写作教程第二册chapter 10 punctuation
10.1 Punctuation
1. Functions of punctuation 1）warm-up activities: p 156-file1-2 2) Summary of Functions of punctuation : （1）Punctuation marks are symbols that indicate the structure and organization of written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud. （2）Punctuation can facilitate comprehension. Punctuation marks offer the reader the hesitations, pauses, whispers, and shouts that are common to speech. More importantly, they show the relationships between ideas and emphasize those ideas that are important.
8.1 Punctuation
• Semicolon ( ; ) – （1） does not slow readers down as a period does, but adds a forceful connection between sentences; – （2） When you use words like however, as a result, therefore, meanwhile, accordingly, in fact, similarly, at the same time, Likewise, still, besides, consequently, moreover, thus, then, hence, nevertheless, furthermore to begin a second clause, use a semicolon before it and a comma after it: – （3）joins sentences especially when there are commas in them.
10.1 Punctuation
Introduction: Punctuation Marks Full stop /period . Question mark ? Exclamation mark ! Comma , Colon : Semicolon ; Quotation marks “” „‟ Apostrophe ‟ Dashes — Hyphen Brackets/Parentheses () [] Elliptical periods … Slash /solidus / Italic Capitalization Abbreviation WTO
Teaching focus
• the functions of punctuation • how to end a sentence, how to join sentences and how to punctuate a sentence • Writing: a conclusion for a short composition
10.1 Punctuation
4.How to punctuate within sentences
• In a sentence, the beginner and the parentheses may be punctuated by punctuation marks.
A. Sentence beginners • 1) separated by comma • (1) warm-up activities: p160
10.1 Punctuation
• In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate(消除…的歧义) the meaning of sentences. e.g. ① woman without her man is nothing "woman, without her man, is nothing.” "woman: without her, man is nothing.“ ② eats shoots and leaves "eats shoots and leaves" "eats, shoots and leaves."
–
•
Period (. ) used to end a statement
I have finished my breakfast .
–
•Hale Waihona Puke Question mark (?) - used to end a direct question
Do you know when the train for Liverpool leaves?
• • •
2) separated by Colon (1) warm-up activities: p160 -2 (2) Summary： Rules of setting off sentence beginners with Colon – used to formally introduce a list, a long quotation, or an explanatory statement; – used after a complete statement when introducing a list.
•
Comma (, )
– – – （1）joins short and closely related parallel sentences; （2）joins sentences with a coordinator like and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so; （3）very short independent clauses need not be separated by a comma if their meanings are closely connected.
10.1 Punctuation
2. How to end a sentence 1) Reference for the Classroom Activities 1 on p158 Three kinds of punctuation marks can be at the end of sentences.
10.1 Punctuation
• • (2) Summary： Rules of setting off sentence beginners with comma When a word, phrase, or dependent clause precedes the main clause of a sentence, a comma is often used to separate it from the main clause. For example: • Sentence: I usually skip breakfast. • Introductory word: Well, I usually skip breakfast. • Introductory phrase. In fact, I usually skip breakfast. • Introductory clause: As I often sleep in, I usually skip breakfast.
Course of Writing
Unit 10 Punctuation
Teaching objective today
• Understand the functions of punctuation • Know how to end a sentence, how to join sentences and how to punctuate a sentence • Writing: write a conclusion for a short composition
10.1 Punctuation
– However, modern usage is moving away from using a comma after the introductory part as long as there is no chance for misunderstanding. For example: – On Huaihai Road there is a museum in honor of Madam Song Qingling.
10.1 Punctuation
B. Parenthesis
• A parentheses interrupts the flow of a sentence; therefore, it must be sealed off both ends by pair of comma, dashes or brackets. • (1) warm-up activities: p161
10.1 Punctuation
3.How to join sentences of equal weight
10.1 Punctuation
1) 2) warm-up activities:p159 classroom activities Summary of knowledge points:
10.1 Punctuation
• (2) Summary : rules of the punctuation marks for parentheses : – 1) Commas: We use commas to set off an inserted part that interrupts the sentence only slightly. • Note: we have to use commas to set off non-restrictive clauses as in Sentence c. – 2) Dashes: We use dashes when we want to emphasize the insertion or when we want to set off a series used as an appositive with commas in it. – 3) Brackets: We use brackets when we want to add inessential information that often goes to a footnote.
