西方文化英文经典选读
英美文化3000句(英文)
I,American culture 600II,British culture 377III,Other countries‘ culture 200IV. Intelligence test 100---------------------------------------------------1277Part I American Culture1. V ersailles Treaty System was the result of Paris Conference in North America.2. The stock market crash was the beginning of a long economic depression in the U.S.3. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin as their next president who promised to get America out of the depression.4. By the year of 2050, American population is expected to climb to 383 million.5. The 1920s in the United States has been described by many historians as a period of spiritual frustration.6. The decision on setting –up of a world organization: the United Nations was made at Y alta（雅尔塔）Conference.7. Cotton is the leading commercial crop in the South of America.8. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. Most blacks were slaves before 1863.9. The Civil Rights Movement in the US was take place in 1960s.10. The slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.11. The ―first Americans‖ were the Indians.12. Puritan tradition was mainly developed in Massachusetts Bay colony.13. The Civil War cost America 618,000 lives.14. After the Civil War, the United States saw great developments in agriculture.15. The Constitution was first ratified by Delaware in December 1787.16. In September 1774, the First Continental congress was held in Philadelphia, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.17. American victory at Saratoga was a great turning point of the war, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S. and France.18. After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France, there was a desire for territorial expansion among many frontier men.19. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be a free state.20. President Lincoln was shot dead five days after General Lee, commanding general of the Confederate army surrendered his troops.21. Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.22. During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the old Northwest.23. The US Constitutional was officially adopted on March 4, 1789.24. The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until the 1960s.25. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.26 The United States did not join the Second World War directly until Pearl Harbor incident in December, 1941.26. There were four great population movements in the history of the United States.27. The largest land that the U.S. got from France was the Louisiana Territory.28. Lincoln‘s Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution formally ended the slave system.29. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and found the Confederate States of America.30. The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865 .31. The Vietnam war turned out to be America‘s longest war it ever fought.32. The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.33. Alaska and Hawaii were accepted into the United States of America in 1959.34. Each of the fifty states of US elects 2 senators.35. There are 9 judges in the Supreme Court of America.36. The first ten amendments added to the constitution in 1791 was called the Bill of Rights.37. The Constitution determines the government and divides the power of the government into three branches.38. The parties in the US choose all their candidates for election, except for president, as ―primary election ‖.39 In American history 4 presidents have been assassinated.40. The president who was first assassinated in 1865 was Abraham Lincoln.41. There are 12 persons in the Jury.42. There are 100 members in the Senate.43. According to the Constitution, the president should be a citizen born in the US territory.44. The two main parties are the Democratic and the Republican Party.45. The general election in America is held every 4 years.46. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is donkey.47. The number of Congressmen from each state varies depending on the size of the population.48.There are 13 departments in American Government.49. All states in America have the legislative branch of two houses except the state Nebraska .50. In each state there are about 60 counties on average.51. It was Columbus who first discovered the America in 1492.52. The Indians living in America are all red skinned and dark-haired.53. The First World War broke out on July 28th in 1914 .54 In 1620 some English Puritans sailed to Plymouth on a ship called Mayflower.55. Lexington Fire was the prelude of the War of Independence.56. In 1803 the United States purchased Louisiana from France .57. The U.S.- Spanish War broke out in 1898.58. The Great Depression of 1929 - 1933 shook the United States and the whole capitalist world to its foundation.59.. The Cold War policy went into effect by the spring of 1947 when Truman Doctrine came forth.60. The Confederate Union of America consisted of 11 southern states.61. By the end of 19th century, the U.S. had become the most powerful country in the world.62. The U.S. bought the area of Alaska from Russia in 1867.63. During Washington‘s administration Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State .64. President John Q. Adams was the son of the second president, John Adams.65. The forming of the Holy Alliance was to suppress the South American revolution.66. The first great tide from 1840 to 1860 in America was the Westward movement.67. The famous novel ―Uncle Tom‘s Cabin‖ by Mrs. Stowe aroused a great and universal hatred for slavery.68. Only the Supreme Court has the right to interpret the constitution.69. The U.S. bought the area of Alaska from Russia in 1867.70. The Federal Constitution consists of 7 articles and 26 amendments.71. The balance is always kept among the three branches of the power of the government and this is called the ―System of Checks and Balance‖.72. In1607 the first group of English colonists came to America.73. Impeachment is the only way in which the president can legally be removed from office.74. A man named John Brown began a rising which aimed at solving the slavery trouble by force.75. In American history, only president Reagan survived an assassination of being shot.76. Andrew Jackson was the first president who developed the power of veto into one of the means of making laws.77. In the US the chief function of Congress is to make laws.78. During Washington‘s administration Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State.79. The forming of the Holy Alliance was to suppress the South American revolution.80. The head of he House of Representatives is called the Speaker.81. The bourgeois democratic personages headed by Thomas Jefferson, were opposed to the Constitution. They were called anti-federalist _.81. The seat of the American Federal Government is the District of Columbia.82. The eastern part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.83. The famous Yellowstone National Park is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming.84. The western part of the central plain is also called the ―Great Plains _‖.85. The Mississippi River flows from the Great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.86. The lowest point in the whole of North America is Death Valley _.87. The world-known Colorado Valley lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River.88. The largest island salt lake in North America is the Great Salt Lake.89. The United States includes50 states and a federal district, the District of Columbia.90. The two main tributaries of the Mississippi River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River.91. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of Canada and the United States.92. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the 50 centimeter Rainfall Line.93. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the ―Sunny South ‖.94. The largest state, Alaska, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.95. ABC, CNN, CBS are U.S. news and cable network.96. Associate‘s degre e is offered in community colleges in the United States.97. U.S. presidents normally serve a four-year term..98. By the end of 19th century, the U.S. had become the most powerful country in the world.99. Harvard University was founded in 1636.100. The state to which the Mayflower sailed is Massachusetts.101. The U.S.A is known as a ―Melting pot‖ for its mixture of nationalities.102. In the Civil War, Lincoln issued the famous The Emancipation Proclamation.(解放黑奴宣言)103. Thomas A Edison had the title ―the Wizard of Menlo Park‖.104. The first American President who inaugurated in Washington City was Thomas Jefferson.105. The ―Big Stick‖ Policy was advanced by President Theodore Roosevelt.106. The British established 13 colonies along the east coast of north America.107. In Jan. 1918, American President Woodrow Wilson prepared his ―Fourteen Point‖ as a basis of peace negotiation.108. Jone Wycliffe took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.109. President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a well-known policy called the New Deal.110. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.111. On Aug. 14, 1941, the U.S. and Britain issued a joint communiqué called the Atlantic charter.112. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution was called The Bill of Rights.113. ―The Lost Generation‖ refers to the young people in the post-WWI era.114. The period of the ―Cold War‖ began when the Truman Doctrine came forth in March 1947.115. The largest public library in the US is Library of Congress.116. The 1920s in the United States has been described as a period of loss of purpose.117. During the Civil War Lincoln took two important measures, one was the Homestead Bill, the 24. The American policy towards the Soviet Union after the Second World War was containment.118. Jazz is considered America‘s unique contribution to music.119. Galileo was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.120. The New Frontier was put forward by Kennedy.121. The Library of Congress is in the city of Washington.122. New England is located in the northeastern corner of the country.123. The Cold War policy went into effect by the spring of 1947 when Truman Doctrine came forth.124. American senators are elected every six years.125. The functions of institutions of higher education in the US are teaching, research and public service. 126. The largest religious group in America is Protestants.127. Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Islands in 1492.128. Mississippi River is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf.129. The Declaration of Independence adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.130. Philadelphia has been called the ―cradle of American liberty‖.131. The United States is the third most populous country in the world.132. Baseball is supposed to be America‘s national sport and used to be call ―American‘s favorable pastime‖. 133. The last one of the 13 colonies was _ Georgia ___, which was established in 1733.134. New Y ork, called the ―Big Apple‖, is the largest city in the United States, and the financial, manufacturing and transportation center.135. the longest road in the world connects the US and Canada.136. in which holiday do people light Jack-O-Lantern? Halloween137. the national flower of the US is rose138. the most popular religion in the US is Christianity.139. ―king of Rock‘n‘Roll‖ is Elvis Presley.140. name three famous drink brands in the US: Cocacola,Pepsi, Sprite, Seven-up,141. name 2 famous US car brands: Buick, Hummer, Chevrolet, 福特(Ford)、林肯(Lincoln)、Thunderbird, 142. name 2 powerful parties in the US: Republic and Democracy143. the president who got involved in the Watergate scandal is Nixon144. ―I have a dream‖ is a famous speech by Martin Luther King145. the first African American president is Obama146. Obama is 44th US president.147. Obama belongs to Democratic party148. in the tragic 9.11 the world trade center and the pentagon were attacked.149.The most influential newspaper in the US are Los Angeles Times, the Washington post and New York times150.colors in the US national flag are red, white, and blue151.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.152.Presidential election is held every four years in November in the U.S.A.153.in 1979, the United States and China established diplomatic relations.154.new Orleans is the state where jazz came into being.155.Philadelphia is called the ―cradle of American liberty‖.156.The symbol of the US Republican Party is elephant.157. Broadway is the centre of theatres in America.158. The New World was named after Amerigo Vespucci.159. The First World War broke out on July 28th in 1914.160. In 1620 some English Puritans sailed to Plymouth on a ship called Mayflower161. On July 4th, 1776, the document called the Declaration of Independence was accepted by the American Congress.162. The first English colony was Virginia.163. In 1803 the United States purchased Louisiana from France _.164.The U.S.- Spanish War broke out in 1898.165. The Constitution Convention lasted 13 weeks from May to September, 1787166. The Constitution drawn up at the end of Independence War is called the Articles of the Confederation. 167. The Constitution of 1787 established the dictatorship of the America bourgeoisie big capitalists and big slave owners.168. The Truman Administration decided to provide aid for Greece and Turkey -to avoid these two countries fall into the hands of Soviet Union in 1947.169. Revenue bills must first come from the House of Representatives.170.After the Second World War，both the US and the Soviet Union first attempted to exercise control over Eastern Europe.171. During the Missile Crisis，Soviet Union not sent long-range missiles to Cuba.172. The United States and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations in __1979173.On June 5，1947，George Marshall suggested that the US should offer economic aid to Western Europe so as to protect the region from Soviet expansion.174.McCarthyism was a full-scale，anti-Communist hysteria in the United States in the 1950s.175.Marshall Plan was announced on June 5，__1947176. Education was made a function of the state under the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution.177.Under the pressure of the Anti-war Movement，Johnson decided not to run for the presidency for a second term.178. The Standard Oil Company was founded by Rockefeller179. Abraham Lincoln belonged to the Republican Party180. The V oting Rights Act of 1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote.181. The President cannot veto a law if Congress passes it by a two-thirds vote at the second time.182. By vote of Congress in 1968，the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in the honor of Martin Luther King.183.The American Constitutional was went up to in 1791.184. Kennedy proposed the program of New Frontier.185. The president of the United States is the head of the executive branch.186. The community college made its appearance in the early 1900s.187. The aim of President Roosevelt's New Deal was to ―save democracy‖.188. The Truman Doctrine was directed against Communism.189. Woman obtained voting right from the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.190. Presidential election is held every four years in November in the U.S.A.191. In America，the constitution provides that Vice President shall be President of the Senate.192. The heads of the various executive departments form a council of advisers generally know as the President's Cabinet.193. The slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.194. The Constitution allows the President to give reprieves and pardons(特设) in federal criminal cases. 194. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution forma lly ended the slave system.195. The Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962196. President Truman made the open declaration of the containment policy.197.In December，1956，the Supreme Court declared Alabama 's segregation laws unconstitutional.198. The United States has a free market economy with a dominant private sector.199. There are over 2000 universities, colleges and other institutions in the United States.200. VOA Radio Station was established in 1894.201. Harvard is the earliest university in America.202. American children usually begin their school at the age of 6 .203. There are four grades in universities. They are freshman, sophomore, junior and senior.204. In the year 1958 the first satellite was launched in America205. The Metropolitan Museum and other two museums located in the city of New Y ork .206.The year 1969 saw the success of human‘s first lunar landing by Apollo 11.207.The Vietnam War lasted 12 years.208.The largest group of Asian-Americans is the Chinese-Americans.209.The first successful English colony was established in 1607.210.On July 4, 1776, held the Second Continental Congress .211. The Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant .212.The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States .213.The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas.214.President Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917 .215.The inventor of the telegraph codes was Samuel F B Morse .216.On December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval base in Pearl Harbor.217. In USA the removal of Justices can only be done through impeachment.218. The American Congress is formed by the Senate and the House of Representatives.219.The relationship of the American government three branches can be described as checks and balances. 220.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.221. