修辞学复习提要
what is rhetoric?Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)：the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.1. History of Ancient Greece (Hellas):1.1 Tyranny (7th and 6th cent. B.C., each Greek city-state was for a time ruled by some tyrants (Corax defend the noble free men)1.2 Democracy emerging around 600 B.C.: Solon (638 BC–558 BC), senate 元老院of 400 people, forcing each freeman to take a direct and personal interest in the affairs of the city (The Story of Mankind; court system (a jury of thirty)1.3 Athens' Golden Age/ Classical/ Hellenic Age (500-323 B.C.)Note: Hellenic, of Hellenes (Greek people), an Indo-European tribe who came to reside in Greece in the 11th cent. B.C. The people called themselves Hellene, after Hellen, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha (the only two human beings who had escaped the great flood)1) Pericles the statesmanDemocracy:equality of opportunity ensured by individual merit and efficiency; equality of justice secured by jury systemBy 460 B.C., led by Pericles 490-429 B.C. (p13), Athens was at its height of commercial prosperity and cultural and political dominance, and over the next 40 years many major building projects, including the Acropolis and Parthenon, were completed. Athens’s ―Golden Age‖ saw the works of the philosophers Socrates (469-399 B.C.), Plato(427-347 B.C.), and Aristotle; the dramatists Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides; the historians Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon; and the sculptors Praxiteles and Phidias.2. History of classical rhetoricFor political and forensic purpose2.1 Origin of rhetoricQ: Why did western rhetoric originate in ancient Greece?In light of politics (administration of polis-city state): democracy2.1.1 Political政治类的: about public affairsQ: How was a decision possibly made at the assembly? (in light of Pericles’s speech)(through discussions and debates at the assembly)argument, the need for rhetoric2.1.2 Ceremonial典礼类的: to praise or censure2.1.3 Forensic法律类的: about private affairs (to deal with the property usurped by tyrant, why in need of Corax)Jury system: Solon, Cleisthenes, PericlesSolon made a provision whereby a citizen with a grievance had the right to state his case before a jury of thirty of his fellow Athenians.1.Aristotle’s theory (Reading of Aristotle’s Rhetoric)Three categories of oratory (3 general cases corresponding to “any given case” in the definition of rhetoric): political, forensic and ceremonial (tb, p24; eRhetoric 10) Hearer determines the speech’s end and object:2.1 Political: assembly member to determine the future course;2.2 Forensic: juryman to determine the past;2.3 Ceremonial oratory of display: observer to decide on the orator’s skill in praisingor censuring a manNOTE: Political: The main matters all men deliberate and on which political speeches are made are roughly five: ways (of revenue) and means (of expenditure); war and peace; national defense; imports and exports (food supply); legislation (above all) means of persuasion: belonging to the art of rhetoric;not the inartistic/ non-technical 非技艺类的proofs—laws, witnesses, contracts, tortures, oaths. (tb, p22; eRhetoric, p47);belonging to the art of rhetoric:used and invented by the speaker/ spoken wordsmeans/ modes: 3 kinds—ethos(speaker); pathos(hearer); logos(speech) Three technical means of persuasion: ethos伦理, pathos情理, logos论理(pp23-24) Ethos: ethical appeal道德诉求, in the character of the speaker so as to inspire trust in audience;Pathos: emotional appeal情感诉求, in the emotional state of the hearer so as to put them in the right state of mind;Logos: rational appeal理性诉求, in the argument itself动之以情，晓之以理3.1 Ethos: How can the speaker manage to appear as a credible man? (only throughwords, not through preexisting good character)He must display (1)good sense (practical intelligence) 明智; (2) good morals (a virtuous character高尚品德); (3) good will善意Men either form a false opinion through want of good sense; or they form a true opinion, but because of their moral badness they do not say what they really think; or finally, they are both sensible and upright, but not well disposed to their hearers, and may fail in consequence to recommend what they know to be the best course.