英语语言学课件(胡壮麟版)
胡壮麟语言学总复习课件
句子由主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状 语等不同的成分组成，各成分在句子 中起到不同的作用。Biblioteka 句法结构与句型句法结构
句法结构是指句子的内部构造和组织方 式，包括简单句、复合句、并列句等。
VS
句型
句型是根据句子的结构特点和语义功能划 分的句子类型，如陈述句、疑问句、祈使 句等。
语法的层级体系
01
层级体系
语言学的研究对象与范围
总结词
语言学的研究对象是语言，包括语音、语法、词汇、语义等方面。
详细描述
语音学研究语言的发音和音系规则，语法学研究词法和句法规则，词汇学研究词汇的构成和意义，语义学研究词 汇和句子的意义。此外，社会语言学、心理语言学、计算机语言学等分支学科也丰富了语言学的研究范围。
语言学与其他学科的关系
详细描述
该领域关注第二语言学习的过程、影响因素、学 习策略等，旨在揭示第二语言学习的本质和规律 ，为外语教学提供理论支持和实践指导。
语言教学理论与实践
总结词
语言教学理论与实践主要研究如何有 效地教授和学习语言。
详细描述
该领域关注语言教学方法、教材设计 、课程设置等方面，旨在提高语言教 学的效果和质量，培养学习者的语言 运用能力。
语言接触与变异
语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的接触和交流 01 ，这种接触会导致语言的变异和融合。
语言变异是指在一个语言的内部，由于地域、社 02 会、年龄等因素的影响，导致语音、词汇、语法
等方面的差异。
社会语言学研究语言接触与变异，旨在揭示语言 03 变化的原因和规律，以及变异对语言的生存和发
展的影响。
音变现象
音变定义
音变是指语音在连续发出时发生的音素变化， 包括同化、异化、弱化等。
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
语言学精品课胡壮麟版ppt课件
2. Scopes of linguistics
☺General linguistics—studies linguistics as a whole.
☺ Phonetics—study of sounds ☺ Phonology--study of the system of
sounds, how they are combined ☺ Morphology—study of the structure and
language development, more practical than written form, hard to record • writing : • permanent, can be recorded
• ngue and parole • —by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
• descriptive –describes and analyzes the language people are currently speaking. It deals with “what people actually say”
• 3.2 synchronic vs. diachronic • synchronic—description of a language at
• 2.1.4. Language is symbolic. • 2.1.5. Language is human –specific. • 2.1.6. Language is used for
communication
2.2. Design features of language
• 2.2.1. arbitrariness • 2.2.2. productivity • 2.2.3. duality • 2.2.4. displacement • 2.2.5. cultural transmission
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第三版语音学Phonetics课件.ppt
2021/4/15
Linguistics: A Coursebook
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4.3 Coarticulation
Coarticulation: the influence on a sound by its
neighbors e.g. cap [kap]
f v θ ð s z ∫3
h
Approxi w mant
r
j
Lateral
l
Affricate
t∫ d3
Table 1 A chart of English consonants
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
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5.3 Classification of vowels
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
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5. Phonetic Classification
Vowels and consonants Classification of consonants Classification of vowels
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
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Linguistics: A Coursebook
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4.1 Segment and divergence
Segment: any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text. (Feasibility)
英语语言学课件(胡壮麟版)
9
1. A: Are you going to the seminar? B: It‟s on linguistics. 2. A: Would you like some coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake. 3. A: 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。 B: 那就下次再买吧。
Chapter Eight Language in Use
1. Definition of Pragmatics
The study of language in use. The study of meaning in context. The study of speakers‟ meaning, utterance meaning, & contextual meaning.
2. Robert Gibbs named Obama Press Secretary U.S. President-elect Barack Obama has named his longtime spokesman Robert Gibbs as his White House press secretary
“Janet! Donkeys!” (David Copperfield)
5
Leech曾指出，“意义”在语义学中是二价 的(bivalent)，而在语用学中就成了三价的 (trivalent)。也就是说，语义研究的是“X 的意义是Y”(X means Y)。例如：Donkey means “ass”。而语用学研究的是“说话者 S通过话语X来表达Y的意思”(S means Y by X)。例如一个家庭主妇对仆人说： “Janet! donkeys!”的时候，单独从语义上 看并没有明确的意思；但是从语用学角度 看，女主人是想让Janet把驴子从草坪上赶 走。 Sentence meaning: What does X mean? Utterance meaning: What do you mean by X?
