高考英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第三节题组训练2科普知识
第三节题组训练 2 科普知识
A
(2017·河东区一模)
Do you ever wish for a little more time to do everything you need to do？Well，on July 1 you’ll be getting it—but only one more second.
On July 1 at exactly 7：59：59 a．m.Beijing time (or on June 30 at 23：59：59 UTC，Coordinated Universal Time)，the world’s atomic(原子的) clocks will pause for a single second，or，more precisely，change to the unusual time of 7：59：60，according to addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slow ing of Earth’s rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.
Just one extra second could cause big problems and affect the way computers and websites work，however.When the last leap second was added back in 2012，more than a few websites had some trouble.As reported by https://www.360docs.net/doc/673752027.html,，popular sites like the community website Reddit crashed when the leap second was added.
For Reddit，the problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second.
Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012，Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented：“Almost every time we have a leap second，we find something.It’s really annoying，because it’s code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by us ers under their normal conditions.”
Companies have had to think of their own solutions，and Google’s “leap smear” may be the best-known example.As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post，companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks by
one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again.
However，Pascoe believes this creates problems.He asked：“What happens？Does e-mail that comes in during that second get stored correctly？”
Google has a solution：Cut the extra second into milliseconds and then put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day.“This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，”says Pascoe.“Our clocks have already taken this into account over the cours e of the day.”
For many companies without Google’s money，however，the leap second will likely still cause some crashes.Don’t worry，though—at least it won’t last long!
A．The world’s atomic clocks are set to do so.
B．To keep in time with the world’s computers.
C．To keep atomic clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation.
D．To record the changes to astronomical time.
答案 C
解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.”可知，闰秒是由于地球自转变慢引起的，为了与由太阳测量的天文时间一致而增加一秒，故选C。
2．What happened to the website Reddit when the leap second was added in 2012? A．It crashed because of a virus attack.
B．Its network time added two extra seconds.
C．All of the code in its Linux system went wrong.
D．One of its software systems got confused and the site broke down.
答案 D
解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句和第四段中“the problem was eve ntually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second”可知，闰秒发生时，网站崩溃，运行系统混乱，故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “something” refer to in the 5th paragraph? A．The code not working properly.
B．The extra second.
C．The problem.
D．Normal conditions.
答案 A
解析代词指代题。根据文章第五段中“we find something.It’s really annoying，because it’s code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions”可知，something指代后文出现的一些从没使用过和测试过的代码，即代码不正常地工作，故选A。
4．How do companies usually deal with the problem of the extra second?
A．By shutting down computers at the end of the day.
B．By stopping receiving emails that come in during that second.
C．By turning the clocks back by one second at the end of the day.
D．By cutting the extra second into milliseconds throughout the day.
答案 C
解析细节理解题。根据第六段中“companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again”可知，解决额外一秒的做法是在一天结束时将时钟往回调一秒，故选C。5．What’s Christopher Pascoe’s attitude toward Google’s solution to the problem? A．Unfavorable. B．Doubtful.
C．Approving. D．Cautious.
答案 C
解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“‘This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，’says Pascoe.‘Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.’”可知，午夜时分多一秒时，时钟已经在白天将这一秒考虑在内了，所以Pascoe认同这个方法，故选C。
B
(2017·和平区一模)
Soaping up your hands may do more than just get rid of germs.It may wash away the inner confusion you feel right after being forced to make a choice between two appealing choices，according to a new study.The study builds on past research into a phenomenon known as “the Macbeth effect”．
It turns out that Shakespeare was really onto something when he imagined Lady Macbeth trying to clean her conscience(良心) by rubbing invisible bloodstains from her hands.A few years ago，scientists asked people to describe a past wrong act.If people were then given a chance to clean their hands，they later expressed less guilt than peopl e who hadn’t cleaned.
This finding fascinated W．S.Lee，a researcher.“Anything from the past，any kind
of negative emotional experiences，might be washed away，” says Lee.
He decided to test hand washing’s effect on one kind of bad feeling：the tension we feel after being forced to choose between two attractive choices，because picking one choice makes us feel that we’ve lost the other.People usually try to calm this inner conflict by later exaggerating(夸大) the positive aspects of their choice.
He had students rank 10 different music CDs.Then he offered students one CD as a gift.Some students then used liquid soap.Others only looked at the soap or sniffed(嗅) it.“Actually，you do not need water and soap，” says Lee.
