哈佛大学论文英文文献格式
哈佛_论文引用格式!
哈佛_论文引用格式!1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is thein-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author‟s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note thatfor a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from. This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list sometimes known as a Bibliography. This is an alphabetical list by the author‟s last name which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the author‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below. Citations in the text in-text reference All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged whether the work is directly quoted paraphrased or summarised. Not referencing Plagiarism Plagiarism a fancy word for stealing Citations in the text should give the author‟s name with the year of publication then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation as laid out below. 2 For a single author In a study by Murthoo 1999 treatment compliance was examined….. In a study Seedhouse 1997 treatment compliance was examined …. When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by addinglower cased letters after the year within the brackets. Beattie 2000a argued that public h ealth issues were ignored… Two authors: In the book by Kearney and Rainwater 2001 …. More than two authors: Singer et al 1996 contend that ….只写一个作者其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence list them all in the following form by date and then alphabetically: There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity Wybourn and Hudson 2002 Acheson 1998 Lewis 1998 Online sources: When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health 2006 the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities. Harvard method of quoting in the text: Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. Short quotations up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn 1999 states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” p.19. Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:- Smaje 1995 when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding anti- 3 racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society” If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje 1995 states “…the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” p.17 Secondary referencing Where one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget 2002 cited in Wybourn 2003. Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can. The Reference List – the Harvard method of listing references at the end of the text List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date earliest first If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter 1995a 1995b etc. Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover which may be different. Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary. The title of thepublication should either be in italics or underlined. A book by a single author: Baggini J 2002 Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A book by two authors: Searle John and Chomsky N 1997 The meaning of sense: critique arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn. A book by more than two authors Singer Mandela et al. 1995 Health care in a multiracial society. London: Open University Press A book by a corporate author eg a government department or other organisation: Nursing and Midwifery Council 2003 Patient-centred care: a NMC position statement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. 4 An edited book: Baumeister R. ed. 1999 The self in Social Psychology: Key readings in social psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis. A chapter in a book Burnard P. 1997 …The self and self awareness.‟ In: K. Burns et al. eds. The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28. An article in a journal: Valkimaki A. 1993 …Patient information systems.‟ British Journal of Nursing 131 pp.43-5. An article in a newspaper: Sabo M. 2003 …Fear of gun crime rising.‟ Guardian 26 October 2003 p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead. Guardian 2003 Public health in decline. Guardian 24 October 2003 p11. An online source: Department of Health2006 Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHuman Rights/fs/en Accessed: 15 May 2006. A television programme Julie through the looking glass. 1992. BBC 2 4 July A video 12 Angry Men. 1957 Directed by Sidney Lumet Videocassette. Hollywood: MGM Entertainment CD ROMS Institute of Cancer Research 2000 A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide to managing breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. CD Rom. Sutton: Institute of Cancer Research Government publications White Papers contain statements of Government policy Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way. A White paper Department for Education and Skills 2002 14-19 next steps: the future. Cm.3390. London: Stationery Office A Green paper Department for Education and Skills 2003 Extending Opportunities: raising standards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office. An Act of Parliament Great Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: The Stationary Office.。