写作教程Unit 10
SAMPLE 1 (PAGE99)
Americans have even seen murder LIVE on their home screens. ① Tens of millions watched Lee Harvey Oswald being transferred to a jail to await trial
Bad for health (Myopia; Obesity)
Addictive (waste of time)
•Releasing pressure
•Expanding one’s horizon
MERITS & DEMERITS OF PRINTED MEDIA
•Informing various categories of knowledge •Expanding one’s horizon Cultivate patience
1. General specific 2. General specific 3. General (T.S.) Generalization
Therefore, consequently, thus, as a result, in summary, to conclude, last, accordingly, all in all, in short, hence, in brief, to sum up, on the whole
media a set of technological configurations brings us information in a variety
of forms and inventing the right technology is a feat in itself.
写作教程2课后答案（上海外国语教育出版社）
写作教程2课后答案（上海外国语教育出版社）写作教程 2 课后题答案提示：页码有部分错误，但答案内容正确。
P2 . PART1Advantages : It is very convenient . You can make a call whenever and wherever you want to.It is especially helpful in an emergency .It saves time .You don't have to search for or await the turn for the public phone.You can always be reached when you are neededby others.In an information age ,it can help you to get the information you want in the quickest way.It may help you to grasp any chance to succeed. You canplay games and surf the net through thephone........Disadvantages : It is quite expensiveIts radiation is harmful to healthAnswering calls in public places such as on a bus is embarrassingMaking or answering calls while driving isdangerousYou can always be reached by your parents oryour bossIt may ring at the moment when you least wantit toYou may receive calls fromstrangers or advertising companies and have to pay forthem ..........P3. PART2have become increasingly violentis more and more important for young people is thekindest neighbour I have ever known has aprofound effect on our healthP4. 2.too specificBritish English is different from American English inspelling3.This is not a sentence, but a fragment Differentcountries have different customs4.too general,too emotionalThe local food is tasteless and greasyP7. Approach 1: For one thing, they should balance science and non-science courses so that they do not have too many time-consuming labs.Approach 2:They should also try to get a mixture between subjects they find fairly easy and those that are difficult for them.Example 1: For instance,the student who dose well in history but expects to have a terrible time with calculus might plan on taking both in the same semester to balance the work load.Example 2: The student who dose not plan carefully and takes five tough courses the first term may wind up on scholastic probation.P11. 4 . Paragraph 1:All invention are either basic inventions or improvement on earlier inventions.Paragraph 2:There was a serious accident in thechemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problemof the elderly.5. Paragraph 1 : T opic sentence: people .....to each other. 和convenience. 第一句And无关句：Manynowadays,....moreParagraph 2: T S : 第一句无关句：I didn't /doc/b810843207.html,st night 和 I heard that .... own children.排序：574169832（1）First of all . (2) secondly (3)By and by (4) In addition(5)In shortP18 Paragraph B : Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course.he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion.he sprained his ankle,after a bad landing off the balance beam.he broken the support beam in the basement of his parent's home,showing them his skills.he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar the pommel horse.he fails the final exam in his gymnastics course.he failed to graduate due to the lack of twohours of physical education creditP19 T S: Some historians mark the course of the American Revolutionary War in three major periods.1.During the first phase of the conflict ,New English was the battleground,1)The Minutemen and the Redcoats fired the opening shots of the war at Lexington at dawn of April 19,17752) Shortly afterwards ,the New England colonists laid siege toBoston .the location of the British headquarters.2.In the second phase of the war ,which began after the signing of the Declaration ,both the British and the American made important military gains.1)The British soldiers captured New York in the fall of 1776,and a year later they occupied Philadelphia.2)Meanwhile the Americans were able to seize New Jersey3.The fighting moved to the west and south during the last phase.1)In 1778 and 1779 several battles occurred in Kentucky and Tennessee.2)Then two years later ,the final battle of the war wasfought at Yorktown ,Virginia.P22 . 4: 排序： 4 10 5 12 3 7 15 9 14 2 11 8 13 6 1T S ： My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.P23. 5.(1)Then (2) morning (3)afternoon (4)Then (5)After that (6)when (7)already (8)afterP33. 3. 