The intensities of the dilution series of DIG-labeled DNA and control DNA are compared.Solution Composition / Preparation Storage andstabilityUseWashingbuffer0.1 M Maleic acid, 0.15 M NaCl;pH 7.5 (20° C); 0.3% (v/v) Tween 2015-25° C,stableRemovalof unboundantibody Maleic acidbuffer0.1 M Maleic acid, 0.15 M NaCl;adjust with NaOH (solid) to pH 7.5(20° C)15-25° C,stableDilution ofBlocking solutionDetectionbuffer0.1 M T ris-HCl, 0.1 M NaCl,pH 9.5 (20° C)15-25° C,stableAdjustment ofpH to 9.5TE-buffer10 mM T ris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA,pH 8.015-25° C,stableStopping colorreactionPreparation of kit working solutionsThe following table shows the preparation of kit working solutions ProbequantificationLabeled probes and the DIG-labeled control DNA (vial 2) must be diluted to 1 ng/l, according to the expected yield of synthesized nucleic acid to start the dilution series below. The expected yield of DIG-labeled DNA in your probe can best be estimated by using the table 1 in chapter 3.2. The yield depends on the starting amount of template and incubation time.Note: The yields given in table 1 were achieved under optimal conditions with highly purified template DNA.Dilution seriesPrepare a dilution series of your labeled probe and your control DNA as described in the table:Solution Composition/preparationStorage and stability Use Blocking solutionPrepare a 1 × working solution by diluting the 10x Blocking solution (vial 6) 1:10 in Maleic acid buffer.Always prepare fresh Blocking of unspecific binding sites on the membrane Antibody solutionCentrifuge Anti-Digoxigenin-AP (vial 4) for 5 min at 10 000 rpm in the original vial prior to each use, and pipet the necessary amount carefully from the surface. Dilute Anti-Digoxigenin-AP 1: 5 000 (150 mU/ml) in Blocking solution.12 h at 2-8° CBinding to the DIG-labeled probeColor-substrate solutionAdd 40 l of NBT/BCIP stock solution (vial 5) to 2 ml of Detection buffer.Note: Store protected from light!always prepare freshVisualization of antibody-binding TubeDNA (l)From tube #DNA Dilution Buffer (vial 3)(l)DilutionFinal concentration1diluted original1 ng/l 2211981:10010 pg/l 3152351:3.3 3 pg/l 452451:101 pg/l 553451:100.3 pg/l 654451:100.1 pg/l 755451:100.03 pg/l 856451:100.01 pg/l9-50-0Procedure The following procedure describes the direct detection.Note: Use sufficient buffer volumes to cover the membrane completely duringall steps.Analyzing the resultsCompare the intensity of the spots out of your labeling reaction to the control and calculate the amount of DIG-labeled DNA. If the 0.1 pg dilution spots of your probe and of the control are visible, then the labeled probe has reached the expected labeling