哈佛参考文献格式
哈佛参考文献格式
哈佛参考文献格式是一种普遍使用的文献格式，它与APA和MLA 不同，因此有了明显的区别。
常见的哈佛参考文献格式构成如下：
1. 出版者信息：包括出版社地址，出版日期，ISBN号等。
2.书名：可以带有题目缩写，如Basson (ed.) (1999) 《中国人传统文化》
3.作者：列出作者全名，包括姓名和初始
4.版本：如果有发行多个版本，要指定使用的版本
5.出版号：ISBN号
6.引用：段落引用的格式，有时也需要按出版号引用某本书的章节或页码
7.附录：可以选择性地添加附录，使引用更加完整
实际使用时，可能会根据具体情况，调整相关信息。
例如，除了几个必备的元素，还可能会附上一些诸如出版者的理解和讨论，也可以把此文献在网上的网址，在文献中进行补充。
以上就是哈佛参考文献的常用格式，以及使用时的一般原则。
哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
harvard文献引用格式
harvard文献引用格式Harvard文献引用格式是一种常见的文献引用格式，通常用于学术写作和出版物中。
以下是Harvard文献引用格式的常见形式和示例：1、书籍引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字缩写（年份），书名（出版地: 出版社）。
示例：1、Smith, John (2010), The Future of the Book (New York: Columbia University Press).2、Johnson, Laura (2005), Writing a Thesis (London: Routledge).3、Lewis, Michael (2013), The End of the Rainbow (London: Penguin).2、期刊文章引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字缩写（年份），文章标题，期刊名（卷号：页码）。
示例：1、Brown, Peter (2017), 'The Rise and Fall of Christianity in China', Journal of Religion (88:3), pp. 281-302.2、Lee, K.K., & Chang, Y.K. (2020), 'The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism', Journal of Travel Research (59:7), pp. 1053-1064.3、Swift, A., & Johnson, L. (2019), 'Evaluating the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education', Distance Education (40:4), pp. 573-588.3、学位论文引用格式：作者姓氏，作者名字缩写（年份），学位论文标题（类型，学校，页码）。
论文哈佛大学引用标准格式
Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。
英文论文参考文献哈佛格式
Referencing your work usingHarvardA printable copy of the on-line referencing toolVersion (1.3 – 30/09/2008)ContentsReferencing Books 3Journals7 Referencing10MediaElectronicReferencingresources 13 ElectronicReferencingReferencing Government and Official Documents 1719ResourcesReferencingOtherSecondary Referencing 23quotes 24 directReferencingBooksJournalsElectronic mediaElectronic resourcesReferencing Government and Official DocumentsOther resourcesSecondary ReferencingIf you are reading a source by one author (in our example McKechnie (1998)) and they cite or quote work by another author (in our example Wing, Lee and Chen (1994)) you may in turn cite or quote the original work (e.g. that of Wing et al. (1994)) as a SECONDARY REFERENCE.It is always best practice to try and locate the original reference and secondary references should only be used if it is difficult to access the original work. You must remember that in a secondary reference you are seeing the original author's work from someone else's perspective.This panel shows you how to reference a secondary or indirect reference type. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Direct QuotesThis panel shows you how to reference a direct quotation. It should be used in conjunction with the guidelines demonstrated in the referencing tool for the appropriate referencing types used.Do not confuse quotations with citations. A citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your assignments.A direct quotation is where you copy the exact words used by an author and place them unaltered directly into your work. Direct quotations need to be in quotation marks as shown in the example here.。
semanticscholar生产参考文献引用格式
Semantic Scholar是一个免费的学术搜索引擎，它提供了许多学术论文的引用格式。
以下是一些常见的参考文献引用格式：1. APA（美国心理学协会）：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号(期号), 页码范围。
2. MLA（现代语言协会）：作者姓，名。
文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号。
出版年份，页码范围。
3. Chicago（芝加哥大学出版社）：作者姓，名。
文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，出版年份，页码范围。
4. Harvard（哈佛引用格式）：作者姓，名。
“文章标题。
” 期刊名称，卷号。
出版年份，页码范围。
5. Vancouver（温哥华引用格式）：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围。
6. OSCOLA（牛津科学论文引文风格）：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围。
7. AMA（美国医学会）：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围。
8. CSE（芝加哥系统评价）：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围。
9. HARVARD EJOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY REFERENCE FORMAT：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围。
10. ASA（美国统计学会）：作者姓，名。
(出版年份). 文章标题。
期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码范围。
Harvard Syle 英语论文参考格式