排序：3614752 Relationship : organization of the paragraph represents Primarily, movementtheingeographical space.P34 5. (1)into (2) crosses (3) In the center of (4) Outside (5)inside (6) On the front (7)over (8)down (9)lined with (10) At the rearP46 4. (1)with (2)while (3)slowly (4)Gradually (5)with (6)By this time (7)Suddenly (8)final (9) ending (10) applause5.Prepare and lay out food;make the special lanterns Keepdancing and singing overnightThrow the food and lanterns into a river or seaWatch the lanterns drifting wayP52 . T S : Working as a cook at the Venture Inn is the best job i have ever had.Reasons: 1. I have a steady fort-hour workweek ,along with a chance for overtime if i want it.2.I can eat whatever i like ,and i get a chance to take steak and sometimes lobster home to my wife.3.I don't have any big hassle with my boss;if i have to report late or skip a day now and then,all she asks is that i call her in advance4. They pay is very good ,averaging close to $200 the weeks that i work overtime5. The job is seasonal.P57. 3. T S : Working in an apple plant was the worst job i ever had.Examples :1: First of all,the work was physically hardSpecific details:1)For ten hours a night ,i took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2)Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice,and they were heavy2:The second bad feature of the job was the paySpecific details:I was getting the minimum wage at thattime ,$1.25an hour,plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3:The worst feature of the apple plant job was the working conditions.1)During work we were limited to two10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch2)The steel floors of the trucks were like ice ;the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding S : I felt humiliated by the poverty thatforced me to do such a bitter job.P58 4. 排序： 36182475Pattern : It follows Pattern 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5.(1) For example (2)Furthermore (3)In still another instance(4)Even (5)his (6)these (7)contemporaryP59 7. 1) I've never seen a girl as lazy as Arena2)English teachers are applying different means to teach theEnglish language3)Americans have been decreasing their working hours sinceearly 1900s4)My father has been a generous man to his childrenP70 5. 排序：213546explain a Spanish word which hasno exact English equivalentcourageous behaviour earthy sexualityP76 Cause: 1. Over a million cars are abandoned on the streets3.Both city governments or governmental agencies have financial headachesEffect: lack of parking in citiesP78 Cause: the terrorist strikesEffects: 1. The Americans feel very anxious and panicky3.The public would wind up ignoring the one warning that really matters.P82 2) Cause : (1) got drunk at the party(2)had taken the drug of Accutane(3)adolescent depressionEffect : Bart Jr.'s suicide4.排序：241365 Pattern of cause and effect: single effect and multiple causesP88 sample 1 subject: the time most students spend studying for a testTopic sentence: The time most students spend studying for a test can be divided into three distinct phases.Division ；1）Phase One runs from the day the test is announced to approximately forty-eight hours before the exam is passed out.2)Phase two is entered two days prior to the test.3)Phase three ,the final phase ,is entered twelve hours before “ZeroHour . ”Sample 2 : subject: students in our schoolTopic sentence: students in our school fall into three groups according to their different intentions of taking part in sports. Division :1) students who go to the playground when they feel tired after study.2)real sports lovers who even put aside their studies for a game. P93 3. 1) T S: University students' entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes placeDivision: a) entertainment at homeb)entertainment on campusc)entertainment elsewhere2)T S: The average young married woman in today's society has her life divided into three different roles.Division: a)the role of wifeb)the role of motherc)the role of self3)T S : Neighbours fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards youDivision:a)those who are friendlyb)those who are indifferentc)those who hate youP94 5: 排序： 7 3 10 9 1 5 8 4 2 11 6 Subject: Christmas gifts T S : Christmas gifts can be divided into threegroups ,according to their after-Christmas fateDivision: a)those that are welcomed and put into usevery soonb)those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc)those that you banish as soon as possibleConcluding S : By New Year's Day, you have eitherused ,stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts6.(1)types (2)Though (3) Finally (4)however(5)Even though (6)Before (7)third (8)If(9)Then (10)theseP106 4.