(e.g. Obama’s health care speech) eRhetoric, p533.2 Pathos: For we do not judge in the same way when we grieve and rejoice or whenwe are friendly and hostile. Thus the orator has to arouse emotions exactly because emotions have the power to influence our judgments.3.3 Logos: We persuade the argument itself when we demonstrate or seem todemonstrate that something is the case.Two species of argument: induction归纳(examples) and deduction 演绎/syllogism三段论(enthymeme修辞三段论，省略式三段论). (e.g.Obama’s speech on debt ceiling)Induction:Every life form we know of depends on liquid water to exist.All life depends on liquid water to exist.Session 6 Figure of speech修辞格(1)I Trope or Scheme (p88)1. Trope（turn, change）转义/ 比喻: the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, involving the deviation from its ordinary and literal meaning. Semantic and most logical figures of speeche.g. That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind (Neil Armstrong)Simile明喻：Metaphor暗喻：My love is a red, red rose.Metonymy转喻：The kettle is boiling.Synecdoche提喻：He has many mouths to feed.……2. Scheme(form, shape) 结构修辞/组合变异:first in the 16th cent., figures that arranged words into schematized patterns of fore-grounded regularity of form把词组合成形式规整，前景化的模式, deviation from ordinary or expected pattern of words, syntactic or phonetic figures of speech.（黎昌抱《英语反复修辞探》）e.g. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. (Winston Churchill)Structure of balance: parallelism; antithesis; climax;Repetition:Repetition of sounds:alliteration; assonance; consonance;Repetition of words or patterns: a’naphora首语重复; e’piphora尾语重复…Ad on BBC: Malaysia, truly Asia3. Functions of figures of speech (in the light of trope and scheme) p89:1) for association and emphasis2）for organization and transition3) for decoration and variation (figurative cf. literal)2.phonetic figures of speech:1. Alliteration头韵（Indeed it has been something of a stylistic instinct among all English-speaking peoples. The skillful introduction of alliteration can greatly intensify the effect of even a matter-of-fact passage.）Illustration: safe and sound, might and main; friend and foe; hearth and home Definition: repetition of initial consonant/ vowel in a sequence of wordsEffect: for sound rhythm, musical effect emphasis, easy to remember2. Assonance元音韵/ 半谐韵Illustration: fish and chips; a deep green streamDefinition: repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, usu. preceded and followed by different consonantsEffect: musical effect, euphonyMore illustrations:3. Consonance 辅韵/ 尾韵Illustration: He laughs be st who laughs la st.Definition: the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different.Effect:More illustrations:With pitiless recognition in fixed eye s,Lifting distressful hands as if to ble ss,And by his smile, I knew that sullen ha ll,By his dead smile I knew we stood in He ll.P96Rhyme: In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical, as in ―East or west, home is the best.‖Treat or cheat?Repetition; musical, easy to remember, emphasisEmphasize and clarify overall themeMaiden crowned with bl a ckness,Lithe 柔软的as panther 黑豹forest-r oa ming,Long armed naiad凌波仙子, when she d a nces,On a stream of ether云烟（氤氲）fl oa ting. (the Spanish Gypsy)3.phonetic figures of speech:1. OnomatopoeiaDefinition:language sounding like the thing it refers to. The device makes use of imitation of sounds for effect. These sounds may be those made by a person, animal or thing, or associated with some action or movement.Consonant clusterIllustration (comparisons): p97The stream flows through the woods.The stream murmurs through the woods.Which is more vivid and lifelike?Effect: vividness, vitality2. Pun 双关/一词双义Definition:A figure of speech depending on a similarity of sound and a disparity of meaning--Time flies.