独立主格与悬垂分词

合集下载

分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词

分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词

(1) 相当于原因状语从句 a. Being ill , she didn’t go to school today . = As she is ill , … b. Having seen the film , he didn’t go to the cinema with them . =Because he had seen the film , … (2) 相当于时间状语从句 Turning around (=When she returned around ), she saw an ambulance driving up . (3)表示行为方式,伴随状况或补充说明等。 The students went away , running and laughing.




2.现在分词何时用完成形式?
当分词的动作是由主语发出,而且发生在谓语动 作之前,则用分词的完成形式。 Having finished the class , she went home . =After she finished the class…..

3.现在分词何时用进行被动式?
当分词的动作由主语承受,而且分次的动作与谓语动词 同时发生时 Being criticized by the employer , the new employee hung his head.

分词作状语时,在少数情况下, 其逻辑主 语与句子的主语不一致, 分词用来修饰全 句
Judging from his accent , he seemed to be from Hunan province. = If we judge…



Generally speaking ,every spy has a contact . Considering his age , he was helped by the young fellow.

独立主格结构

独立主格结构

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆。 With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用 with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/ 过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与 不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体 性的动作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
典型例题: Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是 并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不 是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独 立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动, 应用现在分词,故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构 作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本 句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动 词即可。

分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词

分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词

5.表方式或伴随情况。 作状语表示方式或伴随情况时 , 过去分词可用并 列句代替。
Moyan stood there , surrounded by many reporters . Moyan stood there and was surrounded by many reporters.
▲过去分词做状语时也可在其前面加上连词when , if , once ,though , unless , as , even if 等,以便明 确作何种状语。
Compare
1. Following the old man , we went upstairs. (we followed) 跟着那个老人,我们上去了。

2.Followed by the old man ,we went upstairs. (we were followed ) 被那个老人跟着, 我们上去了。

如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系,用现在 分词。 句子的主语和分词是被动关系,用过去分词。


逻辑关系
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别 在于:两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的 区别。

1) 现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。 He went out, shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随 手关上。




2.现在分词何时用完成形式?
当分词的动作是由主语发出,而且发生在谓语动 作之前,则用分词的完成形式。 Having finished the class , she went home . =After she finished the class…..

【伴随状语】分词作状语逻辑主语与主句主语不一致的种种情况

【伴随状语】分词作状语逻辑主语与主句主语不一致的种种情况

分词作状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的种种情况英语中常把分词或分词短语放在句首,作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况、结果、目的及让步等状语,分词或分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同(即保持一致),否则句子就是错误的。

例如:1.Entering the room ,I found the walls newly-painted.(对)我走进房间时,发现墙壁油漆一新。

Entering the room,the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls.(错)2.Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospital at once.(对)士兵受了重伤,立即被送到医院。

Badly wounded,we sent the soldier to hospital at once.(错)3.Being very busy,I could not afford the time to go to the cinema.(对)我因为太忙,不能花时间去看电影了。

Being very busy,the film tickets were given to others.(错)4.Led by the Party,we are making great progress in our work.(对)在党的领导下,我们的工作有很大的进展。

Led by the Party,great progress in our work is being made.(错)5.Written in haste,the letter had some mistakes.(对)由于写得匆忙,这封信里有几个错误。

Written in haste,he made some mistakes in the letter.(错)6.Running after each other in the street,the two boys were knocked down by a bike.(对)两个男孩在马路上相互追逐的时候被自行车撞倒了。

英语悬垂

英语悬垂

一、悬垂结构Dangling Element的定义一般在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。

Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.正确的应该是:Climbing up the tower, we can see the whole city.登上这座塔,我们能看到整个城市。

二、悬垂结构的理解分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。

这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。

例如:(1) Getting down from the bus,my ankle was sprained.(句子的主语是my ankle,但是独立成分中getting down 的逻辑主语应该是I,并不是句子的主语,所以这被认为是一个语言失误。

)(2) Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me.(同理,分词短语driving to Chicago that night没有带自己的主语,它的逻辑主语也不是句子的主语a sudden thought,所以也是一个语言失误。

)三、由悬垂结构造成的错误(1)悬垂分词误:Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正:It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正:As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.(2)悬垂不定式误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.(3)悬垂简式从句误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.。

独立主格结构讲义-2024届高三英语一轮复习

独立主格结构讲义-2024届高三英语一轮复习

III独立主格结构在理解了状语简单句后,我们来看一下语法书中的另一个语法点:独立主格结构!那么,在讲独立主格结构之前,我们先来回顾一下上一讲的例句:When little Cucu got home, he gave a yap.当小库库到家的时候,他叫了一声。

Getting home, little Cucu gave a yap.我们知道一般语法书中把这种用法叫做现在分词作时间状语,现在我们也叫它状语简单句。

那么,在此基础上,我们改动一下原来的句子:When little Cucu got home, his mother gave a yap.当小库库到家的时候,他的妈妈叫了一声。

此时,主从句的主语不一致,我们该如何简化呢?其实简化的方式很之前也没什么不同,唯一要注意一点就是保留从句中的主语。

(因为主从句主语不一致,去掉了句子意思就不一样了)When little Cucu got home, his mother gave a yap.当小库库到家的时候,他的妈妈叫了一声。

Little Cucu getting home, his mother gave a yap.这就是当主从句的主语不一致时,复合句的简化!而这就是我们今天要讲的独立主格结构!1、独立主格结构的构成与特点独立主格结构本质上是分词短语作状语,该分词短语由两部分组成,前半部分是名词或者代词主格,后半部分是分词(现在分词doing、过去分词done)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。