排序： 53624871Pattern of comparison and contrast: subject by subjectP107 5. (1)similar (2)although (3)difference (4)identical(5)again (6)while (7)But (8)difference (9)consistency(10)completelyP114 paragraph B: First statement :The invention of movable type made the mass media possible.Supporting details: Large numbers of people could haveaccessto learning.Second statement :Television brought a second revolution means of the media .Supporting details: Television made experiences available massive numbers of people. by toMillions could watch a president being sworn in or buried ,a spaceship launched .An Olympic race run ,comedies or talk shows at the same time . Third statement :You ,through the medium of television ,will be a member of a “global villages ”.Supporting details ； In the future , this revolution in both information and experiences will spread to the far reaches of the world and even to outer space. Ultimately, you will be able to see and talk instantly to anyone else in the world.General statement : Technology will take a leading role in the media future as it always has in the past.P118 3. The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed pressP119 5 .A : Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2)misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB: TV serials or dramas may oversimplifycomplex social and psychological problems.(1)enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2)giving a false picture of realityC:Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1)too many commercials(2)an insult even to the intelligence of a moronP120 6.(1)Thus (2)When (3)also (4)however (5)Moreover (6)indeed (7)also (8)Yet (9) and (10)ThusP139 sample 2Sample 1 Sample 2Topic sentence: Stanford Introductory paragraph : (the University is one of the famous first para) the main idea of the institutions of higher learning composition :Its reputation is in northern California. based on its intelligentstudents ,distinguished facultyand growth opportunitiesoffered to students.Supporting detail 1 : Body para 1 (the secondIts highly intelligent student para)topic sentence:The population university ?s standards foradmission remain high .Supporting sentences: studentsenroll from all over the UnitedStates ,and many foreignstudents study there as well.Young men and women areselected to enter the universityfrom the upper fifteen percentof their high school classes. Supporting detail 2 : Body para 2（the third para ）Distinguished teaching staff Topic sentence :Stanford hasattracted to its faculty some ofthe world ?s most respectedscholars.Supporting sentences ； Theuniversity staff has includedseveral Nobel Prize winners inphysics ,medicine andchemistry .Stanford?sundergraduate school ofengineering and its graduate schools of business ,law ,and medicine are especially well regarded.Supporting campus life detail 3 : its Body parapara )topicCulturally,campus isstudents .3thea(the fourthsentence :universitymagnet forSupporting sentences ；Plays ,concerts ,and operas areperformed in the university?sseveral auditoriums and inoutdoor Frost Amphitheater.Guest lectures from public andacademic life frequently appearon campus,. In the evening,many students gather tosocialize in the Student Union,s coffee house .For the sports–minded ,the Stanford campusoffers highly developedConcluding sentence: It is considered comparable in quality to other longer established universities. athletic facilities. Team sports ,swimming ,and track and field activity are all very much part of the Stanford picture. Concluding para (the last para ) conclusion: Stanford is now generally considered comparable in quality to such other longer established ,major American universities as Harvard ,Yale, Princeton, and Columbia.P145 3. Gambling is the root cause of many social problems The future of education lies in the innovation of educational technologyViolence on television has a negative impact on children's view of societyWomen should be given equal opportunities in education and career developmentEfforts should be made to preserve natural beauty in developing local tourismP147 6. (1)usually (2)often (3)Since (4)on the other hand(5)also (6)but (7)AlthoughP158 5.排序： 8 3 7 1 5 9 13 2 6 12 4 11 106: 1.While 2.in the morning 3. in the evening 4.While 5.until 6.while 7.before 8.at six o'clock 9.As soon as10.Unfortunately 11.What's more 12.After 13.the next morning14.next 15. Luckily 16.until 17.at lastP172 5.排序：32718564P173 6: (1)cozy (2)soft (3)On one side of the room(4)Next to (5)muted (6)On the other side o f (7)nap(8)orange(9)lighted (10)sizzling。
Punctuation
1 History 2 Conventional styles of English punctuation 3 Other languages 4 Novel punctuation marks 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links
early system (circa 400 AD); this was considerably improved on by
Alcuin. The marks included the virgule (forward slash) and dots in
different locations; the dots were centred in the line, raised or in groups.