Quote, Unquote.The Harvard Style of Referencing Published MaterialIncluding Electronic InformationContents Page Bibliographic References, Harvard Style 1Introduction 1 Language Explained: 1 Why is Referencing Necessary? 1 Why Harvard? 1 Citing in the Text 2 Direct Quotations: 3 Multiple Authors: 3 Citing in the Bibliography 4 Book References 4 Journal articles 5 Newspaper Articles 5 Exhibition Catalogues 6 Conferences 6 “In” References 6 Theses and Dissertations 7 British Standards Publications 8 Research Reports. 8 Citing Official Publications 9 UK Official Publications 9 EC UNION Publications 12 Citing Audio-Visual Sources 15 Film &Video 15 Citing Electronic Sources 17 CD-ROMs 17 Citing URLs (Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address) in a Bibliography. 17 Electronic Journal Articles 18 OnLine Images 18 World Wide Web Documents 19 Email Discussion Lists 19 Sample Bibliography 20 Useful Hints and Common Conventions 21Bibliography 22 A printed version of this document is available in booklet form from LMU Learning Centres.Bibliographic References, Harvard Style IntroductionLanguage Explained:CITING means formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you have obtained information.BIBLIOGRAPHY is the list of sources you have used.REFERENCE is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information.Why is Referencing Necessary?It is to acknowledge the work of other writers; to demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work; to enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information.For these reasons it is very important that you think of the information needed to cite material correctly when you are carrying out a literature search. Always ensure that you record references to materials you consult precisely. Failing to do so could cause you additional work when you need to incorporate a reference into your bibliography.Without such discipline the ability for researchers to trace relevant information becomes impossible. You would suffer along with all other researchers if limited or partial information was used in research work. A standard system of citing these references ensures an easier system of tracing academic and other knowledge more efficiently. There are a number of systems for referencing but we recommend the Harvard System. The details are outlined in these pages.Your bibliography for your piece of work represents the results of your information/literature search and you may wish to discuss your search method in the text of your writing, e.g. in a …methodology‟ section.Why Harvard?This system developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950‟s and 1960‟s, especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences.Over several decades it has become the most common system internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academic journals.The Harvard system has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader. There is no third place to look, such as footnotes and chapter references, which are features of other systems.Citing in the TextThe Harvard system of citation is the most straightforward method of acknowledging other people's work, because initially all you need to do is mention the author and date of publication in the text of your work. So, at each point in the text which refers to a particular document, insert the author's surname and publication year.The reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabetical list of references (or bibliography) provided at the end of your report. The system has the advantages of showing at a glance the authority used, who may well be recognised, and how recent or contemporary the information might be.Note the following points:∙In the main text, initial letters are only used when two or more authors have the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case they should be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion.∙Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published in the same year by the same author.∙If the author's name occurs naturally in the text, the year follows in parentheses.Direct Quotations:If you are giving direct quotations you should identify the page numbers. If details of parts of the document are required e.g. page numbers, track or title numbers of sound recordings, these appear after the date within parenthesis. The abbreviations are: page (p.), pages (pp.), section (s.) or sections (ss.)Multiple Authors:∙In the case of three or fewer Authors to a source, list all the names (from the title page)∙In the case of four or more Authors to a source, use the name of the first author (from the title page) followed by …et al‟, or …and others‟∙When more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed chronologically.Citing in the BibliographyThe bibliography appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is evidence of the literature and other sources you have used in your research. The first two elements of your reference, i.e. author and date, constitute the link you made in the text. Thus the reader can move between the text and the bibliography and trace a correct reference.There are three styles in common use as ways to highlight the key element of a reference; they are the use of bold text, underlining and italics. You should use one, and only one, of these techniques throughout your bibliography.Book ReferencesYou should use the title page (if any) rather than the document cover as your authority. Include the following information, the order is:(1)Author (s), editor(s) or the institution responsible for writing the document. (Note: ed. isa suitable abbreviation for editor.)