--Y ou can’t. They fly too quickly.Effect:"Pun: (n) the lowest form of humour" Samuel Johnson―But the height of wit.‖ Common rebuttal to the above3. Repetition: repetition of sound, word, phrase, sentence/ syntactic pattern Effects of repetition: (e.g. pp116-117)1) knit ideas together to achieve coherence2) emphasize an idea.3) generate emotional force4. Anaphora 首语重复(p121)Definition:repetition of the same word(s) at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or versesEffect: parallelism and climaxIllustration:1) Martin Luther King (p123)/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm2) Shylock’s argument (p121)5. Epiphora/ epistrophe尾语重复(p123)Definition: repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive lines, clauses or sentences.Illustration: Gettysburg Address (p124) –Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)6. Simploce/ symploce 首尾重复(p126)Definition:Assignment: read ―Of Studies‖7.ParallelismDefinition and illustration (pp129- )Repetition of syntactically similar constructions of coordinate sentences or phrase Effect: emphasis, clarity, coherenceAcross sentences/ paragraphs, implications for TEM writing…8. Antithesis对偶Definition and illustration (two elements (of two things) that are parallel in structure, and contrastive in meaning, p133)9. Paradox (p237)似非而是的隽语Definition: a statement usu. with two parallel elements (of the same thing) which are apparently self-contradictory and yet contain a truthEffect: To achieve climax (to achieve emphasis) or anticlimax (to create satire or ridicule, be comic or humorous)10.Climax: 渐进Arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in an ascending order of importance (p139). examples: To err is human; to forgive, divine.11. Anticlimax: 突降A sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivialReligion, credit and the eye are not to be touched.12.Syllepsis一语双叙3.1 Definition: a single word governing or modifying two or more other expressions (in different semantic fields) must be understood differently with respect to each of those words. Examples:He lost his coat and his temper.Effect:nation of grammatical parallelism and semantic incongruity, often with a witty or comical effect13. Zeugma轭式搭配4.1 Definition: A series of expressions joined or yoked together by a single word14.Chiasmus 回文/交错排列6.1 Definition: (p146)ab/ ba4.semantic figures of speech: simile and metaphorSimile 明喻，直喻1. Illustrations:The city is like a beehive.Definition: two dissimilar things; common; compare; comparative connective Functions in general (ref. 4.1; p159): for effective description; for insightful illumination; for imagery illustrationMetaphor1. Definition (p161 cf. simile p158)2. Illustrations (pp164-165): visible; invisibleY ou are my sunshine. (visible metaphor)3. Functions: (pp165-166)description; illumination; illustration5.metonymy and synecdocheMetonymy转喻/ 借喻/ 旁借/借代1.1 IllustrationsMother tongue; Hollywood; 中关村；水立方/ Water Cube；鸟巢/ Bird’s Nest The pen is mightier than the sword.Synecdoche提喻/ 对代2.1 Illustration2.2 Definition7.Antonomasia换称1.Definition:Identification of a person by an appropriate substituted phrase, such as her majesty for a queen or the Bard of Avon for Shakespeare, the Philosopher commonly used in Renaissance for AristotleA common name for a proper name, or a proper name for a common nameA Daniel is come to the judgment.6.Transferred epithetDefinition (p193):8. Oxymoron 矛盾修辞格Sharply dullbitter sweet, loud/ deafening silence, living dead, controlled chaos, open secret, forward retreat(退一步海阔天空；似退而进) , a white lie1.Definition2. Categories (pp230-231)3. EffectContradictory: outside and inside; appearance and essence; feelings(seemingly absurd, yet insightful, hence surprisingly true)。
