注塑成型环境分析-模具专业外文翻译

注塑成型环境分析-模具专业外文翻译
注塑成型环境分析-模具专业外文翻译

注塑成型环境分析

(亚历山大·帝里耶及帝摩斯·古陶斯基)

机械工程部

(麻省理工学院)

本次注塑成型环境分析强调了几个重要点,注塑机的类型选择 (液压的, 混合动力的还是电动的) 对单位能量消耗(比能耗)有实质性的影响. 经过分析,比能耗值对液压、混合动力及电动的机械来说分别是19.0, 13.2和12.6 MJ/kg (包括辅助机构, 混合式或效率低下的电网). 对液压及混合动力机械,能耗比在产量上升的情况下似乎呈下降趋势. 这个结论源于当产量上升时,传输固定能耗将花费更多的聚合物。对于电动机械来说,比能耗是与产量成比例的. 当高分子生产阶段包括了分析,能量损耗值增加到100MJ/kg. 全美国每年所用在注塑上全部的能量消耗最少要 2.06 x 108 GJ. 这个值和全美国每年在砂型铸造上消耗的能量,和一些发达国家全年发电量在同一级别。

关键词:注塑成型;液压;混合动力;电动;单位能量消耗(比能耗);生命周期清单

I. 简介

塑料部件是电子电器产品的主要部件,8.5% 的塑料产品被送往这个市场. 虽然这个数字看起来很小是它却大于应用于汽车制造业的塑料产品数量.在电子电器产品中,塑料部件占医疗器械总重的3%,占家用电器总重的33%,占玩具总重的42%[1]。为了满足特殊的几何形状要求,用于电子电器产品的塑料大多数是注塑模具生产的。注塑模具包括熔融的聚合树脂加入一些添加剂然后把这些熔化物注射到模具中去。一旦这些树脂凝固了,模具就会被打开,制件也会被推出。从外表看来,注塑成型过程对环境可能显得相当平和.,因为它的直接排放等级

很低,能量消耗看似也很低。然而, 当计算注塑成型的环境成本时,我们必须把生产过程中所用的辅助进程和原料考虑在内。除了原料生产阶段会有大量的排放,整个注塑成型过程中的主要衡量标准就是能量消耗。大型的注塑成型工业在这个种过程对环境的冲击尤为严重。换句话说,生产过程中只要效率提高一点儿,就能带来巨大的环境效益。

本论文站在环境的角度调查了注塑成型行业,对注塑成型过程整理出了一个系统性的环境分析它提供了一个透明的进程模型,包括所有涉及到注塑模具产品的生产主要的步骤,并用最重要的工艺参数解释了注塑成型所依赖的条件。本论文提供了我们的一些发现和在四个主要问题上争论细节的摘要。

1. 能量损耗和总产量之间的关系。

2. 液压式和电动式机械对环境影响的不同。

3. 能量计算时副进程和辅助进程的影响。

4. 注塑成型影响的环境规模。

II. 背景

关于注塑成型的生命周期清单 (LCI),研究者们花在产品原料上的精力和花在产品保质期上的精力一样都很多。例如拆卸分离和再循环利用,在这个领域的所有研究人员中,很值得提到伊恩·宝德,他为塑料工业中消耗最大的聚合物发明了“生态文件”或叫做“生命周期清单”。他也为PVC和聚丙烯注塑模具开创了生命周期清单。前一个生命周期清单研究了在法国的两处为管道排水系统提供PVC部件的注塑成型设施[2]。后者的生命周期清单研究了在英国的一个生产12

到76克聚丙烯部件的一个设施[3]。这些研究是正对特定产品的,只有一种用途和一套工艺参数。为了获得典型注塑成型范围性的数值,必须拓宽数据的获取方式,这个研究收集了来自机器运行不同产品和材料时的数据。同时为所有填补环境能效的子进程提供了一个透明的框架。

其他在注塑成型领域的贡献者包括马蒂斯等人在1996 年和布斯罗伊德等人在2002的发现。马蒂斯等人用三维实体建模环境和数字化分析,探索了模具设计、部件设计,已经一些工艺参数对生产效率的影响[4]。布斯罗伊德等人的目标是发展加工机器设计标准,他们开发了一套经验公式来预测注射成型过程中每一步所需的机器尺寸和进程耗时[5]。

如果读者不熟悉注塑成型过程,可以查看表 [6].