(2)Date of publication (in brackets).(3)Title and subtitle (if any). Underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistentthroughout the bibliography.)(4)Series and individual volume number (if any).(5)Edition if not the first.(6)Place of publication if known.(7)Publisher.Journal articlesWhen referencing Journals, include the following information in this order:(1)Author of the article.(2)Year of the publication in brackets.(3)Title of the article.(4)Title of the journal, underlined or emboldened or in italics.(5)Volume and part number, month or season of the year.(6)Page numbers of article.∙Where author(s) known:∙Where the article is anonymous:Newspaper ArticlesWhen referencing Newspapers, include the following information in this order:(1)Author of the article.(2)Year of the publication in brackets.(3)Title of the article.(4)Title of the Newspaper, underlined or emboldened or in italics.(5)Date of publication.(6)Page numbers of article.Exhibition Catalogues∙Where there is no author, use the Gallery or Museum.∙It is also the custom to capitalise the names of art movements.ConferencesYou should include the following information. The order is:(1)Name of the Conference.(2)Number (if appropriate).(3)Date.(4)Location (if appropriate).(5)Date of publication.(6)Title of published work, if different from the name of the conference. This should beunderlined, emboldened or in italics, and a consistent style should be used throughout the bibliography.(7)Author/Editor.(8)Place.(9)Publisher.“In” References∙ A Common mistake is to confuse the name of the contributor to a book of collected writings with that of the editor. Also used when citing a particular conference paper from the conference proceedings.The order is:(1)Author of Chapter/Section.(2)Date of publication.(3)Title of Chapter/Section.(4)“In” followed by a colon.(5)Author/Editor of collected work(6)Title of collected work, underlined, emboldened or in italics.(7)Place of publication.(8)Publisher.(9)Pagination of section referred to.Book of collected writing:Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings:Theses and DissertationsFor theses and dissertations, include the name of the awarding institution.(1)Name(2)Year of Publication (in parenthesis)(3)Title and subtitle (if any). This should be underlined, emboldened or in italics.(4)Type of document (i.e. Ph.D. thesis, Degree Dissertation).(5)Place of publication (if not clear from institution name, e.g. Birmingham, University ofCentral England.)(6)Awarding institution.British Standards PublicationsInclude the following information. The order is:(1)“British Standards Institution”(2)Date of publication (in parenthesis).(3)British Standard Number and Year (separated by a colon).(4)Title and subtitle (if any). This should be underlined or emboldened or in italics.(5)Place of publication (if known).(6)Name of publisher, which is the abbreviation “BSI”.Research Reports.No one example can explain the type and range of reports. However it is important to include the subtitle and series information:1.Author‟s Name.2.Date of publication (in parentheses).3.Title and subtitle (if any). This should be underlined or emboldened or in italics (beconsistent throughout the bibliography.)4.Research Report No.5.Place of publication, (if known).6.Publisher.Citing Official PublicationsUK Official PublicationsNon-Parliamentary PublicationsActsActs of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the Act‟s chapter number for clarity.Acts are organised numerically throughout the year. Public General Acts are given Arabic numerals. Local and Personal Acts are given lower-case roman numerals.N.B. Prior to 1963 a different system operated, based on the date of the Sovereign‟s accession to the throne and the dates of the Parliamentary session.Parliamentary PapersA range of subjects as well as Select Committee proceedings are covered under Parliamentary Papers. They are organised numerically according to which House they originate from.House of Commons Papers have a serial number printed on the bottom left of the title page. House of Lords Papers are identified by a serial number in the same place but enclosed within round brackets.Include the following information:-(1)abbreviation of the House - HC/HL(2)Paper number.(3)Parliamentary Session.References to reports issued by Joint Committees of the House of Lords and the House of Commons should include both serial numbers followed by the Parliamentary Session.Parliamentary BillsParliamentary Bills are organised numerically and according to which House they originate from.Each Bill has a number in the lower left hand corner of the title page.House of Commons Bills enclose the number in square brackets.House of Lords Bills used to have their numbers enclosed in round brackets but now are designated …HL Bill‟ followed by a number without a bracket.References to a Parliamentary Bill should include the following:(1)Parliamentary Session in round brackets.