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part1
1.3 Design features of languageDesign features: the features that define our human languages. They make our language advantageous over animal “languages”.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessThe forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (Saussure)(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme andits meaning(2) At the syntactic level(3) Arbitrariness and convention1.3.2 Duality“ By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its ownprinciples of organization” (Lyon, 1982:20).Advantage: A large number of different units can be formed our of a small number of elements.1.3.3 CreativityLanguage can produce sentence that has never been heard. Language is resourceful because of its duality andrecursiveness.1.3.4 DisplacementHuman languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present ( in time and space) at the moment of communication.Other design featuresCultural transmissionLanguage is passed down from generation to generation. Human being must be exposed to language environment.InterchangeabilityAny human being can be both a producer and receiver of the message.1.4 Origin of languageThe bow-wow theoryThe pooh-pooh theoryThe “yo-he-ho” theory1.5 Functions of language1.5.1 Informative1.5.2 Interpersonal function1.5.3 Performative1.5.4 Emotive function1.5.5 Phatic communion1.5.6 Recreational function1.5.7 Metalingual function1.6 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language.1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics is the subfield of linguistics that studies speech sounds in human language.Major domains: Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics1.7.2 Phonology-Phonology is the subfield of linguistics that studies the sound pattern of a language. -It deals with the rules governing the structure,distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.-Phonetics vs. PhonologyPhonetics is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focus on chaos while the second focuses on order.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the relationships among words.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationships among the internal parts.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics is the subfield of linguistics that studies the nature of the meaning of individual words, and the meaning of wordsgrouped into phrases and sentences.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the subfield of linguistics that studies the use of words, phrases and sentences in the actual context of discourse.1.8 Macrolinguistics1.8.1 PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguistics studies the relationship between language and mind. It also studies language development in the child, biological foundations of language and the relationship between language and cognition.1.8.2 SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is the study of characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and thecharacteristics of their speakers.1.8.3 Anthropological linguisticsAnthropological linguistics is the study of the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence and divergence of languages over thousands of years.1.8.4 Computational linguisticsComputational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language.1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics1.9.1 Descriptive vs. prescriptive-Descriptive (non-normative): to describe what people say. “… the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness.” (Lyon, 1982:47)-Prescriptive: to prescribe how people should say. In the 18th century, the grammarians tried to lay down rules for the correct use oflanguage and settle the disputes over usage once and for all.1.9.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic-Synchronic linguistics is the study of a given language at a given period of time. E.g. “A Grammar of Modern Greek”-Diachronic linguistics is the study of the changes the language has experienced.1.9.3 Langue & parole (Saussure)-Langue is the abstract linguistic form or system shared by all the members of a speech community. It is a social product. It is a set of convention.-Parole is the actual or actualized language. It is the concrete use of the conventions or application of the rules.1.9.4 Competence and performance (Chomsky)-Competence refers to the ideal language speaker’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.-Performance refers to the actual use of language by the speaker in concrete situation.1.9.5 Etic vs. Emic (Pike)Questions and ExercisesDo you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?Does the traffic light system have duality, why?Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expressionshare or lack the distinctive properties of human language?Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese?。
胡壮麟语言学总复习ppt课件
Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics
1.1 Language and Human 1.2 Design features of language 1.3 Functions of Language 1.4 Linguistics and its branches 1.5 Basic Concepts in linguistics
Duality
Duality is the nature of language which shows that language is a system and consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.
It is the structural feature of language that words are made up of elemental sounds
.
1.3 Functions of language
Malinowski: pragmatic function; magical function; phatic function
.