pilcrow prime registered trademark section sign service mark sound recording copyright tilde trademark underscore/understrike vertical/broken bar, pipe
The Greeks were using punctuation marks consisting of vertically arranged dots - usually two (cf. the modern colon) or three - in around the 5th century BC. Greek playwrights such as Euripides and Aristophanes used symbols to distinguish the ends of phrases in written drama: this essentially helped the play's cast to know when to pause. In particular, they used three different symbols to divide speeches, known as commas (indicated by a centred dot), colons (indicated by a dot on the base line), and periods or full stops (indicated by a raised dot).
新时代核心英语教程写作2unit10
新时代核心英语教程写作2unit10Unit 10: Descriptive WritingAims:- To develop students' ability to write descriptively.- To improve students' vocabulary and grammatical accuracy in writing.- To enhance students' ability to organize their thoughts and ideas in writing.Warm-up Activity:1. Begin by showing students a picture of a scenic location (e.g. a beach, a mountain, a city skyline).2. Ask students to describe the picture using their five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste).3. Encourage students to be as detailed and specific as possible in their descriptions.4. Discuss the students' descriptions as a class, and highlight effective use of descriptive language.Pre-writing Activity:1. Introduce the topic of descriptive writing to the students.2. Explain that descriptive writing is used to create a vivid and detailed picture in the reader's mind.3. Provide examples of descriptive writing from literature or other sources.4. Discuss the techniques used in these examples, such as sensory details, similes, metaphors, and vivid language.Writing Task:1. Ask students to choose a place that they are familiar with and that has personal significance to them (e.g. their hometown, a park, their school).2. Instruct students to write a descriptive paragraph about this place, using the techniques discussed in the pre-writing activity.3. Encourage students to incorporate sensory details and figurative language to make their descriptions more engaging.4. Remind students to organize their thoughts and ideas in a logical and coherent manner.5. Monitor the students' progress during the writing task, providing guidance and feedback as necessary.Post-writing Activity:1. Have students exchange their paragraphs with a partner.2. Instruct the partners to read each other's paragraphs and provide constructive feedback.3. Encourage students to look for areas where the descriptions could be enhanced or made more vivid.4. After receiving feedback, students should revise and edit their paragraphs.5. As a class, have students share their revised paragraphs and discuss the improvements made.Extension Activity:1. Ask students to choose a different place and write a new descriptive paragraph.2. This time, instruct students to focus on using descriptive language to convey a specific mood or atmosphere.3. For example, students could describe a haunted house, a bustling city street, or a serene forest.4. Encourage students to experiment with different words and phrases to create the desired mood.5. Students can then share their paragraphs with the class and discuss the effectiveness of their descriptions in conveying the intended mood.。
写作教程Unit 10(完整版)
Promote sales
Competition Exaggeration Lies
Informative Persuasive
Innovation
Celebrities Visual and sound effect on screen
SAMPLE 1 (PAGE99)
Advertising contains at least a minimum of information about products and services available. ①By providing such information, advertisers hope to fill in people’s cognitive maps. ②Advertisers also try to create favorable attitudes toward their products and specific brands and to link such products to existing needs. ③Lastly, advertisers hope to stimulate actual purchase behaviors. Thus, media advertising can have cognitive, affective and behavioral effects on consumers.
SAMБайду номын сангаасLE 1 (PAGE99)
Americans have even seen murder LIVE on their home screens. ① Tens of millions watched Lee Harvey Oswald being transferred to a jail to await trial for the assassination of President Kennedy when Oswald was suddenly shot to death before their eyes. ② Americans have watched heads of state take office, and be buried. The John Kennedy assassination and funeral were seen by 96 percent of all TV homes, each watching an average of 31 and a half hours. ③ Nine out of ten American families followed the moon flight of Apollo 11, watching an average of 15 hours. Television, in shout, over and above providing entertainment, can make America pay attention as can no other medium and informs the people in a way that the nation has never before been informed.