汉语修辞学复习重点
汉语修辞学复习重点第⼀章修辞学概说修辞研究的范围，积极修辞与消极修辞，书⾯语修辞与⼝语修辞，表达⽅式与建构⽅式，积极修辞：刻意使⽤特殊的⽅法或形式（如修辞格），⽣动地表现个⼈的巧妙⽂思。
消极修辞：通过调整语⾳、字词、句式，以及表达的⽅式，从⽽使语⾔达到准确、简明、连贯、得体的效果。
表达⽅式和建构⽅式修辞作为表达⽅式——为了增强表达效果，更好地描绘事物，更好地表达感情的语⾔⽅式。
修辞作为建构⽅式是指——修辞作为⾔语⾏为，通过语⾔表达某种情绪、思想，进⽽影响⼈们的思维和⾏动。
修辞是这两个⽅⾯的统⼀体。
修辞作为建构⽅式语⾔建构的世界与客观世界本⾝是有偏差的，或者只是强调了事物本来的⼀个⽅⾯。
语⾔是⼀种⾏为，⼀⽅⾯为了表达，另⼀⽅⾯为了影响、引导⼈们的思想和⾏为。
如何引导就是修辞策略的问题。
修辞——⼈们依据具体的⾔语环境，运⽤各种表现⼿段、⽅法，有意识、有⽬的地组织建构话语和理解话语，以取得理想的交际效果的⼀种⾔语交际⾏为。
修辞的原则: 得体性是修辞的根本原则;美辞性是修辞的重要原则第⼆章语⾳修辞汉语语⾳的特点1、元⾳占优势，乐⾳多，响亮悦⽿。
(元⾳响亮、可以构成押韵。
)2、汉语是有声调的语⾔，四声分明。
（使语⾳抑扬有致，平仄相配。
)落花⼈独⽴，微⾬燕双飞。
3、汉语以单⾳节语素为主，⼀个字就是⼀个⾳节。
（汉语组合灵活，易于调配节奏。
）是惯⽤语、谚语等熟语。
第⼆节押韵和谐什么是押韵？——韵脚的韵腹、韵尾相同，贯⼝：整齐押韵、快速流畅的⼝语段⼦。
第三节双声叠韵和叠⾳⼀、双声叠韵⼆、叠⾳（叠字）叠⾳美在哪⾥？使表达更加形象⽣动使语⾳更加和谐流畅第四节讲究平仄平声长⽽扬，仄声短⽽抑，交错使⽤，声调错落有致，就会有抑扬顿挫的美感。
有时为了平仄和谐，可以适当改变词语的结构。
谐⾳就是对同⾳现象的利⽤。
利⽤同⾳词、近⾳词可达到巧妙的修辞效果三、近义词语的配合1、加强表意，同时起到⾳节匀整平稳的作⽤。
2、避免⾏⽂的单调重复，使之有变化性。
修辞学复习提要
修辞学复习提要what is rhetoric?Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)：the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.1. History of Ancient Greece (Hellas):1.1 Tyranny (7th and 6th cent. B.C., each Greek city-state was for a time ruled by some tyrants (Corax defend the noble free men)1.2 Democracy emerging around 600 B.C.: Solon (638 BC–558 BC), senate 元老院of 400 people, forcing each freeman to take a direct and personal interest in the affairs of the city (The Story of Mankind; court system (a jury of thirty)1.3 Athens' Golden Age/ Classical/ Hellenic Age (500-323B.C.)Note: Hellenic, of Hellenes (Greek people), an Indo-European tribe who came to reside in Greece in the 11th cent. B.C. The people called themselves Hellene, after Hellen, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha (the only two human beings who had escaped the great flood)1) Pericles the statesmanDemocracy:equality of opportunity ensured by individual merit and efficiency; equality of justice secured by jury system By 460 B.C., led by Pericles 490-429 B.C. (p13), Athens was at its height of commercial prosperity and cultural and political dominance, and over the next 40 years many major building projects, including the Acropolis and Parthenon, were completed. Athens’s ―Golden Age‖ saw the works of the philosophers Socrates (469-399 B.C.), Plato(427-347 B.C.), and Aristotle; the dramatists Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides; the historiansHerodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon; and the sculptors Praxiteles and Phidias.2. History of classical rhetoricFor political and forensic purpose2.1 Origin of rhetoricQ: Why did western rhetoric originate in ancient Greece?In light of politics (administration of polis-city state): democracy2.1.1 Political政治类的: about public affairsQ: How was a decision possibly made at the assembly? (in light of Pericles’s speech)(through discussions and debates at the assembly)argument, the need for rhetoric2.1.2 Ceremonial典礼类的: to praise or censure2.1.3 Forensic法律类的: about private affairs (to deal with the property usurped by tyrant, why in need of Corax)Jury system: Solon, Cleisthenes, PericlesSolon made a provision whereby a citizen with a grievance had the right to state his case before a jury of thirty of his fellow Athenians.1.Aristotle’s theory (Reading of Aristotle’s Rhetoric)Three categories of oratory (3 general cases corresponding to “any given case” in the definition of rhetoric): political, forensic and ceremonial (tb, p24; eRhetoric 10) Hearer determines the speech’s end and object:2.1 Political: assembly member to determine the future course;2.2 Forensic: juryman to determine the past;2.3 Ceremonial oratory of display: observer to decide on the orator’s skill in praisingor censuring a manNOTE: Political: The main matters all men deliberate and on which political speeches are made are roughly five: ways (of revenue) and means (of expenditure); war and peace; national defense; imports and exports (food supply); legislation (above all) means of persuasion: belonging to the art of rhetoric;not the inartistic/ non-technical 非技艺类的proofs—laws, witnesses, contracts, tortures, oaths. (tb, p22; eRhetoric, p47);belonging to the art of rhetoric:used and invented by the speaker/ spoken wordsmeans/ modes: 3 kinds—ethos(speaker); pathos(hearer); logos(speech) Three technical means of persuasion: ethos伦理, pathos情理, logos论理(pp23-24) Ethos: ethical appeal道德诉求, in the character of the speaker so as to inspire trust in audience;Pathos: emotional appeal情感诉求, in the emotional state of the hearer so as to put them in the right state of mind;Logos: rational appeal理性诉求, in the argument itself动之以情，晓之以理3.1 Ethos: How can the speaker manage to appear as a credible man? (only throughwords, not through preexisting good character)He must display (1)good sense (practical intelligence) 明智;(2) good morals (a virtuous character高尚品德); (3) good will善意Men either form a false opinion through want of good sense; or they form a true opinion, but because of their moral badness they do not say what they really think; or finally, they are both sensible and upright, but not well disposed to their hearers, and may fail in consequence to recommend what they know to be the best course.(e.g. Obama’s health care spe ech) eRhetoric, p533.2 Pathos: For we do not judge in the same way when we grieve and rejoice or whenwe are friendly and hostile. Thus the orator has to arouse emotions exactly because emotions have the power to influence our judgments.3.3 Logos: We persuade the argument itself when we demonstrate or seem todemonstrate that something is the case.Two species of argument: induction归纳(examples) and deduction 演绎/syllogism三段论(enthymeme修辞三段论，省略式三段论). (e.g.Obama’s speech on debt ceiling)Induction:Every life form we know of depends on liquid water to exist.All life depends on liquid water to exist.Session 6 Figure of speech修辞格(1)I Trope or Scheme (p88)1. Trope（turn, change）转义/ 比喻: the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, involving the deviation from its ordinary and literal meaning. Semantic and most logical figures of speeche.g. That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind (Neil Armstrong)Simile明喻：Metaphor暗喻：My love is a red, red rose.Metonymy转喻：The kettle is boiling.Synecdoche提喻：He has many mouths to feed.……2. Scheme(form, shape) 结构修辞/组合变异:first in the 16th cent., figures that arranged words into schematized patterns offore-grounded regularity of form把词组合成形式规整，前景化的模式, deviation from ordinary or expected pattern of words, syntactic or phonetic figures of speech.（黎昌抱《英语反复修辞探》）e.g. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. (Winston Churchill)Structure of balance: parallelism; antithesis; climax;Repetition:Repetition of sounds:alliteration; assonance; consonance;Repetition of words or patterns: a’naphora首语重复; e’piphora尾语重复…Ad on BBC: Malaysia, truly Asia3. Functions of figures of speech (in the light of trope and scheme) p89:1) for association and emphasis2）for organization and transition3) for decoration and variation (figurative cf. literal)2.phonetic figures of speech:1. Alliteration头韵（Indeed it has been something of a stylistic instinct among all English-speaking peoples. The skillful introduction of alliteration can greatly intensify the effect of even a matter-of-fact passage.）Illustration: safe and sound, might and main; friend and foe; hearth and home Definition: repetition of initial consonant/ vowel in a sequence of wordsEffect: for sound rhythm, musical effect emphasis, easy to remember2. Assonance元音韵/ 半谐韵Illustration: fish and chips; a deep green streamDefinition: repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, usu. preceded and followed by different consonantsEffect: musical effect, euphonyMore illustrations:3. Consonance 辅韵/ 尾韵Illustration: He laughs be st who laughs la st.Definition: the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different.Effect:More illustrations:With pitiless recognition in fixed eye s,Lifting distressful hands as if to ble ss,And by his smile, I knew that sullen ha ll,By his dead smile I knew we stood in He ll.P96Rhyme: In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all f ollowing sounds are identical, as in ―East or west, home is the best.