1.1 Definition of language
In the Textbook
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cures, motivation, and social-cultural roles
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part6
Chapter 4 SyntaxSyntax: the study of the formation of sentences. Since sentence is usually regarded as the largest grammatical unit of a language, syntax has long been the center of grammatical study. This chapter introduces four representative approaches in treating sentence structure: the traditional approach, the structural approach, the generative approach and the functional approach.4.1 The traditional approach4.1.1 Number, gender and caseNumber: singular and pluralCase:1)Pronouns: nominative(I, he, she), accusative(me, him,her), genetive(my, your, his)2)Nouns: general(John, boy), genitive(John’s, boys’)4.1.2 Tense and aspectTenses: past and presentAspect: perfective(perfect) and progressive(continuous)4.1.3 Concord and governmentConcord(Agreement) is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. Eg. this man, these men; a book, some booksGovernment is another type of control the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain category.Eg. She gave him a book. She gave a book to him.4.2 The structural approach4.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations (Saussure) -Signified(concept) and signifier (sound image)-Syntagmatic relation(structure, horizontal relation,chain relation):the relation between one item and others in a sequence-Paradigmatic relation(system, vertical relation, choicerelation): the relation between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.4.2.2 Immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis)-construction and constituents(Bloomfield)-immediate constituents-ultimate constituents-IC analysis:the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.ex.1 (a) ( ( Poor) (John) ) ( ( ran) ( away) )(b) Poor John ran awayex.2 John left yesterdayex.3 dis place mentAdvantage:Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities will be revealed.Ex. 1.(a) Leave the book on the shelf(b) Leave the book on the shelf(b) my small child’s cot(c) my small child’s cotEx.3(a) The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son(b) The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s sonEx.4(Labelled tree diagram)more expensive clothes more expensive clothes Adj Adj N Adv Adj NNP APNP NPEx.5(Is he really) that kind? (Is he really) that kind?Det N Adv AdjNP APEX.6They can fish herePron Aux V AdvPron V N Adv-Problems:1) Binary division ? Old men and women2) Discontinuous constituents ? make it up4.2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions-Endocentric construction(headed construction) is a construction whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approachingequivalence, to one of its constituents, whichserve as the center/head of the whole.e.g. poor John, the three small children1) Subordinate construction:only one head (e.g.really very late, the book on the shelf, walked away immediately)2) Coordinate construction:more than one head(e.g.boys and girls, coffee or tea, the city Rome)-Exocentric construction is a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents.e.g.Prepositional phrases ：on the shelf, if he is goingBasic sentences ：The girl smiled.? Verb plus object constructions ：visit Bill, read books。
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Speech Sounds
As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Practically consonants may be produced at any place between the lips and the vocal folds.
Eleven places of articulation are distinguished on the IPA chart:
It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.
One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
2.1 Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved.
For example, the initial sound in bad involves both lips and its final segment involves the blade (or the tip) of the tongue and the alveolar ridge.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; they may narrow the space considerably; or they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar (PalatalAlveolar) Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
To begin with, any sign has a meaning that can be found in a dictionary, this is the denotative meaning.(p.132)
在正式英语文体中，一般不能只用逗号来连接两个 立句，否则就是“逗号错误”（Comma splice）。不过 下 述三种情况，“逗号错误”可以接受： 1、两个独立句很短，尤其是其主语相同。如英语中一 句很有名的话：I came, I saw, I conquered. 2、如果两个较短的独立句之间表示对比关系，尤其是 当其中一个是肯定句，另一个是否定句时，如： It's not a comet, it's a meteor. Some students find writing easy, some find it extremely difficult. 3、反意问句，如：You saw that movie last night, didn't you 尽管如此，在正式语体，还是应尽量避免这种逗号句。
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
• Stop (or Plosive)
– Oral & Nasal
• • • • • •
Fricative (Median) Approximant Lateral (Approximant) Trill Tap or Flap Affricate
The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.
It aims to „discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur‟. In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.
1.2 The IPA
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers‟ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods.
1. How speech sounds are made
1.1 Speech organs
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
On most occasions “rose” means more than a flower, it also triggers many associations mostly good ones such as love, fragrance, passions and beauty.(p.132) The way a speech community rounds off its numbers is not haphazard, rather, it is explainable as interplay between language and culture.(p.136)
The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888.