efficiency (pls. see table 1 in 3.2.) and can be used in the recommended concentration in the hybridization.The following spots should be visibleStep Action1Apply a1l spot of tubes 2-9 from your labeled probes and the labeled control to the nylon membrane.2Fix the nucleic acid to the membrane by cross linking with UV-light or baking for 30 min at 120 ° C.3•Transfer the membrane into a plastic container with 20 mlMaleic acid buffer.•Incubate under shaking for 2 min at 15-25° C.4Incubate for 30 min in 10 ml Blocking solution.5Incubate for 30 min in 10 ml Antibody solution.6Wash with 10 ml Washing buffer, 2 × 15 min.7Equilibrate 2-5 min in 10 ml Detection buffer.8Incubate membrane in 2 ml freshly prepared color substrate solution in a appropriate container in the dark. Do not shake during color development.Note: The color precipitate starts to form within a few minutes. The membrane can be exposed to light for short time periods to monitor color development.9Stop the reaction, when desired spot or band intensities are achieved, by washing the membrane for 5 min with 50 ml of sterile double dist. wateror with TE-buffer.Results can be documented by photocopying the wet filter or by photography.Incubation time Appearance5-10 min30 pg spot30 min 3 pg spot3.4DNA transfer and fixationTransfer methods and membranes Standard protocols for gel electrophoresis, denaturation and neutralization of the gel are described in Sambrook et al. (2). Gels lacking ethidium bromide are preferred, because ethidium can cause uneven background problems. All com-mon types ofDNA transfer methods are suitable for subsequent DIG hybridization (4,5).In our experience, best results are obtained when gels are blotted by capillary transfer with 20 × SSC on nylon membranes*, positively charged.Note: Alkali transfer (e.g., in 0.4 M NaOH) is not suitable for the transfer of DIG-labeled molecular weight markers*.Fixation procedure Fix the DNA to the membrane by any of the following procedures:Storage of the membranePlease refer to the following table.IF you want to...THEN...UV-crosslinking(nylon membrane)•Place the membrane on Whatman 3MM-paper soakedwith 10 × SSC.•UV-crosslink the wet membrane without priorwashing.•After the UV-crosslinking, rinse the membrane brieflyin double distilled water and allow to air-dry.bake at 120° C(nylon membrane)•Wash the membrane briefly in 2 × SSC.•Bake the nylon membrane at 120° C for 30 min oraccording to the manufacturer`s instructions.bake at 80° C(nylon membrane)•Wash the membrane briefly in 2 × SSC.