III. 机器的能源消耗

不同注塑机最主要的区别在于这些机械中的发动机以什么为动力。最老式的和最常见的注塑机型号都是用的液压机,这种机器用一个或多个液压泵为整个机器的运动提供动力。每个泵单独为一个发动机提供动力,也可以由一个集中泵驱动所有的运动,也可能两者都有。油压机会发生两种明显的低效情况。一:对大多数机械来说,泵在机械停顿时仍在运转,消耗的能量并没有被用来生产,因此浪费了能源。二:这种系统结构本身就存在效率低的问题。电动机传输能量到液压回路,液压回路再把能量传输到机械部件,每一次能量的传递都包含着能量损失。为什么不去除其中的一个传输过程呢?电动机械就因此应运而生了,从它们的名字可以看出,这些机器用伺服电机为机械传动提供能量。简言之, 就是一个伺服电机围绕着丝杠转动,另一个让丝杠沿着注塑轴心线运动,第三个移动肘节夹使模具闭合。除了以上提到的私服系统,还有其他辅助功能的私服系统,这种机械显示出优秀的平均效率,但是由于肘节夹结构的不稳定性,并不适用于模具锁模力很大的情况。混合动力型机械由此诞生,这种机械同时拥有电动机和液压泵,最常见的结构是用液压泵夹紧,用电动机推动丝杠。这种机械牺牲电动机械的一部分效率来保证液压夹具的精密运行。图1描绘了混合动力机型和电动机型在进行同样的14的秒动作时所需要的能量。简单观察后就能看出电动机型相对于混合动力机型节省了大量的能量,但读者必须注意到液压机型的曲线将比混合动力机型的曲线还要高。

因此注塑机的选择对能耗比或者加工每公斤高分子所需的能量有很大的影响。已经有超过100种能量测量方式和计算方式,都是从这三种机器上测量得来的。本次缝隙中液压型,混合动力型,电动型机器的生产平均能耗比分别是

3.39,1.67个1.46Mj/kg(不考虑电网的效率)。对液压型和混合动力型机器,在产量提高时能耗比出现下降趋势s。如图2所示。这源于产量一旦上升,传输固定能耗将会消耗更多的聚合物。液压机和混合动力机中的能量可以这样描述:

P=P0?km(1)

P0=fn(?ydraulic pumps,computer ,etc…)

k=extra SEC to process t?e polymer

此处:P0 为额定功率(机器开启时所需要的动力,但不加工任何高分子), m是输出或运行功率,k 是一个加工常量。以能耗比算,这个公式可以表示为:

P m =E

m

=SEC=P0

m

+k(2)

产量上升时,能耗比接近常数 k,如图2所示。

另一方面,电动机械的固定能耗非常低,并且其能耗比在产量上升时仍然能保持稳定。如图3所示。

IV. 总结后的生命周期清单

为了发展成功的生命周期清单(LCI),首先需要建立待分析系统的界限。在注塑成型情况下,整个过程起始于高分子产品阶段。这个阶段需要来自地球各处的原材料,还需要额外的能源来添加到这些材料中去。然后这些高分子原料会被成批的装好,运到配料处,然后加入添加剂,使得这些高分子具有所需的特性,以便于今后的运用。然后这些高分子被运到注塑成型机中,由注塑机将它转变成成品。注塑成型机可能也会在加工过程中加入一些添加剂,例如颜料。在注塑完

成然后包装完毕后,这些产品才能被顾客所使用(最终被处理)。排除包装阶段,这个分析的范围包括:从产料到出厂。因此它包含了从开采高分子产品原料到产品注塑成型的每一件事。系统边界由虚线方框标出,如图4。

为了发展生命周期清单,将近有100种原材料被咨询过。其中的大多数在参考文献中也找不到,,但是能从这里获得[10]。LCI的结果总结在图5的表格中。读者需要注意到:除了高分子类产品,当能量数据出现和高分子类似变化时,是通过在美国的注塑模具的相对数量来算平均值的。

注意到就算注塑成型装置的能量损耗看起来再低,当这个过程中,包括了计算的其他阶段都变的很重要,是件很有趣的事。考虑到从调料到送入模具过程中所有阶段的能量消耗(不包括高分子的生产),液压的,混合动力的和电动的机械对能耗比的平均产量值分别是19.0,13.2和12.6MJ/kg, 这些值涵盖了那些为制造过程提供电能的电力生产的能量负荷。当高分子生产阶段包括在了生命周期清单的范围内,能量消耗值就增加到了100 MJ/kg。在整个生命周期清单中,生产高分子对环境有很大的影响。高分子生产过后,注塑成型机械和它的射出过程对环境的影响是最大的。

关于排放,主要来自于高分子生产阶段。如果感兴趣可以参考文献[11]。生命周期清单中其它的排放,可以分为:相关能量排放和加工排放。相关能量排放参考了供给加工所需电力供应时产生的排放。表格1为调料盒注塑机提供了相关能量排放。

加工排放在高分子的加工部分排放最多,这种排放相对于相关能量排放很小。例如,挤压每公斤聚丙烯,会产生0.185g挥发性有机物(VOC’s),0.030g悬浮微粒,0.0099g 酮类物质,0.0022g 乙醛和0.0018g有机酸[12].