英语写作：Punctuation
Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas. For example: 1.At 22 she left the college, where she had spent four fruitful and memorable years. 2.Miss Wang, who has returned from American with a doctor’s degree, is going to offer a course in American history. 3.Mr.Huang, the new director of the company, will soon announce his plans for reforms. 4.The speaker, after glancing at his notes, began to talk about the next point.
The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are not linked by a conjunction. for example: 1.She doesn’t like this film; she is disgusted with it. She was interested in history a few years ago; today her main interest is in anthropology. 2.Each of the above two sentences can be turned into two separate sentences without any change in meaning. But there is this difference: the two parts in one sentence seem more closely connected than they are as two sentences. On the otheater emphasis as two sentences.
写作教程第二册chapter 10 punctuation
10.1 Punctuation
• • (2) Summary： Rules of setting off sentence beginners with comma When a word, phrase, or dependent clause precedes the main clause of a sentence, a comma is often used to separate it from the main clause. For example: • Sentence: I usually skip breakfast. • Introductory word: Well, I usually skip breakfast. • Introductory phrase. In fact, I usually skip breakfast. • Introductory clause: As I often sleep in, I usually skip breakfast.
10.1 Punctuation
Introduction: Punctuation Marks Full stop /period . Question mark ? Exclamation mark ! Comma , Colon : Semicolon ; Quotation marks “” „‟ Apostrophe ‟ Dashes — Hyphen Brackets/Parentheses () [] Elliptical periods … Slash /solidus / Italic Capitalization Abbreviation WTO
10.1 Punctuation
写作教程第二册chapter 10 punctuation 共24页PPT资料
– （1）joins short and closely related parallel sentences;
– （2）joins sentences with a coordinator like and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so;
Apostrophe ’ Dashes — Hyphen Brackets/Parentheses () [] Elliptical periods … Slash /solidus / Italic Capitalization Abbreviation WTO
10.1 Punctuation
1. Functions of punctuation 1）warm-up activities: p 156-file1-2 2) Summary of Functions of punctuation : （1）Punctuation marks are symbols that indicate the structure
– Period (. ) used to end a statement
• I have finished my breakfast .
– Question mark (?) - used to end a direct question
• Do you know when the train for Liverpool leaves?
10.1 Punctuation
• In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate(消除…的歧义) the meaning of sentences.
写作教程第二册chapter 10 punctuation(课堂PPT)
– Exclamation mark (! ) used to end an emphatic or strongly worded statement
• What a man!
• You're lying!
2) Follow-up activities: the Classroom Activities 2 on p158
• Writing: write a conclusion for a short composition
2
Teaching focus
• the functions of punctuation • how to end a sentence, how to join
sentences and how to punctuate a sentence • Writing: a conclusion for a short composition
Apostrophe ’ Dashes — Hyphen Brackets/Parentheses () [] Elliptical periods … Slash /solidus / Italic Capitalization Abbreviation WTO
4
10.1 Punctuation
5
10.1 Punctuation
• In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate(消除…的歧义) the meaning of sentences.
e.g. ① woman without her man is nothing "woman, without her man, is nothing.” "woman: without her, man is nothing.“ ② eats shoots and leaves "eats shoots and leaves" "eats, shoots and leaves."
写作教程第2版课件u10
• Faulty Generalization
• Read the following sentences, and decide whether they are good generalization. If not, give your reason(s).
• 1. Some Americans from Hollywood are movie stars. All movie stars are rich; therefore, all Americans are rich.
• Thus we can say that the level of generality depends on the context.
• 3. Rearrange these sentences to make a welldeveloped passage ending with the most general statement. Use linking words where necessary.
• Level of generality
• A paragraph usually contains statements at varying levels of generality. One statement is more general than another if it refers to a larger number of specific cases or if it attempts to cover a wider range; similarly, if a statement carries a smaller portion of the total message, it tends to be more specific.