Later，the students again had to rank all the music.P eople who didn’t wash their hands had the normal response—they scored their take-home CD higher，suggesting that they now saw it as even more attractive than before.But this wasn’t true for the hand washers.They ranked the music about the same.“They feel no need at all to justify the choice，” says Lee.
But the implications of it just aren’t clear.Schwarz says it’s too soon to know whether people should head for a sink after making a tough choice.He says washing may help decision-makers by cleaning away mental disorder，but perhaps if they don’t go through the usual post-decision process of justifying their choice，they might feel more sorrow in the long run.
The Macbeth effect refers to the fact that .
A．people feel less ashamed after washing their hands
B．soaping up one’s hand may help wash away the inner confusion and make a decision C．people feel less guilty by getting rid of invisible germs from their hands D．Shakespeare did scientific research before writing Macbeth
答案 A
解析推理判断题。由第二段内容可知，人们在洗手后会感到良心上的愧疚感减轻，故选A。7．According to Lee，after people make the choice .
A．they will overstate the goodness of their chosen choice
B．they will feel regretful for not choosing another
C．they will feel free due to the feeling of losing the other choice
D．they will think nothing of their chosen choice any more to calm their inner conflict 答案 A
解析细节理解题。由第四段内容可知，在做出两个选项的选择后，人们通常会紧张不安，以夸大自己所选择的事物的优点来使内心平静，故选A。
8．According to Lee，those hand washers consider justifying their choice . A．more scientific B．unnecessary
C．a little convincing D．absolutely useless
答案 B
解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“‘They feel no need at all to justify the choice，’says Lee.”可知选B。
9．What does Schwarz need to research more?
A．Whether people need to justify their choice.
B．Whether people feel more sorrow after washing hands.
C．Whether washing hands help over a long period of time.
D．Whether washing hands is helpful to make a choice.
答案 C
解析细节理解题。通过最后一段内容可知，洗手从长远看是否有作用还需要更多的研究，故选C。
10．What might be the most suitable title for the passage?
A．Is Washing Hands Necessary to Defeat Tension?
B．Washing Hands Washes Our Mind
C．Washing Hands Helps Make a Better Choice
D．Washing Hands Reduces the Stress of Decision
答案 D
解析标题归纳题。根据第一段内容以及整篇文章的介绍可知，本文主要讲洗手能够减轻作决定的压力，故选D。
C
(2017·南开区三模)
You know the saying “You’re as young as you feel”．Well，there may be some truth in that，according to researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ellen Langer，a Harvard psychologist who studies how the mind influences the body，and her colleagues reviewed the scientific literature for evidence that a person’s perception of their age might influence their health.They published their results in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science.
In one study that Langer led,47 women had their hair done.The women who thought their new hairdos(发型) made them look younger did look younger to objective observers，who were shown before-and-after pictures.The women who thought they looked
younger also showed a drop in blood pressure.Another study involving 4,421 men found that those who became bald(秃顶) at a relatively young age were more likely to get cancer and heart disease than men who did not.Similarly，another study involving 2,017 men found that those who lost their hair early were more likely to develop heart disease.“We believe that the feelings associated with being older than one’s real age account for some of these health outcomes，” the researchers wrote.
The researchers also described studies which found that women who had children later in life were more likely to be healthier and live longer than those who had children early，which they attributed to the fact that these mothers tend to spend more time with younger women.Similarly，people who marry younger partners tend to live longer than those who marry older partners，according to other studies.
Taken together，the research supports the general mind-body hypothesis(假说) that when a younger mind is prepared，a younger body can accompany it.While the mechanism(机制) remains unclear，the researchers figured that suggestions associated with aging can make one unconsciously or consciously aware of old age and set in motion a series of physiological processes that can have real effects on short-term and long-term health.
．The underlined word “perception” in Paragraph 2 means “”．A．view B．appearance
C．influence D．creation
答案 A
解析词义猜测题。由第一段第一句中的“You’re as young as you feel”及第二段第一句中的“how the mind influences the body”可推测出答案。
12．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3? A．Blood pressure is closely related to hairdos.
B．Feeling older than one’s real age may be tied to health problems.
C．Getting cancer or heart disease is the cause of hair losing.