前半部分作为结构中的逻辑主语,后半部分作为结构的逻辑谓语。

独立主格结构在句中作状语,多用于书面语。

独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。

2、独立主格结构的几种形式a、逻辑主语+形容词Chaos lay in bed, gloomy. 科奥斯躺在床上,情绪低落。

Chaos lay in bed, his face gloomy. 科奥斯躺在床上,面色阴沉。

分词作状语与独立主格结构(精华主讲)

分词作状语与独立主格结构(精华主讲)

Written in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好。
Reading carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before. 他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
4. 方式或伴随状语 Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully.
那位教授在学生的簇拥下,兴高采烈地坐在那儿。 He stood there silently, moved to tears.
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。 The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间。
注意:现在分词和过去分词的特别之处
6.独立成份(插入语) Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai on Monday evening.
假如天气好,我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。 I’d come and see you in New York, given the chance.
3. 条件状语(相当于条件状语从句)如: Seen in this aspect, the matter isn’t as serious as people generally suppose. 如果从这个角度看,问题并不 像人们一般预料的那样`严重。 Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在 肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意,那次事故就能避免了。 Watered more, these cabbages could have grown better. 如果多浇点水,这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。 Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和 你相比,我们还有很大的差距。

现在分词作状语、独立主格和悬垂分词之间的关系

现在分词作状语、独立主格和悬垂分词之间的关系

现在分词作状语、独立主格和悬垂分词之间的关系信息时代要求学生形成新的学习方式。

《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》中指出:要“改变课程实施过程中过于强调接受学习、死记硬背、机械训练的现状,倡导学生主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动手,培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力,获取新知识的能力,分析和解决问题的能力以及交流与合作的能力”。

小组合作学习,正是顺应时代的要求,被广大教师乐于采用的一种全新而有效的学习方式。

但长期以来,由于各种原因,学校班额大,生源参差不齐,再加上小组学习具有较强的开放性、自由性。

教师调控不当,小组合作学习往往存在“注重形式,忽视实质,缺乏实效”的现象。

常见问题主要有以下几个方面:1.时机不妥当。

在新课程的课堂教学中,一些教师为了追求学习方式的多样化,不根据教学内容的特点和学生实际,盲目地采用小组合作学习方式。

如:有的教师在教学内容过易或过难的地方设计小组讨论,有的教师在适合学生自主探索或动手实践的地方安排小组交流,有的教师在适合全班教学或教师引导的地方组织小组探究,有的教师在一节课中安排了多次小组合作学习。

结果由于时机不当,收效甚微。

2.分组不合理。

在日常的课堂教学中,最常见的小组合作学习形式是按前后座位自然分成四人小组,座位的编排往往又是按学生的高矮次序和男女生搭配而成的。

这样分组,虽然开展小组活动简便易行,但人员搭配不合理,不利于让不同特质、不同层次的学生进行优化组合、优势互补、相互促进。

3.规则不明确。

在课堂中,经常出现这种现象,教师提出一个问题后,立即让学生讨论,教室里马上就会出现一片热烈讨论的场面。

但只要稍加注意,不难发现,这只是一种表面上的“假热闹”,实际上“混乱无序”。

有的小组两三个人同时抢着发言,你说你的,我说我的,谁也不听谁的;有的小组始终只有一两个人发言,其他人一言不发,只是心不在焉地坐着;有的小组互相推辞,谁也不发言;有的小组借此机会闲聊、说笑或者干别的事。

究其原因,主要是缺乏小组合作学习的规则,“没有规矩不成方圆”。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

独立主格结构英语中,独立主格结构的形式是:名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起,构成独立主格结构。

1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。

如:A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。

Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。

2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。

如:The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了,我们应该把一切事情准备好。

Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了,李蕾非常焦急。

3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。

如:His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。

4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。

如:The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥,我们应该小心。

5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。

如:The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后,我们都出去玩。

6.名词/ 代词+ 介词短语。

如(from ):Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。

二、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。

1.作时间状语School over, the students went home. 放学后,学生们都回家了。

The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后,比赛开始了。

2.作条件状语It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话,我们就去划船。

Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong. 如果李蕾来的话,就没有必要叫吴东了。

3.作原因状语The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry. 由于会议推迟了,我们就没有必要匆忙了。

Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead. 李老师病了,杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。

4.作伴随状语Mr. Li comes here, a book in his hand. 李先生手里拿着书过来了。

A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us. 她面带微笑问道我们要什么。

英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。

2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given t omorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were c rossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。

5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。

注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。

独力主格结构(the absolute structure)的定义由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。

独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,独立主格结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。

需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。

如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结构,即独立主格结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构,也有人把它视作固定表达)。

独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。

独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性1、主要特征(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系,基本形式为:主语现在分词或过去分词如:his heart bleedingthe baby cryingthe project completedThe school being over, the street was full of the students.= When the school was over, the street was full of the students.(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构,比较:my mind wandering (独立主格);My mind was wandering (主谓结构)(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格)对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word. 2. 在句子中的作用独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间)Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因)The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随)例题:(1)----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.(A) If(B) But(C) With(D)Once答案:C解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting,之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题.悬垂结构 Dangling Element的定义一般在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。

Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.悬垂结构的理解分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。

这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。

例如:(1)Getting down from the bus,my ankle wassprained.(2)Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me.由悬垂结构造成的错误(1)悬垂分词误: Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正: It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正: As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.(2)悬垂不定式误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.(3)悬垂简式从句误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.可接受的悬垂分词:Having been deserted by his guide, there seemed little hope that the explorer would find his way through the jungle .Leaving the cinema, it seemed to him that the film had been exceptionally bad.When driving carelessly, it is easy to have an accident .科技语体通常避免使用人称主语:Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change ist form.When installing a boiler, the floor space which is available is very important.To dertermine the number of cells, a sample is put under a microscope.在学习语法过程中,请掌握技巧,然后理解消化.。

相关文档
最新文档