V. 环保的意义

相比于其他传统的制造工艺,注塑成型在能量消耗方面看似和它们在同一个级别。例如,加工一个这样的砂型模和压铸模能量要求差不多(11-15 MJ/kg) [13, 14]。然而,当和半导体产业的加工过程相比,例如,化学气相沉积和原子层沉积,注塑成型的影响似乎就微不足道了。可是,事实远非如此。为了了解生产系

统真正的影响,我们需要先明白注:塑件能应用多广要取决于商业。注塑成型是主要的生产过程之一,在像中国和印度的一些发展中国家,它的用量每天都在增加。表2是对现阶段美国和全世界的注塑模具数量估计。再通过不同型号的机器的数值和描述,注塑成型所消耗的总能量就可以被估算出来了。

根据施耐德的调查,在2002年所卖出的机器有29%是电动的,而非液压的[15]。通过这个信息,我们预计70%的注塑成型机械是液压的,15% 是混合动力的和15% 是全电动的。表3显示了美国和全球的能量估计结果。

可以看到,,美国一年所有的注塑成型能量消耗最少要2.06 x 108 GJ。这个值包括了生命周期清单中的所有步骤,除了高分子生产。如果把高分子生产包括进去,这个数字将会提高一个数量级。这个值 (2.06 x 108 GJ) 和全美每年在砂型铸造(1.62 x 108- 2.28 x 108 GJ, [14])上锁消耗的能量在同一级别。为便

于读者理解美国的注塑成型能量消耗的规模,表4提供了几个国家全年的发电量。不考虑电网在内,全美所有的注塑成型能量消耗相当于6.19 x 107 GJ /每年。这个值能和表4的值进行比较。

对工厂而言,有必要不断提高生产效率,因为生命周期清单中的小节约,可以带来巨大的环境效益。立即提高能源价格看起来是个明智的决定。

致谢

本篇研究得到了国家科学基金会的支持

表4:部分国家每年在注塑成型上的能量消耗

参考文献

[1] M. M. Fisher, F. E. Mark, T. Kingsbury, J. Vehlow, and T. Yamawaki, “Energy recovery in the sustainable recycling of plastics from end-of-life electrical and electronic products,” 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, May 2005.

[2] I. Boustead, Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry: PVC conversion processes, Brussels: APME, 2002. Visited: 25 Feb. 2005

/https://www.360docs.net/doc/678940840.html,/media/public_documents/20021009_123742/EcoProfile _PVC_conversion_Oct2002.pdf>

[3] I. Boustead, Eco-profiles of the European plastics industry: conversion processes for polyolefins, Brussels: APME, 2003. Visited: 25 Feb. 2005

/https://www.360docs.net/doc/678940840.html,/media/public_documents/20040610_153828/Polyolefin sConversionReport_Nov2003.pdf>

[4] J. Mattis, P. Sheng, W. DiScipio, and K. Leong, A framework for analyzing energy efficient injection-molding die design, Technical Report (CSM Report-96-09), California: University of California, Berkeley, 1996.

[5] G. Boothroyd, P. Dewhurst, and W. Knight, Product design for manufacture and assembly, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2002.

[6] Dominick V. Rosato, Donald V. Rosato, and M.G. Rosato, Injection molding handbook, 3rd ed. Springer - Verlag, 2000. Visited: 05 Aug. 2005

VerticalID=0&NodeID=1884960566&ClickedNodeID=1884960566&Fr

omSearch=true&Action=expand&FilterMode=false&View=4&Collapse All=false#node1884960566>.

[7] Data file: cm test graphs. Sent by Mark Elsass (Cincinnati Milacron Supervisor for Technical Service). Received: 18 Apr. 2005.

[8] Ferromatik Milacron, “A communications update for ferromatik milacron sales professionals,” North America: 2001, unpublished. Sent by Mark Elsass (Cincinnati Milacron Supervisor for Technical Service). Received on: Apr. 2005.

[9] The previous reference was received as a word document. In it was

imbedded an EXCEL file.