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.222.The depression years refer to the 1930s.223.In the presidential election of 2008, Senator Barack Obama ran on a platform of "Change".224. An elected senator is supposed to serve for six years.225. The presidential election is held in November each leap year.226. The Constitution of the USA was drawn up in 1787.227. The Constitution of the USA came into effect in 1789.228.Members of the Representative House are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Washington.229.In 1997, American space shuttle that was manufactured by human beings for the first time landed on Mars. 230. The Senate is the upper chamber in the bicameral legislature known collectively as Congress.231. The largest single religious group in the USA is Roman Catholics.232. The Supreme Court consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices.233.The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate. 234. the biggest train station in the world is in New Y ork Station235. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States.236. The Vietnam War began in 1962.237. The famous Wall Street _ is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.238. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the Iron and Steel City.239. Chicago is the second largest in population in the U.S.240. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in California.241. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of European _ origin.242. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the 17th century.243. The Death Valley is 85 meters below sea level.244. The Statue of Liberty Island in New York harbor.245. Pearl Harbor is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.246. _ Rhode Island is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A.247. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into 8 regions.248. The nickname of Houston City is Space City.249. Hawaii became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.250. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.251. The Five Great Lakes are Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.252. The Niagara Falls are 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.253. New Y ork City and San Francisco are two, important Chinatowns.254. Indian Reservation refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.255. New England consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, V ermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.256. The New World refers to North and South Americas.257. The Old World refers to Europe, Asia and Africa, especially Europe.258. New England is featured with mountains, valleys, and rivers.259. The Mountain States are Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.260. The Pacific Coast States are Washington, Oregon and California.261. Mount McKinley is 6187 meters high.262. Mount McKinley is on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.263. English and Hawaiian are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.264. The Mississippi River is the longest river in the USA.265.The most numerous minority in the US is the black people.266. Texas is the second biggest state in America and it is famous for its cowboys.267. Washington is also called the Evergreen State .268. The last two states to join in America were Alaska and Hawaii.269. Rhode Island is the smallest state in America.270. Alaska is the biggest state in America.271. Florida is called the “Sunshine State”in the United States.272. The Kennedy Space Center is located in the state of Florida.273. Washington is the only state named after the president of the United States.274. Florida is famous for its theme parks, it has the world‘s largest theme park--- Walt Disney World.275. The name Minnesota means “sky-colored water”.276. The Pentagon is the largest office building in the world.277. The Pentagon has the offices of the U.S. Department of Defense.278. Alaska is the largest state in America.279. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles278. The traditional dividing line in America between ―east‖ and ―west‖ is The Mississippi River .279. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans.280. The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West.281. To the west of mainland American lies the Pacific Ocean.282. The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a typical continental climate.283. The term “Father of Waters”is used to refer to the Mississippi River.284. The Missouri River is the dividing line between the South and North.285. The largest city in Washington is Seattle.286. The United States was rated the fourth in the world in terms of land areas.287. The state of California is on The Pacific Coast288.The south-eastern states are sometimes harassed by hurricanes which are often called by a girl‘s name.289.Statehood was granted to Hawaii and Alaska in the year 1959 .290.There are 4 time zones in the United States.291. The Potomac River is the clearest dividing-line between north and south in the United States.292. The six states in the north-eastern part of the US are together referred to as New England.293. The city Washington DC is on the border between south and north.294.The territory of the capital Washington DC was taken from the states of Maryland and Virginia.295.The central plain of the US is bounded by the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains.296.Besides the 50 states and the capital Washington DC, the US also includes some overseas territories, such as Puerto Rico.297.The boundary between the US and Canada is open and undefended.298.Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Michigan belongs to America completely.299. The world‘s largest freshwater lake is Lake Superior.300. The state of Alaska is rich in fishing and trapping.301. The District of Manhattan is in the city of New Y ork.302. The United States produces as much as half of the world‘s soybeans and corn.303. Mauna Loa, the world‘s largest active volcano, is located in Hawaii304. The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.305. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.306. On July 16, 1969, after traveling 239,000 miles into space, the Apollo 11spacecraft slowly circled around the moon.307. Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States.308. Franklin Roosevelt was president for twelve years, he was the thirty-second president of the United States. 309. In 1964, Martin Luther King was the youngest person to get the Nobel Peace Prize.310. In American history there was a president whose nickname was teddy, he is Theodore Roosevelt.311. Edison invented wax paper, fire alarms, the battery, and motion pictures.312. Sewing machine changes people‘s life, it is invented by American people.313. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.314. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.315. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II.316. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.317. In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering led American settlers to travel westward.318. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.319. The Presidents during the American Civil War was Abraham Lincoln.320. The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.321. Martin Luther King delivered the famous speech ―I have a dream‖ on Washington in 1963.322 The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was Ku Klux Klan. 323. Britain recognized the independence of the USA in 1783.324. Columbus discovered the New World in 1492.325. Brothers Wright designed and invented the first airplane in the world326. The first group of English colonists found a way to earn money by growing tobacco.327. In 1620, a group of Puritans, called the Pilgrims, crossed the Atlantic in the ship Mayflower.328.In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, recognizing the independence of the US.329. To ensure individual liberties, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1791.330. In April 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant, marking the end of the Civil War.331. In 1803, the huge territory Louisiana was bought from France for $15 million.332. The state to which the Mayflower sailed is Massachusetts.333. The important thing done in the Second Continental Congress was that Washington was appointed commander of the army.。
西方文化6American Literature
materialism
Provincial focus Henry James The American Portrait of a Lady
Imagism
Ezra Pound T.S. Eliot E.E.Cumming
r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r who a)s w(e loo)k upnowgath PPEGORHRAS S eringint(oeringint(oaThe):l eA !p: S a (r rIvInG .gRrE aPsPhOs) to rea(be)rran(com)gi(e)ngly ,grasshopper;
Terrifying tales
Edgar Allan Poe The Masque of Red Death红死病的假面具 Death红死病的假面具 The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍府的倒塌 Usher厄舍府的倒塌 The Tell-tale Heart泄密的心 TellHeart泄密的心
Ralph Waldo Emerson
I become a transparent eye-ball; I eyeam nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.