D．The women w ho love hairdos look younger than those who don’t.
答案 B
解析细节理解题。由第三段列举的三项研究的结果及最后一句话的总结可知选B。
13．It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that .
A．a younger mother is more likely to live longer
B．the younger one of a couple lives much longer
C．often sta ying with younger people can benefit people’s health
D．people who want to live longer need to marry young
答案 C
解析推理判断题。由该段中举的例子可推知选C。
14．The passage mainly tells us that .
A．getting bald too early is not good for health
B．women had better give birth later in their life
C．people who marry younger partners tend to live longer
D．people’s view of their age may have an effect on their own health
答案 D
解析主旨大意题。由第一段第一句中的“You’re as young as you feel”和最后一段第一句中的“the research supports the general mind-body hypothesis(假说) that when a younger mind is prepared，a younger body can accompany it”可知，人们对自己年龄的认知可能会影响健康，故选D。
15．From which page of a newspaper is the passage most probably taken from? A．Entertainment. B．Health.
C．Economy. D．Politics.
答案 B
解析文章出处题。本文是关于健康的，故最有可能出自报纸上的健康专栏。故选B。
D
(2017·河西区二模)
When you want to throw something out as “junk”，better take a second thought as it may be of great value.In fact，scientists made the same mistake with DNA years ago，and now they are trying to get it right.
We often say that DNA is a kind of acid that contains our genes.But the truth is that genes only make up 1 to 2 percent of our DNA，which caused scientists to believe that the rest of it is useless.
Nevertheless，instead of doing nothing，junk DNA，as it is called，turned out to be playing an important part in our body.If genes are like light bulbs，then junk DNA acts as switches.
They control which genes are used in a cell and how active they are.For example，they can determine whether a cell becomes a lung cell or a neuron(神经元)．The study，published in the journal Nature on September 5，started in 2003，and 442 scientists from 30 labs around the world were involved，according to Reuters.It
is considered the biggest breakthrough in genomics(基因学) in a decade because it might help scientists find the cause of certain diseases.
It has long been known that many complicated diseases，such as cancer，are caused by tiny changes in DNA.But now scientists realize that most of the changes occur not in the genes themselves，but in the “junk” p art of the DNA.They are able to keep track of how and why the switches change and then figure out new treatments and drugs.
“Our former understanding of DNA was like getting a picture of Earth from space，”Eric Lander from the Broad Institute，US，told The New York Times.“You know the planet is there，but you cannot see exactly what it’s like on the surface.”
But now with the new study result “you can follow the roads and see the traffic circulation.That’s exactly the same way we will use this data in cancer research，”explained Mark Rubin from Weill Cornell Medical College in New York. 16．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．DNA—The Cause of Cancer
B．What Is DNA?
C．A New Discovery for “Junk DNA”
D．A Misunderstanding of Genes
答案 C
解析标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了垃圾DNA其实在我们的身体中也扮演着重要的角色，这是医学上的一个新发现，故选C。
17．What does the underlined phrase “get it right” in the first paragraph refer to?
A．Discovering new types of DNA.
B．Recognizing the importance of junk DNA.
C．Understanding the role genes play in DNA.
D．Telling useful DNA from useless one.
答案 B
解析词义猜测题。根据上文中的“多年前科学家对于垃圾DNA也犯了同样的错误”可推知，他们现在正在纠正，也就是认识到垃圾DNA的重要性。故选B。
18．The author explains how different parts of DNA work by . a．introducing a general theory
b．making a metaphor(比喻)
c．giving examples
d．displaying research data
A．a，c B．b，c
C．a，d D．c，d
答案 B
解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“If genes are like light bulbs，then junk DNA acts as switches.”可知，作者使用比喻来解释DNA的作用；根据第四段内容可知，作者具体举出了例子，故选B。
19．The results of the study mentioned in the article show that . A．cancer is caused by tiny changes in genes themselves
B．the study of junk DNA is less important than the study of genes
C．changes in junk DNA do not affect genes
D．junk DNA is very important for the functioning of our cells
答案 D
解析细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“They c ontrol which genes are used in a cell and how active they are.”可知，垃圾DNA对于我们细胞的正常功能是非常重要的，故选D。20．Which of the following statements might Mark Rubin agree with?
A．The findings of our genes are enough to fight against cancer.