[10] A.Thiriez, “An Environmental Analysis of Injection Molding”, Masters Thesis at Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA: 2006.

[11] I. Boustead, Eco-profiles of the european plastics industry, Brussels: APME, 2002-2003 Visited: 20 Mar. 2005

. [12] K. Adams, J. Bankston, A. Barlow, M.W. Holdren, J. Meyer, and V.J. Marchesani, "Development of emission factors for polypropylene processing," Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 49 (1999): 49-56.

[13] S. Dalquist and T. Gutowski, Life cycle analysis of conventional manufacturing techniques: die casting, Cambridge, USA: 2004. Unpublished. Available at: .

[14] S. Dalquist and T. Gutowski, “Life cycle analysis of conventional manufacturing techniques: sand casting,” ASME

International Mechanical Engineering Congress and RD&D Expo, California, USA, Nov. 2004. Available at:

.

[15] M.R. Snyder, "Electric injection machines inspire respect, loyalty," Plastics Machinery&Auxiliaries, Mar.-Apr. 2002. Visited: 18 Jan. 2005 .

[16] J.A. Brydson, Plastics Materials, 7th ed. Oxford, Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

[17] Probe Economics, Inc, SPI Economic Report 2000, Washington, DC: The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., 2000.

[18] I.I. Rubin, Injection Molding Theory and Practice, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1972.

[19] Energy Information Administration, International energy annual 2002, Washington: Department of Energy, 2002. Visited: 23 Feb. 2005

提示: 对于生命周期清单的结果没有涉及到的应用于计算的数据已经被列出来了,如果读者想要得到参考文献,请参看文献[10]。

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入,成立于1891年布朗强,一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年,相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手,强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年,强的模型电话,然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话,当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔(1847—1922)在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878(12个使用者),在1879年,多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年,贝尔原批专利过期,贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年,刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前,一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型,这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年,他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话,这次与实际指孔,仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年,一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年,之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做,在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立,直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后,强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位,靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计,在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯(1907—1978)和埃罗沙里宁(1910—1961)在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年,埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人,和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下,埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板,被称作埃姆斯夹板,在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯,钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆,艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片,由包括埃德加考夫曼,大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德,艾略特诺伊斯,马尔塞布鲁尔,弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出,查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时,椅子只有三条腿,稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW(低木椅)和DWC(就餐木椅)设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司(埃姆斯的战时雇主)生产出来,被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买,在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作,包括LCW(低金属椅)和DWC(就餐金属椅)模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving

铸造模具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料翻译 资料来源:《模具设计与制造专业英语》 文章名:Chapter 3 Casting Dies 书刊名:《English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing》 作者:刘建雄王家惠廖丕博主编 出版社:北京大学出版社,2002 章节:Chapter 3 Casting Dies 页码:P51~P60 文章译名:铸造模具

Chapter 3 Casting Dies 3.1Casting The first castings were made during the period 4000~3000 B.C., using stone and metal molds for casting copper. Various casting processes have been developed over a long period of time, each with its own characteristics and applications, to meet specific engineering and service requirements. Many parts and components are made by casting, including cameras, carburetors, engine blocks, crankshafts, automotive components, agricultural and railroad equipment, pipes and plumbing fixtures, power tools, gun barrels, frying pans, and very large components for hydraulic turbines. Casting can be done in several ways. The two major ones are sand casting, in which the molds used are disposable after each cycle, and die casting, or permanent molding, in which the same metallic die is used thousands or even millions of times. Both types of molds have three common features. They both have a “plumbing” system to channel molten alloy into the mold cavity. These channels are called sprues, runners, and gates (Fig. 3-1). Molds may be modified by cores which form holes and undercuts or inserts that become an integral part of the casting. Inserts strengthen and reduce friction, and they may be more machinable than the surrounding metal. For example, a steel shaft when properly inserted into a die cavity results in an assembled aluminum step gear after the shot. After pouring or injection, the resulting castings require subsequent operations such trim-ming, inspection, grinding, and repairs to a greater or lesser extent prior to shipping. Premium-quality castings from alloys of aluminum or steel require x-ray soundness that will be acceptable by the customer. Certain special casting processes are precision-investment casting, low-pressure casting, and centrifugal casting.