1 I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
Individualism
英语语言文学西方文化讲义
The Birth and Development of Christianity1. Formation of Early Christianity (100 BC)“Dead Sea Scrolls”死海古卷* : 100 BC- 60 ADa collection of manuscripts in Hebrew discovered in caves near the Dead Sea between 1947and 1956widely held to provide important biblical evidenceThe earliest secret organization (2nd century BC－2nd century AD):came into being among the Jews in Asia Minor小亚细亚, advocating faith in Messiah.Messiah弥赛亚A messiah (literally, “anointed one“受膏者)has come to be seen as a saviour or liberator of a group of people, most commonly in the Abrahamic religions.Islamism: MohammedChristianity: Jesus Christ2. The Legends of Jesus Christ (6BC - 30AD)Jesus of Nazareth 拿撒勒（an ancient city in North of Palestine）crucifixion,钉死在十字架resurrection 复活ascension 升天sacrificed his life in order to save humankindNativity(The Birth of Jesus Christ)“Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel以马内利（耶稣基督的别称）, which being interpreted is, God with us.”-- Matthew 1:23.the incarnation of Jesus as the second Adam: in fulfillment of the divine will of God, undoing the damage caused by the first Adamhumility of Jesus: a tender image in Christian arts.Virgin Mary圣母玛利亚The Baptism洗礼Jesus was baptized at the age of 29 in the river Jordan (约旦河) as a Judaist by John the Baptist (施洗约翰).The Beatitudes (山上宝训/八种福乐)Jesus delivered his most famous sermon布道on a mountain. In it, Jesus taught his listeners to: - Love your enemies.- Do not judge others.- Trust God.- Don't be anxious about tomorrow.- Do unto others as you would have them do unto you (The "golden rule").12 Apostles 十二使徒Jesus stated in the bible to have had 12 apostles who by the great commission spread the message of the Gospel（good news 福音）after his resurrection复活.The Last Supper, by Da Vinci, 1490The betrayer: Judassold Jesus to his enemies, and the price was 30 pieces of silverJudas kiss: gave Jesus a kiss to identify him to the crowd who then arrested himSome festivalsChristmas: celebrate Jesus' birth on December 25th. It follows a month of preparation (Advent)and involved lots of festivities, school plays telling the story of the nativity, exchanging Christmas cards and presents, special meals, special decoration - very much like big festivals in other world religions.Easter Sunday : The most important festival for Christians. It is a very joyous occasion marked in churches by wonderful music and flowers. Out of church by the exchange of cards and Easter eggs - a symbol of spring and new life as Jesus' death brought new life to Christians.2.The Dissemination (传播) and Perfection of ChristianityWhy is Christianity, a religion that originated in the Middle East, is regarded as the religion of the West?The disciples were also persecuted by the Roman authorities and the Palestinian kings.The followers of Jesus had to get to the other places in Palestine.After Jesus’death, his followers began to spread his ideas:“People are brothers and sisters and they should love each other, behave themselves, since all of them are the children of God.”St. Paul (圣徒保罗)Paul is as old as Jesus. Educated in both Judaism and Hellenistic希腊文化的traditions, he was once engaged in the persecution迫害of Christiansbut around 33 AD he accepted Jesus’ideas after some mysterious experience, and started his missionary movement and set up a number of Christian branches in Asia Minor (小亚细亚) and Greece.Paul wrote in the 50s and 60s some epistles书信集/letters to those branches expounding Christian doctrine, which helped greatly to shape Christianity.Saint Peter圣彼得Simon Peter preached Jesus’ideas in various places in the Roman Empire and around Rome. Peter also wrote several letters. He finally became the bishop of Rome in the early 60s AD (He isthe successor of Jesus). (St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome designed by Michelangelo in 1506) Persecution against ChristiansA group of Christians began to be recognized in the Roman Empire in the early 60s AD. Although there was no official religion in the Empire at that time (Emperor worship and worshipping of Roman gods were practiced, though.)the Christian movement offended the ruling class.In 64 AD, both St. Paul and St. Peter were killed.Christianity as the state religionIn the fourth century AD, the religion of Mithraism (密特拉教，拜日教)was still very popular in the Roman Empire. In Zoroastrianism (起源于古波斯的琐罗亚斯德教,祆教,拜火教), Mithra光明神is a god close to the Sun.Developed from Persian thought, Mithraism became a popular cult among Roman soldiers stationed in Anatolia (安那托利亚)during the late Republic.But by 250 AD Christianity had become the most popular religion in the central area of Anatolia.By the late third century it had covered Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, Greece, Italy, Spain and Gaul高卢.Christianity Turned into a National Religion of the Roman EmpireConstantine the Great (君士坦丁大帝 c. 272-337 ): moved the capital from Rome to Constantine & declared the tolerance of Christianity.Theodosius I (狄奥多西): c. 346－395 --- the last monarch of Roman Empire300-500AD: development of Christian doctrines, Biblical commentaries --- establishment of standard system of Christian teaching391: Christianity became the official religion of Roman Empire.Why did Roman accepted Christianity at last?People were tired of wars. Chiristianity could comfort them.Kings, emperors and aristocrats always need something to control their subjects ideologically and intellectuallyHelp people to accept the new ruler and his followersSuggeted social stability, reassured people that their life and properties were protected.3. The Principal Doctrines of Christianity1)The fall and curse of man2)Atonement 赎罪3)Regeneration 重生4)Assurance 保证5)Forgiveness三位一体The Trinity: the central dogma中心法则of Christian theology神学Holy Father (God) –powerHoly son (Jesus) - wisdomHoly Spirit –loveUnity of the Three: “the one God exists in three Persons”The Principal Factions of Christianity1. Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教2. Protestantism 新教3. Eastern Orthodox 东正教Church OrganizationMore and more people were converted to Christianity. Christians borrowed the structure of the government of the Roman Empire to establish a church organization with various church leaders.a parish（教区）with a full time leader---priest教士.A diocese (主教管区)headed by a bishop (主教),In a Roman province (行省)an archbishop (大主教) was chosenthe archbishop of Rome later claimed authority over the other archbishops: Pope教皇The Christian Schism分裂In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into two parts:the Roman Catholic Church seated in Romethe Eastern Orthodox Church seated in Constantinople君士坦丁堡.Reform movement in 16th c Christianity: “Protestant Reformation”* Martin Luther(1483-1546)his Reformation theology:- salvation as a free gift of God’s grace through faith in Jesus Christ- Bible as the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God ---challenged the authority ofthe Pope of Roman Catholic churchHis translation of the Bible in 1534The Reformation of Christianity1520s establishment of the Protestant churches.The movement was started by Martin Luther*马丁路德and joined by Calvin 加尔文and others Millions of people died during the resulting religious wars.The reformation led to the fracturing of Christianity into approximately 35,000 faith groups.4 The Decline and Secularization of Christianity1. 18th c: Enlightenment and the Deist God自然神论2. 19th c: God’s Death in late 19th CFriedrich Nietzsche 尼采: God is dead and man must find a new mode of being.Today’s Function of ChristianitySecularized世俗化的, declining, but remains the spiritual food for1) the conservatives: regarding themselves as God’s chosen people;2) some moral idealists and those who commit in charity;The relationship between Christianity and Judaism1) Similarity: a monotheistic religion/one God (唯一神教); omniscience/ “knows all things”(全知全能) and omnipotence /“all powerful” (无限强大）of God; moral standards;2) Differences:Judaism: Jesus NOT as the God; waiting for their Messiah; the Hebrew Bible VS The New Testament as a part of BibleChristianity: Jesus as the God, the Messiah; The New Testament as a part of Bible。
西方经典文学100篇（ByBBC）
西方经典文学100篇（ByBBC）1、The Lord of the Rings, JRR Tolkien 指环王，J.R.R.托尔金2、Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen 傲慢与偏见，简?奥斯丁3、His Dark Materials, Philip Pullman 黑暗物质，菲利普?普尔曼4、The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams 银河系漫游指南，道格拉斯?亚当斯5、Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, JK Rowling 哈利?波特与火焰杯，J.K.罗琳6、To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee 杀死一只知更鸟，哈珀?李7、Winnie the Pooh, AA Milne 小熊维尼，A、A、米尔恩8、Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell 1984，乔治?奥威尔9、The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, CS Lewis 纳尼亚传奇：狮子、女巫、魔衣橱，C.S.刘易斯10、Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront?简?爱，夏绿蒂?勃朗特11、Catch-22, Joseph Heller 第22条军规，约瑟?海勒12、Wuthering Heights, Emily Bront?呼啸山庄，艾米莉?勃朗特13、Birdsong, Sebastian Faulks鸟之歌，塞巴斯蒂安?福克斯14、Rebecca, Daphne du Maurier蝴蝶梦（吕蓓卡），达夫妮?杜穆里埃15、The Catcher in the Rye, JD Salinger 麦田里的守望者，J.D.塞林格16、The Wind in the Willows, Kenneth Grahame 柳林风声，肯尼斯?格雷厄姆17、Great Expectations, Charles Dickens 远大前程，查尔斯?狄更斯18、Little Women, Louisa May Alcott 小妇人，露意莎?梅?奥尔柯特19、Captain Corelli’s Mandolin, Louis de Bernieres柯莱利上尉的曼陀林，路易斯?德?贝尔尼埃20、War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy 战争与和平，列夫?托尔斯泰21、Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell 飘，玛格丽特?米切尔22、Harry Potter And The Philosopher’s Stone, JK Rowling 哈利?波特与魔法石，J.K.罗琳23、Harry Potter And The Chamber Of Secrets, JK Rowling 哈利?波特与密室，J.K.罗琳24、Harry Potter And The Prisoner Of Azkaban, JK Rowling 哈利?波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒，J.K.罗琳25、The Hobbit, JRR Tolkien 霍比特人，J.R.R.托尔金26、Tess Of The D’Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy 德伯家的苔丝，托马斯?哈代27、Middlemarch, George Eliot 米德尔马契，乔治?艾略特28、A Prayer For Owen Meany, John Irving 为欧文?米尼祈祷，约翰?欧文29、The Grapes Of Wrath, John Steinbeck 愤怒的葡萄，约翰?斯坦贝克30、Alice’s Adventures In Wonderland, Lewis Carroll 爱丽丝漫游奇境记，刘易斯?卡罗尔31、The Story Of Tracy Beaker, Jacqueline Wilson 崔西?贝克的故事，杰奎琳?威尔森32、One Hundred Years Of Solitude, Gabriel GarcíaMárquez 百年孤独，加西亚?马尔克斯33、The Pillars Of The Earth, Ken Follett 圣殿春秋，肯?弗雷特34、David Copperfield, Charles Dickens 大卫?科波菲尔，查尔斯?狄更斯35、Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, Roald Dahl 查理和巧克力工厂，罗尔德?达尔36、Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson 金银岛，罗伯特?路易斯?斯蒂文森37、A T own Like Alice, Nevil Shute 像爱丽丝的小镇，内维尔?舒特38、Persuasion, Jane Austen 劝导，简?奥斯丁39、Dune, Frank Herbert 沙丘，弗兰克?赫伯特40、Emma, Jane Austen 爱玛，简?奥斯丁41、Anne Of Green Gables, LM Montgomery 绿山墙的安妮，L.M.蒙哥马利42、Watership Down, Richard Adams 沃特希普荒原，理查德?亚当斯43、The Great Gatsby, F Scott Fitzgerald 了不起的盖茨比，斯科特?菲茨杰拉德44、The Count Of Monte Cristo, Alexandre Dumas 基督山恩仇记，大仲马45、Brideshead Revisited, Evelyn Waugh 旧地重游（故园风雨后），伊夫林?沃46、Animal Farm, George Orwell 动物农场，乔治?奥威尔47、A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens 圣诞颂歌，查尔斯?狄更斯48、Far From The Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy 远离尘嚣，托马斯?哈代49、Goodnight Mister Tom, Michelle Magorian晚安，汤姆先生，米歇尔?麦格里安50、The Shell Seekers, RosamundePilcher海边拾贝人，罗莎蒙德?