‖Treat or cheat?Repetition; musical, easy to remember, emphasisEmphasize and clarify overall themeMaiden crowned with bl a ckness,Lithe 柔软的as panther 黑豹forest-r oa ming,Long armed naiad凌波仙子, when she d a nces,On a stream of ether云烟（氤氲）fl oa ting. (the Spanish Gypsy)3.phonetic figures of speech:1. OnomatopoeiaDefinition:language sounding like the thing it refers to. Thedevice makes use of imitation of sounds for effect. These sounds may be those made by a person, animal or thing, or associated with some action or movement.Consonant clusterIllustration (comparisons): p97The stream flows through the woods.The stream murmurs through the woods.Which is more vivid and lifelike?Effect: vividness, vitality2. Pun 双关/一词双义Definition:A figure of speech depending on a similarity of sound and a disparity of meaning--Time flies.--Y ou can’t. They fly too quickly.Effect:"Pun: (n) the lowest form of humour" Samuel Johnson―But the height of wit.‖ Common rebuttal to the above3. Repetition: repetition of sound, word, phrase, sentence/ syntactic pattern Effects of repetition: (e.g. pp116-117)1) knit ideas together to achieve coherence2) emphasize an idea.3) generate emotional force4. Anaphora 首语重复(p121)Definition:repetition of the same word(s) at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or versesEffect: parallelism and climaxIllustration:1) Martin Luther King (p123)/doc/6c14295319.html,/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm2) Shylock’s argument (p121)5. Epiphora/ epistrophe尾语重复(p123)Definition: repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive lines, clauses or sentences.Illustration: Gettysburg Address (p124) –Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)6. Simploce/ symploce 首尾重复(p126)Definition:Assignment: read ―Of Studies‖7.ParallelismDefinition and illustration (pp129- )Repetition of syntactically similar constructions of coordinate sentences or phrase Effect: emphasis, clarity, coherence Across s entences/ paragraphs, implications for TEM writing…8. Antithesis对偶Definition and illustration (two elements (of two things) that are parallel in structure, and contrastive in meaning, p133)9. Paradox (p237)似非而是的隽语Definition: a statement usu. with two parallel elements (of the same thing) which are apparently self-contradictory and yet contain a truthEffect: To achieve climax (to achieve emphasis) or anticlimax (to create satire or ridicule, be comic or humorous)10.Climax: 渐进Arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in an ascending order of importance (p139). examples: To err is human; to forgive, divine.11. Anticlimax: 突降A sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought orexpression to the commonplace or trivialReligion, credit and the eye are not to be touched.12.Syllepsis一语双叙3.1 Definition: a single word governing or modifying two or more other expressions (in different semantic fields) must be understood differently with respect to each of those words. Examples:He lost his coat and his temper.Effect:nation of grammatical parallelism and semantic incongruity, often with a witty or comical effect13. Zeugma轭式搭配4.1 Definition: A series of expressions joined or yoked together by a single word14.Chiasmus 回文/交错排列6.1 Definition: (p146)ab/ ba4.semantic figures of speech: simile and metaphorSimile 明喻，直喻1. Illustrations:The city is like a beehive.Definition: two dissimilar things; common; compare; comparative connective