翻译技巧(2)词类转换法
翻译技巧词类转换法
one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make one-site inspection of the Soviet Strategic-arsenal and Russia’s refusal.
第9页，此课件共28页哦
I. Converting to verbs
练习（二）
1. Not only does dark energy appear to make up the bulk of the universe, but its existence, if it stands the test of time, will probably require the development of new theories of physics.
waste of time. 工业部门和军队中的许多人对噪音有切身体会，他们认为对这个问题进
行任何调查都是浪费时间。
5. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current
affairs. 练习： 1. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East
8. In general, drying a solid means the removal of relatively small
amounts of water or other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptable low value.
翻译学丛：常用英语翻译技巧(2)
英语知识3. 转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。
在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。
在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。
在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
如：(1) 我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。
(名词转动词)（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) (4) I'm all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。
（介词转动词）（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。
（动词转名词）（6）In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。
英汉翻译2.词性转换法
1) adjectives converted nouns
The steam turbine is less economical at cruising speed.
After careful treatment the deaf have recovered their hearing.
Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.
If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.
3.词性转换法
I. Conversion in English-Chinese Translation
This watch never varies more than a second in a month.
1. Conversion into verbs 1) Nouns converted into verbs Rockets have found application for
the exploration of the universe. Some power plants are under
construction. The operation of a machine needs
some knowledge of its performance.
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I .
翻译的八大常用技巧
作用与意义1. 重译法：为了明确、为了强调、为了生动2. 增译法：为了更忠实于原文的意思，而又更合乎译文的表达习惯3. 减译法：源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法4. 词类转移法：语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变，词序有时也随之变化5. 词序调整法：语言之间构成形式并非完全相同，做必不可少的词序改变6. 分译法：主要用于长句的翻译，有时存在于词语语义的分译7. 正反翻译法：由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说，反话正说8. 语态变换法：主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭，因而处于战争状态时，缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。
We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。
A large family has its difficulties.大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。
Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。
Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown.舟遥遥以轻扬，风飘飘而吹衣。
转换法
3、英语表示感觉和心里状态的形容词 汉 语动词 They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment. 他们对实验中所获得的数据相当满意。 If you are ignorant of the importance of translation, you will not like it. 假如不了解翻译的重要性，你就不会喜翻译。 We became aware of a peculiar smell in the room. 我们发现房间里有一股特别的气味。
四、英语主语
汉语谓语
这一转换法主要用于翻译英语以具有动作含义的名词（如 attempt,attention,emphasis,care,choice,improvement,inspection,nee d,talk,thought等），作主语的句子。 In every corner of the country, talk of the Olimpic Games of 2008 in Beijing is in the air. 全国各个角落都在谈论2008年北京奥运会。 There is a great need for college graduates in industry. 工业战线很需要大学毕业生。 The prevention of certain types of cancer is distinctly within the realm of possibility. 某些种类的癌症显然是可以预防的。
三，英语主语 汉语定语 The proton has considerably more mass than electron. 质子的质量比电子大得多。 Gold has an advantage in that it cannot react with oxygen. 金子 的优势是不不容易和氧气反应。
浅谈英语翻译的方法和技巧
浅谈英语翻译的方法和技巧作者：王天乐来源：《中学课程辅导·教师教育》 2019年第2期前言英语是国际上指定的官方语言，同样也是世界上使用最为广泛的语言。
掌握一定的英语翻译方法与技巧不仅有助于提升我们的语言学习及使用能力，同时还加深对外国文化及风俗习惯等方面的了解。
而且在翻译的过程中，能够在翻译中感受英语的魅力，在反复翻译的推敲中理解英语。
一、英语翻译常用方法及技巧（一）直译法直译法是英语翻译中最简单的方法，就是直接将英语翻译出来，按照文章的语句顺序翻译，使得英语翻译能够体现出原文的特点，还能保留其原文形式。
因为英语和汉语之间有许多互通之处，所以一些英语句子能够使用直译法直接翻译出来，像是李宁品牌的宣传标语“Everything is possible”，意思为一切皆有可能。
由此可见，直译法在英语翻译中的发挥着很大的作用，使用简单的方式就能够对英语句子进行准确翻译。
（二）增译法因为英语和汉语在思维方式、语言习惯以及表达方式上都存在一定的差异，所以在进行英语翻译时，要在句子中恰当的增添一些词汇或是短语，以此将原文意思更加精确地表达出来，这样不仅能够提升英语翻译的效果，还有助于读者对文章更好的理解，降低其理解难度。
所以此种方式也是实际英语翻译中常用的翻译技巧。
另外，在使用汉语进行交流表达时，往往可以将主语省略，但是在英语表达上，能够转化为被动语态的只有“There be”句型，而其他大部分英语句式都要通过对其增添一些主语，才能够将英语原文翻译的更加准确。
比如：The lion is the King of animals.用直译法翻译就是“狮子是动物的王”，这样的表示显然不够精准，所以可以将其翻译为“狮子是百兽之王”，通过增加“百”，可以达到准确翻译的目的。
除此之外，在英语翻译中，会发现英语和汉语除了在句式上存在不同，在代词、连词的使用上也存在着很大的差异。
因此，在进行英语翻译时，要注意不能够违背原文所要表达的含义，对于“It”在文中比到达什么含义一定联系上下文，在文中寻找其所代替的词语，以此提升英语翻译的准确性。
词类转换翻译法
词类转换翻译法在英译汉的过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达式不同，就不能逐词对译。
原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。
一、名词的转译1.英语名词转译成动词由动词派生的名词，具有动词意思的名词，以结尾表示身份或职业的名词等，这些名词都可以转译成动词。
【例1】The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.×对于这些事情的回想将会增添他生活的乐趣。
【译文】回想起这些事情，会给他的生活增添乐趣。
【例2】He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.×他认为这次大会是人民的公正忠实的代表。
【译文】他认为这次大会公正忠实地代表了人民。
【例3】Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws.×其他政府活动则是各个州的责任，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。
【译文】其他政府职能则由各个州来承担，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。
【例4】The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.【译文】看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到特别神往。
【例5】To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing.【译文】据我所知，有几台计算机失踪了。
【例6】He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.×他是个好听众，所以他们喜欢同他谈话。
翻译技巧汇总 词类转译法
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课堂练习
• 1.He who is subject to temptations tends to err. 2 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. 3 He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science.
