美国文学学期论文-作业
Realism in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist
1.Introduction
Being one of the most prominent critical realists in the 19th century, Charles Dickens gave us a vivid picture of Victorian times. In Dickens’ whole life, he composed lots of works. His works are characterized by literal attacks on social evils, unfairness, and hypocrisy. In Oliver Twist, Dickens attempted to reveal the cruel, unfair, and corrupt society under the control of the capitalist and aroused the society’s concern to the weak groups, including the children, the women and the old.
There are many definitions of realism. For example，it is a practical understanding and acceptance of the actual nature of the world, rather than an idealized or romantic view of it; or as opposed to nominalism, the doctrine that genera and species are real things or entities, existing independently of our conceptions.
2. Critical realism in Oliver Twist
Critical realism is any doctrine reconciling the real, independent, objective nature of the world with a due appreciation of the mind-dependence of the sensory experiences whereby we know about it. In Victorian times, the broad masses lived under severe conditions. As Dickens put it, the poor chose between “being starved by a gradual process in the house, or by a quick o ne out of it.” It is the society, the government that should be responsible for it. No one can escape from their unfortunate fate; no one can break away from these continuous sufferings; and no one can flee from these bottomless abysses.
2.1 Criticism of the capitalist society
Oliver Twist was famous for exposing the dark sides of people lived out that time (Lu Jianguo 40). The misfortunes of the characters in Oliver Twist had a deep connection to the society. The corruption and indifference of the society made their people not get rid of their misfortunes. The harder they tried to break away from it, the more cost they should pay.
In the Victoria capitalist society, there was a big conflict between the upper class and the lower class. No matter how bad the condition the lower class was in, the upper class didn’t do anything helpful to make it better. The hard life made the poor choose an unlawful way or unmoral way to survive, while in some degree, this provided another means to those oppressors who could never satisfy their own desires. On the other side, the corruption of the upper class made the poor’s life harder. The conflicts between the upper class and the lower class reflected the terrible conditions of the society at that time. It was the society that should take the responsibility of it.
Besides, the society should be responsible for the death of its people. The capitalist society contributed to the corruption of the capitalist charity. Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the suffering of the poor and oppressed, and makes a bitter and complete exposure of the terrible conditions on the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy (胡荟桐284). In the workhouse, the poor didn't receive the treatment the offices declared before. And the children, either in the baby-farm or in the workhouse, were never treated well. While in the baby-farm, the children could never feed themselves full even one time. The situation in the workhouse was no better than that of the baby-farm. The result of Oliver’s asking for more porridge was the ruthless treatment of the charity organization. These irresponsible actions of the charity organization fully reveal ed its corruption and hypocrisy.
2.2 Criticism of the law system and the educational system
Dickens’ criticism firstly focused on the law system. The injustice of the law system was one of his main critical contents (赵炎秋49). In 1834 the new Poor Law was passed. In accordance with it, the new poor-house was established, known as the workhouse. As noted by Fang Cunzhong, “The indigent were no longer objects of charity, but were collected in the prison-like buildings, the Poor Law Bastilles, administered by the officials who had no education an d often no sympathy with the people under their care”(178). Oliver Twist was born in the workhouse while his mother died there. Whoever lived in this workhouse would take their underline to survive for the conditions there were really severe. Just as Dickens said in the novel "And with this, the old lady applied herself to warming up, in a little saucepan, a basin full of broth strong enough to furnish an ample dinner, when reduced to the regulation strength, for the three hundred and fifty paupers, at the lowest computation" (119). Although this description was a little exaggerated, it revealed how terrible the living condition was in the workhouse.
Education is an important aspect in one’s process of growth. To be a civilized person or an unprincipled person, even worse, to be a criminal person have closely related with one’s education, including family education, school education and the society education. 2.4 Criticism of the money worship
There are lots of desires through one’s whole life. If one can n ot balance the desire of oneself very well, it would bring misfortune to others, even to themselves. Besides the evil feeling it may bring to oneself, the worship of money can bring misfortune to others too. The old woman Lisa suffered from the sense of guilt all her life. Even before her death, she could not unload this guilty feeling. It was her evil doing that made Oliver totally a bastard and suffer a lot of humiliation. If at the beginning Lisa didn’t conceal the ring belonging to that pity woman, Oliver might lead a completely different life.