皮尔彻51、The Secret Garden, Frances Hodgson Burnett 秘密花园，法兰西丝?霍森?柏纳特52、Of Mice And Men, John Steinbeck 人鼠之间，约翰?斯坦贝克53、The Stand, Stephen King 末日逼近，斯蒂芬?金54、Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy 安娜?卡列尼娜，列夫?托尔斯泰55、A Suitable Boy, Vikram Seth 合适郎君，维克拉姆?塞斯56、The BFG, Roald Dahl 吹梦巨人，罗尔德?达尔57、Swallows And Amazons, Arthur Ransome燕子与鹦鹉，亚瑟?兰塞姆58、Black Beauty, Anna Sewell 黑美人，安娜?休厄尔59、Artemis Fowl, EoinColfer阿特米斯奇幻历险，艾欧因?寇弗60、Crime And Punishment, Fyodor Dostoyevsky 罪与罚，费奥多尔?陀思妥耶夫斯基61、Noughts And Crosses, Malorie Blackman 圈与叉，马洛里?布莱克曼62、Memoirs Of A Geisha, Arthur Golden 艺伎回忆录，亚瑟?高登63、A Tale Of Two Cities, Charles Dickens 双城记，查尔斯?狄更斯64、The Thorn Birds, Colleen McCollough荆棘鸟，考琳?麦考洛65、Mort, Terry Pratchett 死神学徒（碟形世界系列之4），特里?普拉切特66、The Magic Faraway Tree, Enid Blyton 远方的魔法树，伊妮德?布莱顿67、The Magus, John Fowles 大法师，约翰?福尔斯68、Good Omens, Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman 好兆头，特里?普拉切特和尼尔?盖曼69、Guards! Guards!, Terry Pratchett 卫兵！卫兵！特里?普拉切特70、Lord Of The Flies, William Golding 蝇王，威廉?戈尔丁71、Perfume, Patrick Süskind 香水，帕特里克?聚斯金德（台湾译名徐四金）72、The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, Robert Tressell 穿破裤子的慈善家，罗伯特、特莱塞尔73、Night Watch, Terry Pratchett 夜巡，特里?普拉切特74、Matilda, Roald Dahl 玛蒂尔达（小魔女），罗尔德?达尔75、Bridget Jones’s Diary, Helen Fielding 布雷吉特?琼斯的日记（BJ单身日记），海伦?菲尔丁76、The Secret History, Donna Tartt 校园秘史，唐娜?塔特77、The Woman In White, Wilkie Collins 白衣女人，威尔基?柯林斯78、Ulysses, James Joyce 尤利西斯，詹姆斯?乔伊斯79、Bleak House, Charles Dickens 荒凉山庄，查尔斯?狄更斯80、Double Act, Jacqueline Wilson81、The Twits, Roald Dahl 蠢特夫妇，罗尔德?达尔82、I Capture The Castle, Dodie Smith 我的秘密城堡，道迪?史密斯83、Holes, Louis Sachar 洞（别有洞天），路易斯?萨奇尔84、Gormenghast, MervynPeake 歌门鬼城（幽灵古堡），马温?皮克85、The God Of Small Things, Arundhati Roy 微物之神，阿兰达蒂?洛伊86、Vicky Angel, Jacqueline Wilson 87、Brave New World, Aldous Huxley 美丽新世界，奥尔德斯?赫胥黎88、Cold Comfort Farm, Stella Gibbons 寒冷舒适的农庄，斯特拉?吉本89、Magician, Raymond E Feist 魔法师，雷蒙?弗斯特90、On The Road, Jack Kerouac 在路上，杰克?克鲁亚克91、The Godfather, Mario Puzo 教父，马里奥?普佐92、The Clan Of The Cave Bear, Jean M Auel 爱拉与穴熊族，珍?奥尔93、The Colour Of Magic, Terry Pratchett 魔法的颜色（碟形世界系列之1），特里?普拉切特94、The Alchemist, Paulo Coelho 炼金术士，保罗?科埃略95、Katherine, Anya Seton 凯瑟琳，安雅?西顿96、Kane And Abel, Jeffrey Archer 该隐和亚伯，杰弗里?阿彻97、Love In The Time Of Cholera, Gabriel GarcíaMárquez 霍乱时期的爱情，加西亚?马尔克斯98、Girls In Love, Jacqueline Wilson 恋爱的女孩，杰奎琳?威尔森99、The Princess Diaries, Meg Cabot 公主日记，梅格?凯博特100、Midnight’s Children, Salman Rushdie 午夜之子，萨尔曼?拉什迪（来源）。
西方文化英文经典选读
西方文化英文经典选读Western Culture: Classic English ReadingsIntroductionWestern culture is rich and diverse, encompassing various aspects such as literature, philosophy, and art. This article presents a compilation of classic English readings that shed light on the essence of Western culture.1. Literature1.1 William Shakespeare - HamletConsidered one of the greatest plays in the English language, Hamlet explores profound themes of revenge, moral dilemma, and the nature of existence. Shakespeare's masterful use of language and intricate plot captivate readers and leave a lasting impact.1.2 Jane Austen - Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice is a social satire that provides a vivid portrayal of English society in the 19th century. Austen's wit and insightful commentary on marriage, love, and social class make this novel a timeless classic.1.3 George Orwell - 19841984 is a dystopian novel that depicts a totalitarian society where individualism and freedom are suppressed. Orwell's thought-provoking narrative serves as a warning against the dangers of oppressive governments and the manipulation of truth.2. Philosophy2.1 René Descartes - Meditations on First PhilosophyDescartes' Meditations is a foundational work in Western philosophy. It explores the nature of reality, the existence of God, and the relationship between the mind and body. This philosophical treatise continues to influence philosophical discourse to this day.2.2 Friedrich Nietzsche - Thus Spoke ZarathustraThus Spoke Zarathustra presents Nietzsche's ideas on the "overman" and the eternal recurrence. This philosophical novel challenges traditional values and advocates for the realization of one's true potential, emphasizing self-exploration and individualism.3. Art3.1 Leonardo da Vinci - The Last SupperRegarded as one of the greatest masterpieces of Western art, The Last Supper showcases da Vinci's exceptional skill in composition, perspective, and storytelling. This iconic depiction of Jesus and his disciples captures the solemnity and emotion of the biblical event.3.2 Vincent van Gogh - The Starry NightThe Starry Night is a mesmerizing painting that reveals van Gogh's unique artistic style and intense emotions. The swirling brushstrokes and vibrant colors convey a sense of turbulence and tranquility, making it an enduring symbol of Western art.ConclusionThese classic English readings provide a glimpse into the richness of Western culture. From Shakespeare's intricate plays to van Gogh's expressive paintings, these works have stood the test of time and continue to inspire and provoke thought. Exploring these masterpieces allows us to appreciate the depth and diversity of Western cultural heritage.Word Count: 331。
“西方经典文化选读”课程教学大纲
“西方经典文化选读”课程教学大纲教研室主任：高歌执笔人：郭红一、课程基本信息开课单位：外国语学院课程名称：西方经典文化选读课程编号：英文名称：Selected Readings of Western Culture课程类型：专业任选课总学时：36 理论学时：36 实验学时：0学分：2开设专业：英语先修课程：无二、课程任务目标（一）课程任务本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业任选课，也是一门综合性较强的人文学科课程。
本课程的任务通过对西方文化史的纵向考察和对西方经典文献的深度阅读，使学生熟悉有关西方文化的基本知识，同时，使学生的知识面得以拓宽，思辨能力得以培养和人文素养得以提升。
（二）课程目标通过本课程的学习, 帮助学生构建西方世界精神文明方面的相关知识，对西方文化主要文化领域的基本状况和重要成果获得较为深入的了解。
通过阅读西方经典文献，使学生接触西方文化中伟大人物的精华思想，提高阅读能力和分析能力，进而培养批判性思维能力。