•Bake at 80° C for 2 h under vacuum.IF...THEN...you want to go e the membrane immediately for prehybridization. you want to work later on store the membrane dry at 2-8° C.3.5HybridizationAdditional equipment required •ice/water•shaking water-bath•or hybridization oven•temperature resistant plastic or glass boxes, petri dishes, roller bottles or sealable plastic bags.Note: Do not use open containers with DIG Easy Hyb buffer.Preparation ofDIG Easy Hyb working solution Add carefully 64 ml sterile double distilled water in two portions to the DIG Easy Hyb Granules (bottle 7), dissolve by stirring immediately for 5 min at 37° C.Hybridization temperature The appropriate hybridization temperature is calculated according to GC con-tent and percent homology of probe to target according to the following equa-tion:Tm= 49.82 + 0.41 (% G + C) - (600/l) [l = length of hybrid in base pairs]Topt.=Tm–20 to 25° C(The given numbers of the equation were calculated according to a standard equation for hybridization solutions containing formamide, 50%.) The actual hybridization temperature T opt. for hybridization with DIG Easy Hyb is 20-25° C below the calculated T m value. T opt. can be regarded as a stringent hybridization temperature allows up to 18% mismatches between probe and target. When the degree of homology of your probe to template is less than 80%, you should lower Topt. accordingly (approx. 1.4°C below Tmper 1 % mismatch) and also adjust the stringent washing steps accordingly (i.e. increase SSC concentration and lower washing temperature).Procedure Please refer to the following table.Storage of hybridization solution DIG Easy Hyb containing DIG-labeled probe can be stored at Ϫ15 to Ϫ25° C and be reused several times when freshly denatured at 68°C for 10 min before use.Note: Do not boil DIG Easy Hyb.Stringency washes For most DNA:DNA applications, a stringency wash with 0.5 × SSC is sufficient. The correct post washing conditions have to be determined empirically for each probe.•For human genomic DNA use 0.5 × SSC and 65° C.•Probes > 150 bp and with a high G/C content should be washed at 68° C.•For shorter probes around 100 bp or shorter, the wash temperature must belowered.This table describes how to perform post-hybridization washes.Step Action1•Pre-heat an appropriate volume of DIG Easy Hyb (10 ml/100 cm2 filter) to hybridization temperature (37 - 42° C).•Prehybridize filter for 30 min with gentle agitation in an appropri-ate container.Note: Membranes should move freely, especially if you use severalmembranes in the same prehybridization solution.2Denature DIG-labeled DNA probe (about 25 ng/ml) by boiling for5 min and rapidly cooling in ice/water.Note: As DIG-11-dUTP is alkali-labile, DNA probes cannot be dena-tured by alkali treatment (NaOH).3Add denatured DIG-labeled DNA probe to pre-heated DIG Easy Hyb(3.5 ml/100 cm2 membrane) and mix well but avoid foaming(bubbles may lead to background).4•Pour off prehybridization solution and add probe/hybridization mixture to membrane.