Functions in general (ref. 4.1; p159): for effective description; for insightful illumination; for imagery illustrationMetaphor1. Definition (p161 cf. simile p158)2. Illustrations (pp164-165): visible; invisibleY ou are my sunshine. (visible metaphor)3. Functions: (pp165-166)description; illumination; illustration5.metonymy and synecdocheMetonymy转喻/ 借喻/ 旁借/借代1.1 IllustrationsMother tongue; Hollywood; 中关村；水立方/ Water Cube；鸟巢/ Bird’s Nest The pen is mightier than the sword.Synecdoche提喻/ 对代2.1 Illustration2.2 Definition7.Antonomasia换称1.Definition:Identification of a person by an appropriate substituted phrase, such as her majesty for a queen or the Bard of Avon for Shakespeare, the Philosopher commonly used in Renaissance for AristotleA common name for a proper name, or a proper name for a common nameA Daniel is come to the judgment.6.Transferred epithetDefinition (p193):8. Oxymoron 矛盾修辞格Sharply dullbitter sweet, loud/ deafening silence, living dead, controlled chaos, open secret, forward retreat(退一步海阔天空；似退而进) , a white lie1.Definition2. Categories (pp230-231)3. EffectContradictory: outside and inside; appearance and essence; feelings(seemingly absurd, yet insightful, hence surprisingly true)。
汉语修辞学期末考试重点
修辞学复习重点
一、第一章
1.《文心雕龙》、《文则》、《修辞学发凡》
2.修辞原则，修辞的基本原则、修辞的最高最重要的原则
3.影响修辞活动创造性的几个因素
二、第二章
什么是语境，语境的构成因素
二、第三章
1.平仄，平声指？仄声指？
2.押韵的方式
3.什么是双声叠韵
4.什么是叠音
5.从语音的角度赏析一段话
三、第四章
词语的锤炼、赏析
四、第五章
1、长句和短句，怎么把长句化短句
2、什么是整句和散句
3、松句和紧句，
4、主动句和被动句的转化
5、常式句和变式句的转化
五、第六章
1.什么是辞趣
2.辞趣包括什么
六、第七章
1．比喻的分类
2．比拟的分类
3．借代的分类
4．移就的分类，比拟和移就的区别
5．什么是对偶，对偶的分类
6．回环的分类
7．排比的分类
8．夸张的分类
9．辞格的连用，辞格兼用，辞格套用
九、第八章
1.语体的含义
2.语体的分类
3．各类语体之间的区别
考试题型：
1.填空题
2.选择题
3.判断题
4.名词解释（从以下选三个考：对偶、语体、双声叠韵、整句、押韵、语境、粘连）
5.简答题（3题）
6.应用题（句式的变换）
7.赏析题（诗歌赏析，辞格赏析）。
汉语修辞学期末复习资料
汉语修辞学期末复习资料汉语修辞学是语言学的重要分支之一，研究汉语中的修辞效果和手法。
汉语修辞学常用于文学评论、语言教学、广告等多个领域，是一门十分实用的学科。
对于汉语修辞学的掌握程度和运用能力，对于我们的语言表达、思维能力和文化素养都有着十分重要的意义。
一、基础概念1.修辞：指语言中为达到一定目的而采用的言词技巧。
汉语修辞学所研究的修辞，包括音韵、字义、词类、句子和篇章等几个方面。
2.修辞手法：指修辞技巧的种类。
例如比喻、比拟、借代、排比等。
3.修辞效果：指修辞手法所达到的效果。
例如形象、暗示、音韵美、节奏美等。
二、修辞手法的分类1.形象类比喻：通过比较可以表达出某种感情或思想的手法，例如“他像一只狼一样嚎叫”。
拟人：将非人类物品或抽象事物拟人化，例如“花儿笑了”。
拟声：模拟某种声音，例如“咚咚咚”的敲门声。
2.辞格类对仗：重复相同词或句型的结构形式，例如“你爱我，我爱你”。
对偶：重复相同的意思，例如“让我们团结起来，战胜一切困难”。
通假：用近义词、反义词、同音词等词汇，来刻画某种形象或表现一种思想。
3.转化类借代：用一个词表示另一个事物，例如“龙凤呈祥”中的“凤”代表女子。
转喻：一种常用于文学作品中的修辞手法，通过引用另一文学作品，来表现出自己的情感。
省略：一种将某些信息隐含在文本内部的辞格手法。
三、修辞效果的分类1.形象美：通过修辞手法来创造形象的形状、内容、颜色、细节等方面的美感。
2.音韵美：修辞手法可以使汉语表达充满音韵美感，例如排比、押韵等。
3.节奏美：通过修辞手法可以创造文本的节奏美感，例如对仗、对偶等手法能够使汉语表现出动感和韵律感。
四、其他相关知识1.对于汉语修辞学的学习，需要多读好的文学作品，并对其中的修辞手法和效果进行分析。
2.在实际运用中，需要根据具体情况来选择适当的修辞手法和效果，尽可能地做到自然、生动、精确、有感染力。
3.修辞学并不是一门独立的学科，它跨越了语言学、文学学、社会学等多个学科领域。
汉语修辞学复习资料
汉语修辞学复习资料汉语修辞学第一章：概说一.修辞的性质和任务1.语言的内部规律：语音、词汇和语法的系统和规则2.修辞的性质：修辞学就是研究提高语言表达效果的方法和技巧的一门学科。
是由语言本体的交际功能所决定的，并贯穿语言运用的全过程的一门实用性很强的学科。
3.修辞的任务：学习修辞的基础知识，掌握一些修辞的方法和技巧，并注意在日常的交际活动中自觉的应用这些知识。
对提高口头表达能力和文学表达能力很有帮助，而且对提高阅读欣赏的能力和分析理解能力也很有好处。
4.修辞学的主要研究对象：语言要素。
从功能着眼研究这些语言要素的特点，规律经过综合作用后所能体现出来的表达效果。
5.修辞研究的领域：修辞研究应当涉及语言表达的一切领域，在字词句之外，像句群、段落、篇章、修辞方式以及更语言表达密切相关的一切逻辑学和风格学。
二.修辞和语言规范1.修辞的基础：把话说通，做到文从字顺。
所谓把话说通就是要求用词造句必须合乎语言规范。
2.语言的规范，是指语言运用中明确一致的标准。
3.修辞和语言规范的关系：从整体来说修辞也应当遵循语言规范的制约。
文从字顺，应当是修辞的基础。
当然这也不排斥在特定的场合，由于某种特殊表达需要，故意突破规范，临时作一些创新。
但这跟无视约定俗成的原则，任意破坏语言规范，或者限于表达能力而出现错误，违反了规则，是完全不同的情况。
三.修辞和语言要素1.决定句子，文章正误优劣的四个方面的因素是什么？1.事理，逻辑。
就是说要看他的内容合不合情理，合不合思维规律。
2.规矩，习惯。
就是看他合不合词汇语法的规范，合不合大家说话的习惯。
3.情味，色彩。
看他的玉体风格合适不合适，感情色彩对头不对头。
4.声音，语气。
就是看他读起来顺口不顺口，听起来悦耳不悦耳，口气合适不合适。
2.修辞研究的重要课题：怎样运用这些语言材料及其规律来完美的表情达意。
3.修辞同语音，语汇和语法三者的关系。
1.汉语音节分明，并且有声、韵、调之分，这些语音特点为修辞提供了很好的条件，除了可以直接构成拟声，谐音等修辞方式之外，更常见的是在语言中组成大双声叠韵的词语和对帐押运的句式，使得语言节奏鲜明，音调铿锵，有很强的音乐感。
《实用汉语修辞》知识要点
《实用汉语修辞》知识要点“实用汉语修辞”课程期末复习提纲第一章概说第一节一门源远流长的学科汉语修辞的简要历史先秦时期。
两汉时期。
魏晋南北朝时期。
唐宋时期。
第二节修辞的性质修辞的基本概念以及修辞和语言其他要素的联系。
一、修辞：依据题旨情景，运动各种表现手段、方法，提高语言表达效果的一种活动。
修辞学：研究提高语言表达效果规律的科学。
二、修辞与语言三要素修辞研究的是如何根据语言各个要素的构成、特点、规律、规则等，来提高表达的效果。
语言三要素（语音、词汇、语法）是学习修辞的基础三、修辞与逻辑：修辞学与逻辑学属不同学科，但语言为思维的物质外壳，而思维为语言的思想内容，修辞与逻辑关系密切，语言表达应遵循逻辑的几本规律，运用逻辑的各种思维形式和思维方法。
但有时出于表达思想感情的需要，也突破逻辑的制约构成超越常规的用法，从而取得特殊的表达效果。