工业设计外文翻译

Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design,Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional

模具毕业设计外文翻译7081204

(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意编辑修改!) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中,将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备,称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下,利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力,使其产生分离或塑性变形,从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多,一般可按以下几个主要特征分类: 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形,从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件,或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形,而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中,只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上,具有两个或更多的工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法,高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成,制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液,滴入碳酸氢铵,采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料,反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥,煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉,再经过成型、烧结、精加工,便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长,在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象,冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺,完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备,冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合,如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区,便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文:

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

模具专业外文文献最新

济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日

Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on

工业设计外文翻译---不需要设计师的设计

Design Without Designers 网站截图: https://www.360docs.net/doc/678940840.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文: Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.360docs.net/doc/678940840.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is

ABS塑件的注射成型工艺分析及模具设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学生姓名: 学号: 专业: 指导教师: 学院: 日期:

外文资料翻译要求 一、译文内容须与课题研究或调研内容高度一致。 二、译文翻译得当、语句通顺,不少于4000字。 三、译文格式要求:译文题目(即一级标题)采用小三黑体、二级 标题采用四号黑体、三级标题采用13磅黑体;图题和表题采用五号宋体,外文和符号采用五号Times New Roman;正文采用小四宋体,外文和符号采用小四Times New Roman,行间距为20磅;A4纸双面打印。 四、原文及译文一起装订,顺序依次为封面(背面为外文资料翻译 要求)、译文评阅(单面打印)、译文、外文原文。

译文评阅 评分:___________________(百分制)指导教师(签名):___________________ 年月日

原文 Treating and the modern mould make high speed One, summarizes 1 the present situation that the mould makes at present and trend The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. Industrial product part rough process 75%, the finish machining 50% and plastic part 90% will be completed from the mould. The Chinese mould market demand already reaches scale of 500 hundred million yuan at present. The automobile mould , the annual growth rate covering piece of mould especially will exceed 20 %; Also prompt building material mould development , various heterotype material the mould , wall surface and floor mould become new mould growth point , plastic doors and windows and plastic drain-pipe increase to exceeding 30 by in the upcoming several years %; The home appliance mould annual growth rate will exceed 10 %; The IT industry year increases % speed equally exceeding 20 , the need to the mould accounts for 20 of mould marketplace %.2004 annual Chinese machine tools implements industry output value will continue to increase. Our country mould fabrication market potential is enormous. The basis data counts , in recent years, our country mould year gross output value reaches 3 billion U. S. dollar , entrance exceeds 1 billion U. S. dollar, exceed 100 million U. S. dollar outlet. Increase by from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995. The expert foretells that abroad: Asia portion being occupied by in mould fabrication in the whole world, will from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995.

工业设计专业英语第三版部分翻译

艺术装饰风格 被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”,艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术,但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料,塑料和玻璃而发展迅速,找到了便宜,短期利用,并可以大批生产的装饰用品,如香烟盒,香水瓶,家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃,流行纺织品及各种装饰物,还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰,因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。 就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样,艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化,例如,立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义,但是相对其他文化而言,艺术装饰风格取长补短,装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素,大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。但这些是远远不够的,更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。在那段经济萧条的时期,豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行,艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格,除此之外,艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上,使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外,艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域,许多新场所也运用了这种风格,美化建筑的外表,那些新商业的

娱乐楼房,例如商场电影院,工厂,甚至于新的豪华游轮,它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念,这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望,艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。 艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。但是,从不好的方而来看,艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法,来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商,他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。 但是,这些地毯制造商也很注意他们消费群里的保守心理,因此,即使是在一块地毯里的花紋也会出现那些很传统的1案象是老式的叶子造型和较灰暗的颜色。这种设计的消费市场不同于那些要不就是现代型或是完全传统的设计方案。1920年代到30年代,英国都铎王室的一些新居住者和新建筑的到来,使工艺美术运动和现代风格可以较为自由的发展和合理的被采用.这些各异的艺术风格也被按照使用者的喜好不同加入到地毯的设计之中。在20世纪30年代的中期,改良过的艺术装饰风格在数不清的家居装饰里都可以看到"在花园门饰上,无线电机的面板装饰上,阿芝台克寺庙的壁炉上和那些扶手椅和沙发的几何形体上。"

模具毕业设计外文翻译

冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中,将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备,称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下,利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力,使其产生分离或塑性变形,从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多,一般可按以下几个主要特征分类: 1.根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形,从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件,或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形,而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。 2.根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中,只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模)在毛坯的送进方向上,具有两个或更多的工位,在压力机的一次行程中,在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法,高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、镨元素构成,制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化镨溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液,滴入碳酸氢铵,采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料,反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥,煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉,再经过成型、烧结、精加工,便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长,在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象,冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺,完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件 冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备,冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合,如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区,便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。

相关文档
最新文档