•Incubate 4 hours - O/N with gentle agitation.Step Action1Wash 2 × 5 min in ample 2x SSC, 0.1% SDS at 15-25° C under con-stant agitation.2Wash 2 × 15 min in 0.5x SSC, 0.1% SDS (prewarmed to wash temper-ature) at 65-68° C under constant agitation.3.6Immunological detectionAdditional reagents required Please find in the following table composition and preparation of additional reagents required. The following buffers are also available in the DIG Wash and Block Buffer Set, DNase and RNase free*.Preparation of kit working solutions In the following table the preparation of kit working solutions is described.Solution Composition / Preparation Storage andstabilityUseWashingbuffer0.1 M Maleic acid, 0.15 M NaCl;pH 7.5 (20° C); 0.3% (v/v) Tween2015-25° C,stableWashing ofmembraneMaleic acidbuffer0.1 M Maleic acid, 0.15 M NaCl;adjust with NaOH (solid) to pH7.5 (20° C)15-25° C,stableDilution ofBlockingsolution Detectionbuffer0.1 M Tris-HCl, 0.1 M NaCl,pH 9.5 (20° C)15-25° C,stableAlkalinephosphatasebufferTE-buffer10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH8.015-25° C,stableStoppingcolor reactionSolution Composition / Preparation Storage andstabilityUseBlockingsolutionPrepare a 1x working solution bydiluting 10 × Blocking solution(vial 6) 1:10 with Maleic acidbuffer.Alwaysprepare freshBlocking ofunspecificbinding sitesAntibodysolutionCentrifuge Anti-Digoxigenin-AP(vial 4) for 5 min at 10 000 rpm inthe original vial prior to each use,and pipet the necessary amountcarefully from the surface. DiluteAnti-Digoxigenin-AP 1:5000 (150mU/ml) in Blocking solution.12 h at 2-8° C Binding to theDIG-labeledprobeColor-substratesolutionAdd 200 l of NBT/BCIP stocksolution (vial 5) to 10 ml of Detec-tion buffer.Note: Store protected from light!Alwaysprepare freshVisualizationof antibody-bindingProcedure This table describes how to perform the immunological detection ona 100 cm2 membrane.Note: All incubations should be performed at 15-25° C with agitation. If themembrane is to be reprobed, do not allow the membrane to dry at any time.Storage of membrane Please refer to the following table.Step Action1After hybridization and stringency washes, rinse membrane briefly (1-5) min in Washing buffer.2Incubate for 30 min in 100 ml Blocking solution.3Incubate for 30 min in 20 ml Antibody solution.4Wash 2 x 15 min in 100 ml Washing buffer.5Equilibrate 2-5 min in 20 ml Detection buffer.6Incubate membrane in 10 ml freshly prepared color substrate solu-tion in a appropriate container in the dark. Do not shake duringcolor