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课堂练习参考译文：
• 1.He who is subject to temptations tends to err. 不能抗拒诱惑的人往往要犯错误。 • 2 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. 老人在同儿子谈话时宽恕了年轻人过去的种种劣迹。 • 3 He had never been a medical student, yet he was given one of those rare honorary degrees of Doctor of Science 他从来没有上过医学院，但他却获得了理学博士这样难得 的荣誉学位
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英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往 往转译成汉语副词 • Below 4°C, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. • 水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收 缩。 • Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials. • 只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。
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A. 名词转译成动词（基本方法）
（一）具有动态意义的名词（1） “… of …” 结构（2）短语结构翻译顺序 ：顺译与逆译 1. It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science: objective observation and description of some phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed and possible relationships among them, the use of these to predict future events, the verification of the hypotheses and, on this basis, the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity. 2. What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions. 就噪音而论，所需要的是研究大批生活在噪音条件下的人数。 3. Insistence on human rights
练习（一）
1. The Census Bureau,the data agency charged with creating statistics on household incomes and their distribution, does not maintain an official definition of middle class status. 2. During the half-hour talk, the two sides exchanged views on the choice of terms of payment, but they made no mention of the mode of transportation. （在半小时的商谈中，双方就付 款方式交换了意见，但没有提到运输方式。）
5. Basically applied science starts with the clear understanding of a human need and then uses all the available scientific knowledge to assist in the satisfaction of this need. 归根到底，应用科学的出发点是清楚地了解人类的某一项需要，然后利用一 切现有的科学知识去帮助满足这种需要。 6. Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe. 理论科学的主要任务是发展理论，建立宇宙间各种现象之间的关系。 7. Increasingly, there is talk of viewer participation in television; two-way TV programs will make it possible to take part in a soap opera or football game as if the viewer were there. 人们越来越多的谈论着电视观众参与电视节目的问题，双向电视节目将使电 视观众有可能参加电视连续剧的演出或足球比赛，犹如身临其境。 8. In general, drying a solid means the removal of relatively small amounts of water or other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptable low value. 一般情况下，固体干燥指的是从固体材料中除去相对少量的水或其他液体， 从而使残留液体的含量减少到可接受的低水平。
A. 名词转译成动词（基本方法）
（四）短语中的主体名词通常翻译为动词
1. The next news bulletin（新闻节目）, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 2. She had high praise for Dr. Smith, although she complained about his strictness. 3.The party branch secretary showed great concern for the students’ health 4. He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.
I. Converting to verbs
A. 名词转译成动词（概述）
1. They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。 2. Give me liberty or give me death. 不自由， 毋宁死。 3. He is an enemy to reform. 他反对改革。 4. Difference between the social system of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation. 国与国社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近 与合作。
A. 名词转译成动词（基本方法）
Leabharlann 4. Many people in industry and the service, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time. 工业部门和军队中的许多人对噪音有切身体会，他们认为对这 个问题进行任何调查都是浪费时间。 5. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 练习： 1. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israel withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israel’s right to exist.
I. Converting to verbs
练习（二）
1. Not only does dark energy appear to make up the bulk of the universe, but its existence, if it stands the test of time, will probably require the development of new theories of physics. 暗能量视乎占据了宇宙的大部分空间， 不仅如此，如果它的存在能够经受 时间的考验，那么有可能需要建立新的物理学理论。 2. The same is true of galaxy clusters, the largest coherent bodies in the universe---assemblages of thousands of galaxies embedded in a vast cloud of hot gas and bound together by gravity. 对于星系群来说是如此，星系群是宇宙中最大的联合体，集中了数千个星 系，埋藏在巨大的热气云团中，由重力联系在一起。 3. Scientists say that government construction of a multi-billion-dollar, permanent space station could aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance, conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back. 科学家认为，由政府建造一个耗资数十亿美元的永久空间站会有助于预测 地球上的自然灾害，进行医学研究，以及收集太阳能并将其送回地面。 4. The analysis will require the development of new theoretical tools but should be within our grasp in the next few years. 要做这方面的分析就需要开发新的理论工具，不过今后几年中我们就会掌 握分析的方法。
A. 名词转译成动词（基本方法）
（二）英语中含有动态意义的名词通常翻译为动词，
并根据需要增添逻辑宾语。 1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的（机声），令我 们特别神 往。 2. As the week draw to a close, the enemy rout was complete. 一周快结束时， 敌人彻底溃退了。