第三节社会生活需要修辞知识社会生活中的修辞现象。
第四节修辞与语境什么是语境？：语言的环境。
修辞的基本原则（适应语境），语境的基本知识。
一、社会、时代二、题旨、情景三、对象四、场合五、时间六、话语的具体环境第五节修辞是一种创造性活动修辞应具有创造性。
第六节修辞主体的修养一、思想品德二、生活积累三、知识素养第七节在社会的大课堂里学习修辞修辞的基本方法。
一、不忘学习二、评论不足三、比较分析第二章词语的锤炼第一节词语锤炼的基本要求）一、准确朴实二、简洁有力三、新鲜活泼四、生动形象第二节词语锤炼与运用的几种方法一、精心挑选二、修饰点染三、巧妙配合第三章句式的选择第一节整句和散句整句和散句是从结构形式上对句子的一种分类。
整句：结构相同或相近，形式整起的句子。
散句：结构不一致，形式参差的句子。
一、对偶：形式上对称均衡，意义上互相关联的两个句子或词组（分为正对、反对、串对）二、排比：三个或三个以上意义相关，结构相同或相近的句子、词组的连。
三、叠用：一些基本结构相同，并有意识地叠用某个或某些词语的句子、词组。
《汉语修辞学》复习提要
汉语修辞学复习提要汉语修辞学是开放本科汉语言文学专业的一门选修课。
它是现代汉语“修辞”内容的延伸和深化。
复习该课程既要把握基本的修辞理论知识，又要比较熟练地运用这些知识去分析言语的修辞效果，提高自己的语文修养和应用语言文字的能力。
因此我们的复习要围绕着这个学习目的去进行。
一、复习范围和内容。
参看本课程的教学实施意见。
二、各章节的重点。
参看汉语修辞学的四次辅导。
三、考试题型。
1、填空题（20分）。
2、选择题（20分）。
3、综合分析题（20分）。
4、问答题（20分），以简答题为主。
5、实践题（20分）。
1、填空题。
填空题主要考察学员的基本理论知识。
如：（1）我国修辞学的研究源远流长，早在，古人就已经注意到了修辞现象，提出了自己的见解。
（先秦两汉）（2）“修‘和”辞“的连用，最早见于：”君子进德修业。
忠信，所以进德也；修辞立其诚，所以居业也。
（《易》）（3）先秦两汉在我国修辞史上可以称作时期，它对后代修辞理论的发展起到了开创、引导的作用。
（萌芽）（4）西晋陆机的是一部对后世有很大影响的文学理论专著。
其中对修辞的方法、技巧也有较多的论述。
（《文赋》）（5）肯定句和否定句是就句子的说的。
（语气）（6）同样的意思既可以用肯定句也可以用否定句。
一般说来，肯定句的语气比较，否定句的语气比较。
（直率明确。
委婉灵活）2、选择题。
主要考察学员的有关知识。
如：（1）“辞达而已矣。
”和“言之无文，行而不远。
”的作者是。
A.孔子B.孟子C.庄子D.老子（2）西晋陆机《文赋》把文章的文体分为。
A.五种B.八种C.九种D.十种（3）文章“必以情志为神明，事义为骨髓，辞采为肌肤，宫商为声气”语出自A.《文心雕龙》B.《文则》C.《文选》D.《文赋》（4）我国最早对比喻作出精辟解释的是。
A.孔子B.墨子C.孟子D.荀子（5）“沙漠之舟——骆驼”属于比喻中的。
A.明喻B.借喻C.暗喻（喻体—本体）D. 暗喻（本体—喻体）3、综合分析题。
现代汉语语法修辞复习提纲
现代汉语复习提纲一、概念1.语法2.短语3.不及物动词、谓宾动词、称呼语、主语4.名词谓语句、陈述句、感叹句5.整句、长句、散句6.谐音双关、拈连、反复7.句群二、简答题1.名词、形容词、动词、副词、区别词、介词、连词的语法特点。
（其中词类之间的辨析也应注意。
）2.助词的类型。
(要注意教材上的例子)3.兼类词的类型4.特定句式的结构特点5.疑问句的类型6.排比和层递的相同点和不同点、比喻与比拟的区别、借喻与借代的区别、语义双关与借喻的区别7.比喻、对偶、夸张的类型三、分析题（一）词性分析（二）短语层次分析（可参见讲义）1.我和哥哥最喜欢唱的2.像兔子跑似的3.在当年最高的一幢大楼里4.大熊猫的故乡中国5.一种新式的炊具微波炉6.矿山建设者的摇篮7.长长的眉毛和大大的眼睛（三）多义短语的分析（见讲义及教材）（四）句子成分分析1.虎姑娘一向，他晓得，不这样打扮2.昨天的报纸有个好消息。
3.我看，他肯定会自己回来的。
4.据说，最美的城市应该在山与湖之间。
5.经济的振兴要靠科学技术。
6.两个小伙子张罗着把对联贴到大门的两侧。
7.老师鼓励学生学好现代汉语。
8.不一会儿，瘦李跑进来了。
9.他呀，一辈子都不会有出息。
10.啊，好美的风景啊。
11.所有的人都坚持下来了。
12.他邀请我们去看京剧。
13.几百年来，很多人都没有解决这个问题。
14.在那段日子，也就是一起在山西时期，我对他多少也关心过。
15.放纵的结果是孩子的堕落下去。
16.生产上的事你要多操心，大意不得。
17.事实上，我心里有一座长城。
（五）多项定语及状语的分析。
（例子见教材及讲义）（六）特定句式分析（连动句、兼语句、存现句、双宾语句）（七）单、复句判断（见教材及讲义）（八）复句层次分析（见教材）（九）复句关系的分析（十）紧缩复句关系分析（参见P175）（十一）长句、短句、整句、散句、口语句式、书面句式的分析（十二）句子辞格分析（可参见教材相关内容）1.你的个人问题怎么解决啊？2.理想，生活的旗帜；实干，成功的途径。
广义修辞学期末复习提纲
广义修辞学复习资料2007-07-21 一、怎样理解人在认识世界的时候，常常把抽象化概念转换成修辞化表述？ (2)二、以“监狱之花”为例，说明“修辞参与人的精神建构”。
. 3三、观察下列“女”旁字，分析汉语有关女性形象的“玉／瓦”喻象。
(3)四、下面的说法你赞成哪一种，请分析并说明理由。
(4)五、下面的说法你赞成哪一种，请分析并说明理由。
(5)六、以广告语“随心所浴”、“骑乐无穷”、“食全食美”为例，分析修辞话语建构的合理和不合理 (6)七、从表达和接受双向交流的角度分析“话不投机半句多”的交际失败 (6)八、联系“家训”、“家规”等词语，分析“家”在中国人价值信仰中的修辞原型意义。
(7)九、以“救生＝救死”为例，体会修辞接受的选择 (8)十、以“悲秋”和“颂秋”修辞话语为例，体会修辞接受的个体性。
(9)十一、以“这人是猪”为例，分析表达者和接受者对隐喻相似性的双向认同。
(9)十二、举例分析表达者和接受者对隐喻相似性的双向限定。
(9)十三、从表达和接受双向交流的角度分析“对牛弹琴”的交际失败 (11)十四、为什么说，在“穷家难舍，熟地难离”的话语构成中，“穷”和“熟”是可分析性最强的语码？ (11)一、怎样理解人在认识世界的时候，常常把抽象化概念转换成修辞化表述？答：（1）人是语言的动物，更是修辞的动物。
人与动物最大的区别，就是可以用语言表达自己的意识。
人的语言世界的外延就是人的认识世界的外延。
语言之外的存在不能进入人的认识视野，人不可能存在于自己的语言世界之外。
人以语言的方式拥有世界，事实上，人对世界的把握，一旦进入审美境界，主体对世界的表述和理解，都是修辞化的。
修辞实现石山叙中成为审美化的世界，是指更深地植入人的意识，成为主体认识世界的一种方式，并在这个意义上成为人存在的标志。
（2）修辞学家认为，修辞不是运用语言提高交际效果，而是运用符号手段来达到争取自己或他人信奉某事物的目的，而这对于认知过程本身是必不可少的。
现代汉语修辞学考试复习参考题
现代汉语修辞学考试复习参考题第一章修辞概说1．什么叫修辞、修辞活动以及修辞学？修辞学研究的对象指的是什么？修辞学：是研究在交际活动中如何提高语言表达效果的规律的科学，具有主观性。
修辞：是在交际活动中那些同语言的表达效果有关的现象，具有客观性；修辞学研究对象：凡是出于增强语言表达效果的动机，而有效地对语言材料进行选择、加工和调整的一切现象。
2．修辞学与语法学、语用学有什么联系？语法学与修辞学的联系：研究对象上：语法学研究语言的结构规律，修辞学研究如何提高语言的表达效果。
任务上：任何话语都是按照语法的规则生成的，语法是修辞的基础。
语法学分析语言的语法结构的特点；修辞学反映语言诸要素的综合运用。
语用学与修辞学的区别：语用学研究在不同的语言环境中如何运用和理解语言的问题；研究话语理解，即接受结果；研究制约语言使用的各种因素，注重规则阐释；修辞学一般只研究话语表达，主要从说（写）者的角度出发，研究表达效果；研究影响语言使用的条件，注重选择。
3．什么是修辞手法、修辞理论、语体风格？修辞学需要完成什么任务，且在完成任务时如何贯彻这三方面的内容？（1）修辞手法：包括如何选词，如何炼句，如何使用特殊的修辞方式（2）修辞理论：重在探讨修辞学的对象、范围、性质、任务、原则和修辞学与相关学科的关系（3）语体风格：一方面需要探讨各类语体的形成、特点、分类、功用，解决语体运用方面的不得体现象，并且研究语体发展的途径和方法，另一方面需要探讨风格同话语的表达效果之间的关系，研究风格是如何形成的，如何做到风格多样化，如何创造新的独特的风格。
（4）修辞学的任务，是在大量收集修辞现象的基础上，从修辞手法、修辞理论、语体风格三方面去探索规律。
4．举例说明修辞的原则是什么？答：①明确目标、看清对象②适用环境，注意场合③前后连贯，关照上下文④准确无误，清楚明白⑤生动形象，妥帖鲜明。
5．在锤炼词语、选择句式、及采用特殊的修辞手段等方面，如何增强表达的形象生动性，请举例说明。