(2)The Bill‟s serial number.N.B. A Bill is renumbered whenever it is reprinted during its passage through Parliament.Statutory InstrumentsInclude the following information:(1)Title, underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistent throughout the bibliography.)(2)The abbreviation “SI”.(3)Year of publication.(4)Number.(5)Place and publisher.Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)Include the following information:(1)Abbreviation of the House of Lords or the House of Commons - HL/HC.(2)The abbreviation “Deb”.(3)Parliamentary Session in round brackets .(4)Volume number.(5)The abbreviation “col”.(6)Column number.Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing CommitteesInclude the following information (note that the first three elements should be considered part of the title, and highlighted accordingly):-(1)The abbreviation …Stg Co Deb‟.(2)Parliamentary Session in round brackets.(3)Standing Committee identifying letter.(4)Title of legislation under discussion.(5)The abbreviation “col”.(6)Column number.Command PapersCommand Papers are presented to Parliament …by command of her Majesty‟. There are a number of different types, including -∙Statements of government policy —often referred to as …White Papers‟.∙Discussion or consultation documents —often referred to as …Green Papers‟, but not all Green Papers are published as Command Papers.∙Reports of Royal Commissions.∙Reports of Departmental Committees.∙Reports of tribunals or commissions of enquiry.∙Reports of permanent investigatory bodies such as the Law Commission and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission.∙Treaties and agreements with other countries or international organisations.∙Annual accounts.Command Papers are numbered sequentially regardless of Parliamentary session. The running number and prefix is on the bottom left hand corner of the cover and the title page.The prefix has changed over the years, and you need to be careful in citing this abbreviation correctly.The series of Command Papers published so far have been numbered as follows-1st series [1]-[4222] 1833-18692nd series [C. 1] - [C.9550] 1870-18993rd series [Cd. 1] - [Cd.9239] 1900-19184th series [Cmd. 1] - [Cmd.9889] 1919-19565th series Cmnd. 1 - Cmnd. 9927 1956-19866th series Cm. 1 - 1986 -Include the following information:-(1)Title.(2)Command Paper number.(3)Year of publication.EC UNION PublicationsThe guidance on citing European Documentation will not necessarily conform to the Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of publications. The following is for your guidance only in order to aid some form of consistency.An example of a comprehensive citation for an EC regulation:COM documents.COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European Community. The final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties - earlier drafts are not generally publicly available.Include the following information:∙The last two digits of the year in round brackets∙The serial number∙The word …final‟ to indicate that it is in fact, the final version and not one of the earlier drafts.Secondary LegislationInclude the following information:∙Its institutional origin — Commission or Council.∙Its form - Regulation, Directive, Decision.∙Its unique number.∙Its year of enactment.∙Its institutional treaty under which it was made — EEC/EC, ECSC, Euratom.∙The date it was passed.∙Optional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the Official Journal of the European Communities in which it was published. Regulations are normally cited with the name of institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of enactment.A shorter version would be cited as follows:Directives and Decisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation number and then the Institutional treaty.Shorter Versions would be cited as follows:Official Journal ReferencesReferences to the Official Journal should include the following information:-(1) OJ series L (Legislation)C (Communications and Information)S (Supplement)(2) issue number.(3) date of issue.(4) page number.Citing Audio-Visual SourcesFilm &VideoGuidance for the referencing of videos, off-air recordings and film seems to be fairly relaxed. However it is important to bear in mind the needs of the researchers following you. In the case of audio-visual sources they are not only going to need as much information as possible to trace the recording but they may also need to know the formats if they are actually going to be able to play it back. Where possible quote the format, such as VHS Video; 35mm Film etc.FilmYou should include the following information, in this order:(1)Film Title (underlined or emboldened or in italics; be consistent throughout thebibliography.)(2)Date of Release (in parentheses.)(3)Director's name.(4)Place of publication.(5)Production company name.(6)[Medium:Format]VideoIt is important to include the transmission date, especially for series which are transmitted throughout the year.You should include the following information, in this order:(1)Series Title.