2.5 Criticism of the individualism
In the Victorian times, the capitalists believed that society can run smoothly if individuals search for their own benefits. If all the public held this idea, no one could foresee what the individuals would do to satisfy their own desire.
Ironically, this clearest pronunciation of individualism came not from a legitimate businessman, but from Fagin, who operated in the illegal businesses of theft and prostitution. In order to meet his own interest, Fagin misled several generations of children to do the criminal actions, such as stealing the stuff from others, blackmailing the child who was on the shopping road. It was Fagin’s searching for his individualism that led to many childr en’s unfortunate fate.
3. Romantic realism in Oliver Twist
Romantic Realism is an aesthetic term that usually refers to art that deals with the themes of volition and value while also acknowledging objective reality and the importance of technique. Dickens is such a great writer who is characterized by his perfect combination of realism with romanticism in writing, forming his unique artistic style—mixture of the realistic and the widely improbable (Yan xiaoru 84). In this novel, it reveals many aspects of romantic realism.
It was just like Dickens himself once mentioned, what he cared was to express his own moral concepts rather than seek perfect truth. Under such notions, he used romantic realism largely in his novels. Oliver Twist is one of these novels which reveal much of Dickens’ early romanticism. Lots of imaginations and exaggerations were used in his works. Dickens used a great variety of writing techniques in his novels. In Oliver Twist, it fully reveals Dickens’ early optimism through the whole novel. From this angle, it is reasonable to say that Charles Dickens is a romantic realist rather than a critical realist. Romantic Realism shows in Oliver Twist at 5 phases：Coincidence of the plot，the use of individual language，d ickens’ sympathetic imagin ation to the characters in the novel，the comparison between the different color tones and the comparison of the different characters’ personalities
4. Conclusion
As one of the most outstanding novelists of England in the 19th century, Charles Dickens occupied a unique place in the world’s literatur e. His novels are famous for their extensive content, varied style, vivid description and profound meaning. They have a great impact on the other countries’ literatur e. Dickens’ writings were extensively popular in the world，so were the children’s books adapted from his works. Many forms of interpretation of his books were circulated in the world nowadays and his works have already been
interpreted in many editions in China.
Oliver Twist was Charles Dickens’ sec ond novel, by which he led the readers into a real but a horrible underworld. He criticized the corruption and brutality of the oppressors and shows great sympathy to the poor and oppressed. Therefore, he held a strong desire for change in his society. So there was a critical tone in this novel. But under the influence of The British Chartism, Dickens held positive attitudes toward England society (谭燧157). Being dreadful of violence and bloodshed, he did n’t agree to change the condition of the society through revolution. He was a reformist. He criticized capitalism and continuously exposed the corruption of the society, but he did not want to overthrow it. He hoped this situation can be changed through education and reform. He wanted to change it in a mild way. Thus, in his novel, there was a romantic tone.
Charles Dickens is a writer of critical realism and romantic realism. The novel, Oliver Twist, exposed his critical realism and romantic realism deeply. As critical realism has been discussed a lot by many scholars, the romantic realism is made to be the innovative part in this paper. This paper first discusses the critical realism, and then introduces the romantic realism. The innovative part is explained through many aspects, such as the use of the individual language, the sympathetic imagination to the characters, and the comparison of the different characters’ personalities and so on. The discussion of both the critical realism and romantic realism deeply shows the realism in Charles Dickens’Oliver Twist.
Works Cited
[1] Charles Dickens. Oliver Twist. Spain: Industria Grafica, Barcelona, 2004.
[2] Lu, Jianguo. “Charles Dickens and His Oliver Twist.”玉溪师范学院学报. 20.7 (2004):
39-40.
[3] Yan, Xiaoru. “Brief Analysis of Coincidence in Oliver Twist.”伊犁教育学院学报.
16.4 (2003): 82-86.
[4] 范存忠. 英国文学提纲. 成都：四川人民出版社, 1983.
[5] 胡荟桐. 英国文学教程. 北京：南开大学出版社, 1992.
[6] 刘精香.“《雾都孤儿》中南茜形象剖析中.”中南民族学院学报. 98.3
(1999):104-106.
[7] 罗经国. 狄更斯的创作. 沈阳：辽宁大学出版社, 2001.
[8] 梦琳. “现实的揭露理想的化身——浅析《雾都孤儿》.”语文新圃. (2002):
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[9] 谭燧. 外国文学史. 海口：南海出版社, 2005.
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Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.