development.Note: The color precipitate starts to form within a few minutes andthe reaction is usually complete after 16 h. The membrane can beexposed to light for short time periods to monitor color development.7Stop the reaction, when desired spot or band intensities are achieved, by washing the membrane for 5 min with 50 ml of steriledouble dist. water or with TE-buffer.Results can be documented by photocopying the wet filter or by pho-tography.IF...THEN...you want to reprobe the membrane the membrane should not dry off at anytime, store in sealed plastic bag.Note: If you want to maintain the color,store membranes in TE buffer do notallow the membrane to dry.you don´t want to reprobe dry the membrane at 15 to 25°C for stor-age.Note: Color fades upon drying, to revita-lize the color, wet the membrane in TEbuffer.3.7Stripping and reprobing of DNA blotsGeneral The alkali-labile form of DIG-11-dUTP enables easier and more efficient strip-ping of blots for rehybridization experiment.Additional reagents required •Dimethylformamid (DMF)•0.2 N NaOH, 0.1% SDS (w/v)• 2 × SSCProtocolStorage of stripped membrane Please refer to the following table.Note: When stripping and rehybridization of blots is planned, the membrane should not dry off at any time.CAUTION: Work under a fume hoodStep Action1•Heat DMF in a large glass beaker in a water bath under a fume hood to 50-60° C.•Incubate the membranes in the heated DMF until the blue color precipitate is removed from the filter.CAUTION: DMF is volatile and can be ignited above 67° C.2Rinse membrane briefly in double distilled water.3Wash for 2 × 15 min in 0.2 N NaOH, SDS, 0.1% (w/v) at 37° C under constant agitation.4Equilibrate briefly in 2 × SSC.5Prehybridize and hybridize with a second probe.Once the membrane is stripped, it can be stored in Maleic acid buffer or2 × SSC until used again.4.Results4.1Typical resultsGenomic Southern blotFigure 3: This figure shows you the detection of a single-copy gene (ß-actin) in total human DNA using the standard protocol.Size (kb)1234215.1/5.04.33.52.01.91.61.40.950.830.562.551.0 。
地高辛说明书
地高辛片说明书【药品名称】通用名：地高辛片英文名：DigoxinTablets【成份】本品主要成份为地高辛。
【药理毒理】治疗剂量时+-K+-ATP酶结合而抑制该酶活性，1、正性肌力作用：本品选择性地与心肌细胞膜Na+-K+主动偶联转运受损，心肌细胞内Na+浓度升高，从而使肌膜使心肌细胞膜内外Na+2+2+2+上NaCa交换趋于活泼，使细胞浆内Ca增多，肌浆网内Ca储量亦增多，心肌兴奋2+2+时，有较多的Ca释放；心肌细胞内Ca浓度增高，冲动心肌收缩蛋白从而增加心肌收缩力。
2、负性频率作用：由于其正性肌力作用，使衰竭心脏心输出量增加，血流动力学状态改善，消除交感神经X力的反射性增高，并增强迷走神经X力，因而减慢心率。
此外，小剂量时提高窦房结对迷走神经冲动的敏感性，可增强其减慢心率作用。
大剂量〔通常接近中毒量〕那么可直接抑制窦房结、房室结和希氏束而呈现窦性心动过缓和不同程度的房室传导阻滞。
3、心脏电生理作用：通过对心肌电活动的直接作用和对迷走神经的间接作用，降低窦房结自律性；提高普肯野氏纤维自律性；减慢房室结传导速度，延长其有效不应期，导致房室结隐匿性传导增加，可减慢心房纤颤或心房扑动的心室率；由于本药缩短心房有效不应期，当用于房性心动过速和房扑时，可能导致心房率的加速和心房扑动转为心房纤颤；缩短普肯野氏纤维有效不应期。
【药代动力学】本品为由毛花洋地黄提纯制得的强心苷，其特点是排泄较快而蓄积性较小。