(2)Series Number.(3)Programme Title, underlined or emboldened or in italics.(4)Year.(5)Place of publication.(6)Publisher.(7)Date of transmission.(8)[Medium:Format].Off-Air RecordingCommercial RecordingCiting Electronic SourcesCD-ROMsThe citing of information from computer databases varies. If you have, for example, been using a CD-ROM to obtain journal references you only need to cite the journal as your source of information, not the CD-ROM.If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite it as follows:Citing URLs (Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address) in a Bibliography. There are a number of approaches to citing work from the Internet. We have chosen a style which fits with the Harvard style in order to maintain consistency. The following points should be noted:∙Be consistent throughout. Fit with the Harvard style.∙Cite enough information for the reader to locate the citation in the future. Occasionally, the URL for an electronic journal article may be excessively long as it will contain control codes. It is sufficient in such cases to just include enough of the URL to identify the site from where the journal came.∙Many Web documents do give an author. If the information is not explicit you may find it in the header of the HTML encoded text (although that may reflect who “marked up” the document, rather than who actually wrote it.) You can view the header by choosing the option to view document source (a choice available from the view option in Netscape).Otherwise use the title as the main reference point as you would with any anonymous work.∙If a document on the web is a series of linked pages — what is the title of the document?Do you cite the main contents page, or a particular page you are quoting from? This is a grey area.∙You should cite the date the document was last updated if this is apparent, or the date when you accessed it if not.In Internet addresses punctuation is important and the stops and commas in a bibliographic citation may confuse the reader; hence the common convention of using < and > to delineate the start and end of an URL.Electronic Journal ArticlesInclude the following information. The order should be:-(1)Author(s)/ Editor(s).(2)Year.(3)Title of Article.(4)Title of Journal, underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistent throughout thebibliography.)(5)[type of medium].(6)Date of publication.(7)Volume number (issue number), pagination or online equivalent.(8)Availability statement. Note general points about URLs.(9)[Date of accession if necessary].OnLine ImagesInclude the following information, in the following order:-(1)Title of Image, or a description. Underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistentthroughout the bibliography.)(2)Year.(3)[OnLine image].(4)Available from <URL>. Note general points about URLs.(5)Filename including extension.(6) [Date accessed].World Wide Web DocumentsInclude the following information, the order should be:(1)Author/Editor.(2)Year.(3)Title. Underlined or emboldened or in italics (be consistent throughout thebibliography.)(4)[Internet].(5)Edition.(6)Place of publication:(7)Publisher (if ascertainable).(8)Available from: <URL>. Note general points about URLs.(9)[Accessed date].Email Discussion ListsInclude the following information in the order indicated:-(1)Author/Editor.(2)Year.(3)Title of message.(4)Discussion list name and date of message, underlined, emboldened or in italics.(5)[medium] — Internet discussion list.(6)Available from: <e-mail list address> [accessed date].Sample BibliographyBennett, H., Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal of Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp.39-46.Conference on Economic Crime, 2nd. 1977. London School of Economics & Political Science. (1980) Economic crime in Europe Leigh, L.H. ed. London, Macmillan.Fragile Earth, 5. (1982) South American wetland: Pantanal. Henley on Thames, Watchword Video, [video:VHS]Holland, M. (1996) Harvard system[Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: </servicedepts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed 22 August, 1997.]Now Voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York,Warner [Film:35mm].Porter. M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. In: Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press.Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990's: challenge and change. Aspects of Education Series,48. London, Independent Publishers.Whitehead, S.M. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management. Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University.World in Action. (1995) All work and no play. London: ITV, 21st January, [video:VHS]Useful Hints and Common ConventionsIbid. (Latin) is used as a ditto instead of repeating the previous reference.Op. Cit.