通过对中西文化的了解, 开拓学生的知识视野，丰富和完善学生的人文知识结构, 加强学生的人文修养, 提高学生的人文素质。
通过中西文化的对比, 认识中西文化的长短优劣, 正确认识和反思中国传统文化, 进而培养面向世界的文化意识。
三、教学内容和要求Unit 1 Greek Mythology1.了解古希腊神话的主要内容和特点。
2.掌握英语中出自古希腊神话的习语。
Unit 2 Homer1. 了解荷马生平及其主要作品。
2. 理解史诗《伊利亚特》的主题思想。
3. 掌握英语中出自荷马史诗的语言。
Unit 3 Ancient Greek Philosophy1. 了解古希腊时期社会状况和主要哲学派别。
2. 理解苏格拉底思想及其主要作品。
Unit 4 Plato and Aristotle1.了解柏拉图和亚里士多德的生平。
2.理解柏拉图和亚里士多德的主要思想及其差异。
Unit 5 Thucydides1. 了解修昔底德的生平和作品。
英美文学选读要点中英文对照
Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human natu re and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individu al development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best repre sentatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
西方文化UNIT1
西方文化UNIT12. The effects of its imperial past1) The days of empire ended after World War II. But there are close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations (二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。
但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系).2) It has great effects on the makeup of the British population:对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响Because of the immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean countries in the 1950s and1960s, 1 in 20 are non-European ethnicity (由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人).3. Racial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the society1) a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because ofimmigration, many are Muslims;2) gender difference: male and female live different lives3) class difference: the class structure of UK society isRelatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are verydiffere nt from a blue collar worker’s.)●Economic and regional difference within each of the 4countries:1) difference between highland and lowland Scots2) difference between north and south England (South is onaverage more wealthy than the north4. A significant role of London1) capital city2) in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nation’s population3) culture center4) business center5) financial center, one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world (another two are New York and Hong Kong )6) long-standing historical role in the UKEngland1.A cultural and economic dominance of England1）London dominant in the UK in government, financeand culture2) England’s dominance in size --- largest of the 4nations with largest population is reflected in aculturaland economic dominanceResult: people in foreign countries and English peoplesometimes mistake England for U.K in their talks.2. The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)British history has been a history of invasions:1).Before the 1st century AD British was made up ofmany tribal kingdoms of Celtic people;2). In 43 AD British was invaded by the Roman Empire,and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400years;3). Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples ---the Angles, and the Saxon;4). From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia,the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; KingAlfred the great turned in the tide in the south against the Vikings;5). The next invaders were the French-speaking Normans,from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings;William the Conquerorin 1066 crossed the English Channel,and became William the First of England; the Tower ofLondon;3. Legends1). King Arthur and his Round Table, giving knights equalprecedence (优越) and showing knights’ demand for amore democratic system (During Anglo-Saxon’s invasion)2). Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normansand robbed from the rich to give to the poor (During the period of Norman rule)--- a clue to the English Character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity(体现英国人个性的迹象: 表面上似乎一致, 但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式)4. Parliament’s dominance over the throne1）The next few hundred years following the Normaninvasion: join together the various parts of the BritishIsle under English Rule, unite the kingdom internally andexternally2) Power gradually transferred from the monarch to theparliament① Charles the First’s attempt to overrule parliamentin the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentaryforces were victorious, and the king was executed in1649.② England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell for11 years. In 1660, the son of Charles I restored the monarchy andwas called Charles II (ruled 1660-1685, that is “Restoration” )??③ Further conflicts between parliament and the king led toremoval of the Scottish house of Stuart and the finalestablishment of parliament’s dominance over the throne in 1689.James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II.After James II was overthrown, his daughter and daughter’s husband Mary and William were imported from Holland to take thethrone. (1688, the “Bloodless Revolution” or “Glorious Revolution.”),thus finally establishing parliament’s dominance over the throne.ScotlandBasic facts about Scotland1. Scotland is the most confident of its own identity becauseithas previously spent a substantial period of history as a unifiedstate independent of the UK.2. The largest city is Glasgow, and its capital is Edinburgh.Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universitiesdating from the 15th century.3. Hadrian’s Wall（哈德良长城）: a stone wallwhich the Roman emperor Hadrian ordered tobe built across the north of England in 122 ADfrom the east coast to the west, in order todefend Roman Britain from attack by northerntribes such as Picts, the original Scottish Celts.1. Physical features of Scotland1) the 2nd largest of the 4 nations2) most rugged (崎岖不平) part of UK, the most confidentof its own identity;3) in the north --- the Highlands --- mountains and lakesin the south --- the Southern Uplands?in the middle --- the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population4) Capital: Edinburgh --- east coast, famous for its beauty,dominatedby its great castle on a high rock largest city:Glasgow --- in the west of Lowland zone2. Cultural division between highland and lowland1) Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor bythe Anglo-Saxons2) Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Irelandinvaded the South-west --- the lowland zone. ?3) They were called Scots and gave the modern country ofScotland its name4) The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人) were left with the non-productive highland zone,where in addition to English, some people speak the oldCeltic language — Gaelic (盖尔语).The division between highland and lowland Scotlandremains a cultural divide today, in much the same way asnorth and south England see themselves as differentfrom each other.3. the Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役)Time: 24th June, 1314Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence4. Union with England in 17071). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th ofScotland took the throne, called James the First of England; unitingthe two thrones2). Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3). In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the Englishand Scottish Parliaments4). Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting anindependent Scotland; 49 was from the Labor Party, wanting to setup a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internalaffairs within the UK.?5. Strong Scottish identityScotland has a great tradition of innovation inthe arts, philosophy and science.Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel DrJekyll and Mr Hyde 《吉基尔医生与海德先生》shows that: Scotland was superficially fullyintegrated into the UK, but concealed beneaththis is a still-strong Scottish identity.Wales1. A brief introduction of Wales1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast2) rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from Japanand U.S, etc.--- new industries to replace coal and steel3) smallest on the British mainland; close to central England;hilly and rugged4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England5) retains its own language; 19% population speaking2. Campaigns for independence of UK --- resist the English1）1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a militarycampaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.2) 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his sonthe Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the Britishnation.3) 1400, Owain Glyndwr (欧文·格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessfulrising against the English.4) 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of theBritish Parliament.5) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament.4are from the Nationalist Party.。
大学英语教材西方文化读本翻译整理
Unit1根据传说，伏羲生于中国西部，出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12年。
伏羲教会了人类打猎、捕鱼、驯养野兽、饲养家禽。
伏羲制定了人类的嫁娶制度，教会人们劈柴取火和烹煮食物；他还通过龟背上的裂纹创立了八卦，这些八卦成为数学、医学、占卜学和风水的基础。
此外，伏羲还创造了中华民族的图腾龙，被认为是中国历史上第一个真正的统治者。
Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mother’s womb for twelve years before birth. He taught people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics, medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler.Unit2儒家的创始人是孔子（公元前551—479），他提出了一套道德规范，基于五种美德：仁、义、礼、智、信。
其中“仁”被认为是他的哲学理念的基石，代表着忠诚、孝道(filial piety)、宽容和善良。
英美文学简史及名篇选读 English Literature in the Renaissance
• Art and Archite如ct文u学re、历史、哲学和艺术。
文艺复兴时期涌现了许多艺术大师，如达·芬奇、拉斐尔、米开朗基
罗等，他们以创新的绘画技巧、逼真的人物形象和透视原理为人类艺
• Science and Expl术or史a作tio出n了重大贡献。建筑方面，文艺复兴建筑采用了古罗马和古希
像是说决不屈从於羁绊的窒碍。
Full jolly knight he seemd , and faire did sitt ,
快乐的骑士在马上英姿飒爽，
As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt .善於比武，也能在战场与敌人激烈交锋。
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
please read the general introduction (para 1-2) and find out the social background of Renaissance
The Hundred Years’ War with France (1336-1453) The War of the Roses (Lancaster vs York, 1455-1483) The discovery of America and the new sea routes (1497-1498) The Religious Reformation (1509-1547) The Enclosure Movement (16th century) The reign of King Henry VIII (1509-1547) The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603)
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西方文化英文经典选读
西方文化是一个广泛而深奥的主题，英文经典选读可以帮助我们更好地了解和欣赏西方文化的精髓。
在这里，我将从不同角度介绍一些西方文化的英文经典选读，以期提供一个全面的回答。
1. 文学经典：
William Shakespeare的作品，莎士比亚是英国文学史上最重要的戏剧作家之一，他的作品涵盖了各种题材和情感，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
Jane Austen的小说，奥斯汀是英国文学的代表人物，她的小说以细腻的描写和深入的人物刻画而闻名，如《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》等。
2. 哲学经典：
Plato的《理想国》，这本著作探讨了正义、政治和个人幸福等重要议题，是西方哲学的里程碑之一。
Friedrich Nietzsche的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》，尼采的这本作品提出了超人理论和道德重建的思想，对西方哲学产生了深远的影响。
3. 历史经典：
Edward Gibbon的《罗马帝国衰亡史》，这本巨著详细描绘了罗马帝国的兴衰历程，被认为是历史学的经典之作。
Alexis de Tocqueville的《论美国的民主》，托克维尔对美国的民主制度进行了深入研究和分析，对西方政治思想产生了广泛的影响。
4. 艺术经典：
Leonardo da Vinci的《蒙娜丽莎》，这幅画作是文艺复兴时期的杰作，代表了达·芬奇的绘画风格和技巧。
Ludwig van Beethoven的《第九交响曲》，这部交响乐作品被认为是古典音乐的巅峰之作，以其壮丽的音乐和人文主题而闻名。
5. 社会科学经典：
Adam Smith的《国富论》，这本经济学经典探讨了市场经济和自由放任主义的理论基础，对现代经济学有着深远的影响。
Sigmund Freud的《梦的解析》，弗洛伊德的这本著作开创了精神分析学派，对心理学和文化研究产生了重要影响。
这只是一小部分西方文化的英文经典选读，每个人对经典的理解和喜好有所不同。
希望这些推荐能为你提供一些启示，引导你深入了解和欣赏西方文化的精髓。