B．The battle against cancer will be won within two years.
C．The findings of junk DNA throw light on how we might cure cancer.
D．The new treatments and drugs will change junk DNA quickly.
答案 C
解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“That’s exactly the same way we will use this data in cancer research...”可知，研究垃圾DNA得出的数据将运用到癌症治疗的研究中，故选C。
高考英语阅读理解训练50篇
阅读理解训练50篇（1） 1 Doctors say anger can be an extremely damaging emotion, unless you learn how to deal with it. They warn that anger can lead to heart disease, stomach problems, headaches, emotional problems and possibly cancer. Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time. Some people express anger openly in a calm reasonable way. Others burst with anger, and scream and yell.But other people keep their anger inside. They can not or will not express it. This is called repressing anger. For years many doctors thought that repressing anger was more dangerous to a person's health than expressing it. They said that when a person is angry, the brain releases the same hor- mones (荷尔蒙).They speed the heart rate, raise blood pressure, or sugar into the blood, etC．In general the person feels excited and ready to act. Some doctors say that both repressing and expressing anger can be dangerous. They believe that those who express anger violently may be more likely to develop heart disease, and they believe that those who keep their anger inside may face a greater danger of high blood pressure. Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger. They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about. If it is, they say, “Do not express your anger while angry. Wait until your anger has cooled down and you are able to express yourself calmly and reasonably.” Doctors say that a good way to deal with anger is to find humor in the situation that has made you angry. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger. 1．“Damaging emotion” means t hat _________. A．the emotion is harmless B．the emotion is harmful C．the feeling is very strong D．the feeling is hard 2．What statement is right? A．Were you angry, you would be cancered (得癌症). B．Once you are angry, you must be cancered. C．Angry as you are often, you can't be cancered, D．Anger may cause you a cancer. 3．Expressing anger violently _________ repressing it according to some scientists. A．is just the same as B．is more harmful than C．is no better than D．is much better than 4．According to the author, you'd better _________. A．never be angry B．cool it down before you express it C．laugh and laugh when you get angry D．admit you are wrong when you are angry 二
【英语】高考英语阅读理解练习题及答案
【英语】高考英语阅读理解练习题及答案 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 There might be as many as 10 million species of complex life on this planet today —— a huge number. But add up all of the complex species that ever lived and some biologists think the grand total would be about five billion. The estimate leads to an astonishing conclusion: a staggering 99% of species are not around any more. They have been driven to extinction. More species are joining the ranks of the extinct every year. Many scientists believe we are living through an episode of remarkably rapid extinction, on a scale that has been seen only five times in the last half a billion years. They call this current episode the sixth mass extinction —— a large, global decline in a wide variety of species over a relatively short period of time. And they tend to agree that humans are the main cause. Over-hunting, overfishing, and human-driven habitat loss are pushing many species to the brink. In fact, we have changed the planet so much that some geologists are now suggesting that we have entered a new phase in Earth's history; an epoch they call the ＂Anthropocene＂. By 2100, it is expected that humans will have caused the extinction of up to half of the world's current species. Because we are living through this extinction, it is relatively easy for us to study the driving forces behind it. But how do we determine what caused other mass die-offs that happened long ago? To do so we have to look at what archaeologists, palaeontologists, geologists and other scientists have concluded from the evidence they have gathered. The trouble is, those scientists do not always agree with one another —— even about the most recent extinction event. As well as the five-or six- mass extinctions, there have also been many smaller extinctions. One of these mini extinction events happened towards the end of the Pleistocene, a few tens of thousands of years ago. It is sometimes called the ＂megafaunal＂ extinction because many of the species it claimed were particularly large animals, weighing more than 97lb (44kg). However, its cause remains a debate amongst scientists. （1）What can we learn about the sixth mass extinction？ A. Humans are the main cause of it. B. It means a global decline over a long time. C. It occurred towards the end of the Pleistocene. D. Scientists still disagree about the cause of it. （2）What can be inferred from the text about species？ A. 99% of species will not be around any more by 2100. B. By the 22nd century, there will probably be about five million on this planet. C. About eight years later we will enter what is called the ＂Anthropocene＂. D. It is not easy for us to figure out causes behind the＂Anthropocene＂. （3）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph ? A. Land animals. B. Marine life. C. Huge animals. D. Flesh-eating creatures.
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