(Latin) is used after an author‟s name to mean the same work as last cited for this author.Et al (Latin) commonly used as an abbreviation for “and others”.BibliographyBooth, W.C., Colomb, C.G. & Williams, J.M. (1995)The Craft of Research. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.British Standards Institution. (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes, BSI.The Chicago Manual of Style. (1993) 14th ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Fisher, D. & Hanstock,T. (1994) Citing References: a guide for users. 2nd ed. Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University.Fletcher, G. & Greenhill, A. (1995) Academic Referencing of Internet-based Resources. Aslib Proceedings, 47 (11/12) November/December, p.245-52.Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: </service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed August 22,1997]Li, X. & Crane, N. (1993) Electronic Style: a guide to citing electronic information. Westport, Conn., Mecklermedia.Rudd, D. (1994) Cite Me, I‟m Yours or References, Bibliogr aphies, Notes, Quotations ...etc. Harvard Version. Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education.Rudd, D. (1995) Writing a Dissertation. A Brief Guide to Presentation & Literature Searching. Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education.Shields, G. & Walton, G. (1995) Cite Them Right: How To Organise Bibliographical References. 3rd ed. Newcastle, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Information Services.Turabian, K.L. (1987) A Manual for Writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. 5th ed, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Turner, B. ed.(1996) The Writer‟s Handbook 1996. London, Macmillan.。
哈佛 论文引用格式
A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes the author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas m ulticulturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in s ociety”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be incl uded if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。
哈佛参考文献格式
维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。
与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。
[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。
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哈佛大学论文英文文献格式
这里将参考文献格式分为两种，一种是文内注（In-text Citation），另一种是文章结尾的参考文献目录，一般称为Reference List，也有不同叫法的，下面会说到。
一般来说，许多参考文献格式都是基于两种格式：APA格式和MLA格式，另外还有CMS格式和哈佛文献格式(Harvard System）等，都是比较常见的参考文献格式。
下面就分别对这四种格式做一个简要的说明。
格式
APA是美国心理协会的缩写，全称是The American Psychological Association，APA格式指的是该协会出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》，目前已出版至第7版。
主要用于社会科学和自然科学类（Social and Natural Sciences）的文章。
国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。
APA格式的细节十分复杂，这里就不赘述了，如果想深入了解，普渡大学官网有一个版块：里面对前面提到的前三种格式都有详细的介绍。
APA文内注的基本格式是“（姓氏，发表年份）”。
文末的参考文献目录是Reference List，必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：
期刊类：
【】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数：起止页码】
Smith, J. (2006). The title of the article. The title of Journal, 1, 101-105.
非期刊类：
【】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】
.(2002).What puters can’t do. New York: Harp& Row.
格式
MLA 是美国现代语言协会（Modern Language Association）制定的论文指导格式，多用于人文学科（Liberal Arts）。
MLA文内注的基本格式是“（姓氏，文献页码）”。
文末的参考文献目录在MLA格式中称为Works Cited，同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列，基本结构为：
期刊类：
【】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】
Nwezeh, . “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature.”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28 (1979): 22.
非期刊类：
【】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【发表年份】
Winfield, Richard Dien. Law in Civil
Society. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1995.
格式
CMS格式，又叫芝加哥论文格式，全称The Chicago Manual of Style，源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的Manual Style，目前已出至第十七版，主要用于人文学科
（humanities），它使用脚注、尾注和参考文献目录来注明文献来源。
芝加哥格式的文内注和APA格式一样，采取姓氏加上年份，如果需要，还可以加上页码，比如：(Goman 1989, 59)。
脚注和尾注（Footnote or endnote）的结构为：
期刊类：
【】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】
Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of
Language,”College Composition and
Communication 58,no. 4 (2007): 619.
非期刊类：
【】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【出版年份】
First name Lastname, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
文末参考文献称为bibliography或者References，其结构
为：
期刊类：
【】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】【起止页码】
MacDonald, SusanPeck. “The Erasure of
Language.”College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.
非期刊类：
【】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】【出版年份】
Last name, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
4.哈佛文献格式
顾名思义，是哈佛大学的论文参考文献标准，全名为：哈佛注释体系(Harvard System），起源于美国，但是在英国和澳洲等国家运用得比较多，尤其在物理和自然科学领域。
哈佛格式的文内注也和APA格式一样，采取姓氏加上年份的方式。
文末的参考文献目录的基本结构为：
期刊类：
【】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【起止页码】
Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.
非期刊类：
【】【出版年份】【书籍名】【出版地：出版社】
以上是对四种参考格式的简单介绍。
每种格式都有很多细节，比如同姓、多名、电子出版物、会议论文等。
，以及排版、字体大小、缩进、空格等。
找出在写作中使用哪一个。