口服主要经小肠上部吸收，吸收不完全，也不规那么，口服吸收率约75%，生物利用度：片剂为60%-80%，口服起效时间0.5-2小时，血浆浓度达峰时间2-3小时，获最大效应时间为4-6小时。
地高辛消除半衰期平均为36小时。
分布；吸收后广泛分布到各组织一部分经胆道吸收入血，形成肝-肠循环。
血浆蛋白结合率低，为20%-25%，表观分布容积为6-10L/kg。
代谢与排泄：地高辛在体内转化代谢很少，主要以原形由肾排除，尿中排出量为用量的50%-70%。
地高辛
本品为白色结晶或结晶性粉末，无臭。 本品在吡啶中易溶，在稀醇中微溶，在三氯甲烷中极微溶解，在水或乙醚中不溶。 比旋度 取本品，精密称定，加吡啶溶解并定量稀释制成每1mL中约含20mg的溶液，依法测定（通则0621），比旋度 为+9.5°至+12.0°。
1、取本品约1mg，置小试管中，加含三氯化铁的冰醋酸（取冰醋酸10mL，加三氯化铁试液1滴制成）1mL溶解 后，沿管壁缓缓加硫酸1mL，使成两液层，接界处即显棕色，放置后，上层显靛蓝色。
3、强心苷中毒，一般有恶心、呕吐、厌食、头痛、眩晕等，首先应鉴别是由于心功能不全加重，还是强心苷 过量所致，因前者需加量，后者则宜停药。如中毒一旦确诊，必须立即停药，并根据具体情况应用下列药物：① 轻者，口服氯化钾，每次1g，一日3次；若病情紧急，如出现精神失常及严重心律失常，则用1.5～3g氯化钾，溶 于5%葡萄糖500ml中，缓慢静脉滴注；同时也需补充镁盐，可使用硫酸镁或L-天门冬氨酸钾镁。但肾功能不全、 高钾血症或重症房室传导阻滞者不宜用钾盐。②强心苷引起的房室传导阻滞、窦性心动过缓、窦性停搏等，可静 脉注射阿托品1～5mg，2～3小时重复1次。③洋地黄苷引起的室性心律失常，以用苯妥英钠效果较好。对紧急病 例，一般先静脉滴注250mg，然后再根据病情继续静脉滴注100mg或肌内注射100mg，此后可改口服，每日400mg 分次服用。对非紧急病例，仅口服给药即可。利多卡因亦可用于洋地黄苷引起的室性心律失常和心室颤动。④用 药期间忌用钙注射剂。
地高辛
药品
01 化合物简介
03 药物说明 05 安全信息
目录
02 药典信息 04 中毒
地高辛，是一种有机化合物，化学式为C41H64O14，是一种中效强心苷类药物，为白色结晶性粉末，无臭， 味苦。在治疗时，对心脏的作用表现为正性肌力作用，减慢心率，抑制心脏传导。适用于低输出量型充血性心力 衰竭、心房颤动、心房扑动、阵发性室上性心动过速。在洋地黄类药物中，地高辛排泄较快而且蓄积性较小，口 服吸收不完全，也不规则，人中毒血药浓度2.73～3.9nmol/L，成人致死量10mg。
地高辛(Digoxin )标准操作程序SOP文件
·Elecsys测量池清洗液（CleanCell）货号11662970
·Elecsys添加剂液（SysWash）货号11930346
·Elecsys系统清洗液支架（Adapter for SysClean)）货号11933159
·Elecsys 2010反应杯（Assay Cup)货号11706802
概述：
地高辛被广泛应用于充血性心功能衰竭的治疗和各种心率失常。地高辛能改善心肌收缩的强度,增加心脏血液输出,缩小心脏,降低静脉压和血容量。地高辛治疗也
可稳定和抑制室性心率。由于地高辛使用的经常性和治疗过程中的不谨慎,容易引起地高辛中毒。更危险的是地高辛中毒症状常以心率失常形式表现出来,而病人正是由于这种症状而用地高辛治疗的。公认的血清或血浆地高辛治疗浓度是0.9-2.0ng/ml。人类地高辛中毒症状一般只出现在地高辛浓度超过2.0ng/ml，但有时低至1.4ng/ml也可出现中毒症。地高辛中毒可出现在以下几种情况a)药物疗效比率较低(如达到治疗效果的组织浓度与产生中毒的组织浓度之间差异很小；b)个体对地高辛的反应程度不相同；c)各种地高辛药片的吸收率差异可达二倍以上d)年龄增高,对地高辛中毒的易感性明显增强。与其它临床资料结合,监测地高辛浓度可以为医生及时调整用药剂量提供有用的信息,从而达到理想的治疗效果,避免药物不足或过量引起中毒。Elecsys地高辛测定方法采用竞争法原理和一种地高辛特异的单克隆抗体。标本中的地高辛与生物素化的地高辛衍生物竞争钌标记的单克隆抗体。
原理：
采用竞争法原理，整个过程18分钟完成。
·第1步：10µl标本与钌（Ru）标记的抗地高辛单克隆抗体混匀，形成免疫复合物，其数量取决于标本中分析物的浓度。
地高辛ppt课件
地高辛通过影响自主神经系统的活性来发挥其负性频率和负性传导 作用，这有助于稳定心脏节律。
抗心律失常作用
1 2 3
降低心律失常的发生率
地高辛能够降低各种原因引起的心律失常的发生 率，如室性早搏、室性心动过速等。
对心脏电生理的影响
地高辛通过抑制心肌细胞膜上的Na⁺-K⁺ATP酶， 改变心肌细胞的电生理特性，从而发挥抗心律失 常作用。
避免自行购药
未经医生指导，避免自行购买和 使用其他药物，以免发生药物相
互作用。
05
地高辛的禁忌症与特殊人群用药
禁忌症
绝对禁忌症
急性心肌梗死、洋地黄中毒、室性心 动过速、房颤伴预激综合征、梗阻性 肥厚型心肌病等。
相对禁忌症
低钾血症、高钙血症、甲状腺功能亢 进、缺血性心脏病等。
特殊人群用药
儿童
老年人
临床研究进展
总结词
地高辛的临床研究进展是不断推动该药物应用和发展的重要动力，通过对新药理作用、新适应症和新 剂量的探索和研究，可以进一步拓展地高辛的应用范围。
详细描述
近年来，地高辛的临床研究取得了重要进展，如研究发现地高辛可以改善慢性心力衰竭患者的预后和 生活质量，同时还可以降低心血管事件的发生率。此外，还有研究探索了地高辛在心律失常、心肌炎 等其他心血管疾病中的应用，为地高辛的广泛应用提供了更多证据支持。
研究展望
总结词
地高辛的研究展望主要集中在药物作用机制的深入探 讨、新型药物剂型的研发以及与其他药物的联合应用 等方面，以期为患者提供更加安全、有效的治疗选择 。
详细描述
未来地高辛的研究将更加关注药物的作用机制和药代 动力学特征，以进一步了解药物的疗效和安全性。同 时，新型药物剂型的研发也是研究的重要方向之一， 如长效缓释剂型可以提高患者的用药依从性和治疗效 果。此外，与其他药物的联合应用也是研究的热点之 一，如地高辛与ACE抑制剂、ARBs等心血管药物的联 合应用，可以更好地发挥治疗效果并降低不良反应的 发生率。
心血管常用药物英汉对照表
心血管常用药物英汉对照表：强心苷Cediland 西地兰Deslanoside 去乙酰毛花苷Digoxin 地高辛Digitalis 洋地黄叶Digitoxin 洋地黄毒苷Lanatoside 毛花苷丙，西地兰Metildigoxin 甲地高辛Strophanthin K 毒毛旋花子苷K非强心苷类强心药物多巴胺及其同系物Denopamine 地诺帕明Dopamine 多巴胺Dopexamine 多培沙明Ibopamine 异波帕胺β-受体激动剂Dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺Prenalterol 普瑞特罗Xamoterol 扎莫特罗磷酸二酯酶抑制剂1.二氢吡啶衍生物Amrinone 氨力农Milrinone 米力农V esnarinone 威那力农2.咪唑啉酮衍生物Enoximone 依诺昔酮Piroximone 皮诺昔酮3.钙增敏剂Pimobendan 匹莫苯其它治疗心功能不全药物Aminophylline 氨茶碱Meglumine cyclic adenylate 心先安利尿剂Acetazolamide 乙酰唑胺Amiloride 阿米洛利Bendrofluazide 苄氟噻嗪Bumetanide 丁苯氧酸Chlorothiazide 氯噻嗪Chlorthalidone 氯噻酮Cyclopenthiazide 环戊噻嗪Cyclothiazide 环己氯噻嗪Diucardin 氢氟噻嗪Ethacrynic Acid 依他尼酸Flumethiazide 氟噻嗪Furosemide 呋噻米Hydrochlorothiazide 氢氯噻嗪Indapamide 吲哒帕胺Methyclothiazide 甲氯噻嗪Polythiazide 多噻嗪Spironolactone 螺内酯Tienilic Acid 天尼酸Triamterene 氨苯蝶啶Trichlormethiazide 三氯甲噻嗪血管扩张剂Hydralazine 肼苯哒嗪Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Phentolamine 酚妥拉明Sodium Nitroprusside 硝普钠β-受体阻断剂Acebutolol 醋丁洛尔Alprenolol 阿普洛尔Amosulalol 氨磺洛尔Arotinolol 阿罗洛尔Atenolol 阿替洛尔Befunolol 比凡洛尔Betaxolol 倍他洛尔Bevantolol 贝凡洛尔Bisoprolol 比索洛尔Bopindolol 波吲洛尔Bucumolol 布库洛尔Carvedilol 卡维地洛Celiprolol 西利洛尔Cetamolol 塞他洛尔Dilevalol 地来洛尔Esmolol 艾司洛尔Flestolol 氟司洛尔Labetalol 拉贝洛尔Metoprolol 美托洛尔Nadolol 纳多洛尔Penbutolol 喷布洛尔Propranolol 普萘洛尔Sotalol 索他洛尔Tilisolol 替索洛尔Timolol 噻吗洛尔钙离子拮抗剂Amlodipine 氨氯地平Anipamil 阿尼帕米Barnidipine 巴尼地平Benidipine 贝尼地平Darodipine 达罗地平Diltiazem 恬尔心Felodipine 非洛地平Gallopamil 盖洛帕米Isradipine 伊拉地平Lacidipine 拉西地平Lercanidipine 乐卡地平Manidipine 马尼地平Nicardipine 尼卡地平Nifedipine 硝苯地平Niludipine 尼鲁地平Nilvadipine 尼瓦地平Nimodipine 尼莫地平Nisoldipine 尼索地平Nitrendipine 尼群地平Tiapamil 泰尔帕米V erapamil 维拉帕米抗心律失常药物Ia类抗心律失常药物Disopyramide 丙吡胺Dihydroquinidine 双氢奎尼丁N-Acethlprocainamide N-乙酰普鲁卡因胺Procainamide 普鲁卡因胺Quinidine 奎尼丁Ib类抗心律失常药物Aprindine 安搏律定Lidocaine 利多卡因Mexiletine 美西律Phenytoin Sodium 苯妥英钠Tocainide 室安卡因Ic类抗心律失常药物Encainide 英卡胺Flecainide 氟卡胺Lorcainide 劳卡胺Moracizine 莫雷西嗪Propafenone 普罗帕酮Ⅲ类抗心律失常药物Amiodarone 胺碘酮Bretylium 溴苄胺Desethylamiodarone 脱乙基胺碘酮Dofetilide 多非利特Ibutilide 伊布利特Sotalol 索他洛尔Ⅳ类抗心律失常药物Bepridil 伯普地尔V erapamil 维拉帕米Diltiazem 恬尔心其它Adenosine 腺苷血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂Alacepril 阿拉普利Benazepril 贝那普利Captopril 卡托普利Cilazapril 西拉普利Delapril 地拉普利Enalapril 依那普利Fosinopril 福辛普利Lisinopril 赖诺普利Imidapril 依达普利Perindopril 培哚普利Quinapril 喹那普利Ramipril 雷米普利Trandolapril 泉多普利血管紧张素受体拮抗剂Candesartan 坎地沙坦Irbesartan 伊贝沙坦Losartan 洛沙坦Olmesartan 奥美沙坦Telmisartan 替米沙坦V alsartan 维沙坦α-受体阻滞剂Alfuzosin 阿呋唑嗪Bunazosin 布那唑嗪Doxazosin 多沙唑嗪Phenoxybenzamine 酚苄明Phentolamine 酚妥拉明Prazosin 哌唑嗪Terazosin 特拉唑嗪Tolazoline 妥拉苏林Trimazosin 曲马唑嗪硝酸酯Amyl Nitris 亚硝酸异戊酯Isosorbide-5-mononitrate 单硝酸异山梨醇酯Isosorbide Dinitrate 消心痛Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油抗休克药物Adrenaline 肾上腺素AnisodamineHydrobromide 氢溴酸山莨菪碱Aprotinin 抑肽酶Atropine 阿托品Chlorpromazine 氯丙嗪Copolamine Hydrobromide氢溴酸东莨菪碱Dexamethasone 地塞米松Dextran40 低分子右旋糖酐Hydrocortisone 氢化考的松Isoprenaline 异丙肾上腺素Mephentermine 恢压敏Metaraminol Bitartrate 重酒石酸间羟胺Methoxamine 甲氧胺Methylprednisolone 甲基泼尼松龙Naloxone 纳洛酮Norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素Pethidine 哌替啶Phenylephrine 苯肾上腺素Promethazine 异丙嗪调血脂药物Acipimox 阿西莫司Atorvastatin 阿托伐他汀Beclobrate 苄氯贝特Bezafibrate 苯扎贝特Cholestyramine 考来烯胺Ciprofibrate 环丙贝特Clinofibrate 克利贝特Clofibrate 氯贝丁酯Colestipol 考来替泊Divistyramine 地维烯胺Elastase 弹性酶Etophylline Clofibrate 益多酯Fenofibrate 非诺贝特Fluvastatin 氟伐他汀Gemfibrozil吉非贝齐Inositol Nicotinate 烟酸肌醇酯Lifibrate 利贝特Linoleic Acid 亚油酸Lovastatin 洛伐他汀Nicotinic Acid烟酸Pantethine 潘特生Polysaccharid Sulphate 藻酸双酯钠Pravastatin 普伐他汀Probucol 普罗布考rosuvastatin 罗伐他汀Simvastatin 辛伐他汀Vitamine E Nicotinate 维生素E烟酸酯溶栓药物Alteplase 阿替普酶AnisoylatedPlasminogen-Streptokinase Activator Complex 乙酰化纤溶酶原链激酶激活物复合物Defibrin 克栓酶desmoteplase 去氨普酶Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator 组织型纤溶酶原激活剂Recombinant Tissue -Type Plasminogen Activator 重组组织型纤溶酶激活剂Reteplase 瑞替普酶Single-chain Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂Streptokinase 链激酶Urokinase 尿激酶抗凝血药物Anisindione 茴茚二酮Courmadin 华法林Heparing 肝素Hirudin 水蛭素Phenindione 苯茚二酮Low Molecular WeightHeparin 低分子肝素Warfarin 华法林抗血小板药物Abciximab 阿昔单抗Aspirin 阿斯匹林Cilostazol 西洛他唑Clopidogrel 氯吡格雷Dipyridamole 双嘧达莫Eptifibatide 埃替巴肽Lamifiban 拉米非班PGI2 prostacyclin 前列环素ProstaglandinE1 前列腺素E1Ticlopidine 噻氯匹啶Tirofiban 替罗非班心肌营养药物Adenosine Triphosphate三磷酸腺苷CoenzymeA辅酶ACoenzymeQ10 辅酶Q10Creatine phosphate 磷酸肌酸Folic Acid 叶酸Inosinum 肌苷L-carnitine 左-卡尼丁Magnesium Sulfate 硫酸镁Potassium Chloride 氯化钾Potassium MagnesiumAspartate 门冬氨酸钾镁Trimetazidine 曲美他嗪1,6-Fructose Diphosphate1.6-二磷酸果糖。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
什么是地高辛（Digoxin）
地高辛是从一种洋地黄植物叶子中提取出来的药物，能够加强心脏收缩能力（正性肌力作用）和降低收缩节奏（负性频率作用）。
通常用于治疗充血性心力衰竭。
地高辛也用于室上性心动过速、房扑和房颤。
地高辛潜在的副作用是什么？
当遇到下列过敏反应的情况时（如荨麻疹，呼吸困难，脸部、嘴唇、舌头或喉咙出现水肿），您需要紧急的医疗救助。
在出现下列严重的副作用时，您需要立即通知您的医生：
心动过速、过缓或心律不齐；
血便或黑色、柏油样粪便；
视力模糊、黄视或出现幻觉、思维混淆等不寻常的行为。
您服用地高辛需要知道的哪些重要信息？
若您对地高辛过敏或有心室纤颤则不得服用地高辛；
若您有某些心脏疾病时，在服用地高辛前须告诉医生，尤其是房室传导阻滞或心脏病发史。
如果您有下列疾病时，一并告知您的医生，如肾病、甲状腺异常、电解质紊乱或最近有过呕吐或腹泻等情况；
如果感觉良好，须遵照医嘱按时、按量服用；
在未告知医生的情况下不得停止服用，因为突然停药可能会造成疾病的进一步恶化；
有许多药物和地高辛有相互作用，您需要告诉医生您使用的处方药和非处方药，不得私自服用其他药物。
您可以将使用过的药物记录在药历上，并出示给您的医护人员。
您应该如何服用地高辛
您需要严格遵照医嘱服药，不得增加剂量或延长用药时间；
每天在同一时间用温开水服用；
为了减少不良反应，您需要定期血液检查和肾功能检查；
您应该如何保存药物？
室温保存，保持干燥，避免阳光直接照射。
忘了服用该怎么办？
在您记起时立即服用。
如果距离您下次服用不到12小时则不得服用，需等到下次服用的时间再服用，不能加大剂量服用或补服。
服用了过量药物该怎么办？
当您发现自己服用了过量的药物时，立即寻求紧急医疗救助。
药物过量的临床表现包括：恶心、呕吐、腹泻、食欲不振、视力模糊、严重的皮疹、心律不齐或有眩晕感。
在服药期间，您需要注意什么（避免哪些禁忌）？
避免因运动或其他原因引起脱水，因为在脱水的情况下更容易发生药物过量的情况。