胡壮麟语言学课件
环球时代胡壮麟语言学课件Chapter 8
b. I bequeath my watch to my brother.(我把手表遗赠给我弟弟。) c. I bet you sixpences it will rain tomorrow. (我用六便士跟你打赌明
天会下雨。)
d. I promise to finish it in time. (我答应按时完成。) e. I apologize. (我道歉。) f. I declare the meeting open. (我宣布会议开始。) g. I warn you that the bull will charge. (我警告你这头公牛会撞人。)
Language in Use 10
Chapter 8
Language in Use
8.1 Speech act theory言语行为理论(by Austin) 8.1.2 illocutionary act行事行为理论(by Austin) Act and locutionary（发话） – utterance meaning of illocutionary（行事）– purpose doing things perlocutionary（取效）– effect
Language in Use 4
Chapter 8
Language in Use
semantic (related to words and sentences) （语义学/固定意义）
Meaning contextual (related to utterances) （语用学/附加意义） 但在文献中，"sentence句子"和"语句"并不总是分 得很清楚的。研究这种意义的学科叫语用学 pragmatics。因为这种意义部分来自语言的使用环 境，语用学也可以被定义为研究语言使用的学科。 那么我们就可以说pragmatics=meaning – semantics (语用学意义=意义 – 语义学意义)。
胡壮麟语言学总复习课件
句子由主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状 语等不同的成分组成，各成分在句子 中起到不同的作用。Biblioteka 句法结构与句型句法结构
句法结构是指句子的内部构造和组织方 式，包括简单句、复合句、并列句等。
VS
句型
句型是根据句子的结构特点和语义功能划 分的句子类型，如陈述句、疑问句、祈使 句等。
语法的层级体系
01
层级体系
语言学的研究对象与范围
总结词
语言学的研究对象是语言，包括语音、语法、词汇、语义等方面。
详细描述
语音学研究语言的发音和音系规则，语法学研究词法和句法规则，词汇学研究词汇的构成和意义，语义学研究词 汇和句子的意义。此外，社会语言学、心理语言学、计算机语言学等分支学科也丰富了语言学的研究范围。
语言学与其他学科的关系
详细描述
该领域关注第二语言学习的过程、影响因素、学 习策略等，旨在揭示第二语言学习的本质和规律 ，为外语教学提供理论支持和实践指导。
语言教学理论与实践
总结词
语言教学理论与实践主要研究如何有 效地教授和学习语言。
详细描述
该领域关注语言教学方法、教材设计 、课程设置等方面，旨在提高语言教 学的效果和质量，培养学习者的语言 运用能力。
语言接触与变异
语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的接触和交流 01 ，这种接触会导致语言的变异和融合。
语言变异是指在一个语言的内部，由于地域、社 02 会、年龄等因素的影响，导致语音、词汇、语法
等方面的差异。
社会语言学研究语言接触与变异，旨在揭示语言 03 变化的原因和规律，以及变异对语言的生存和发
展的影响。
音变现象
音变定义
音变是指语音在连续发出时发生的音素变化， 包括同化、异化、弱化等。
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
语言学精品课胡壮麟版ppt课件
2. Scopes of linguistics
☺General linguistics—studies linguistics as a whole.
☺ Phonetics—study of sounds ☺ Phonology--study of the system of
sounds, how they are combined ☺ Morphology—study of the structure and
language development, more practical than written form, hard to record • writing : • permanent, can be recorded
• ngue and parole • —by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
• descriptive –describes and analyzes the language people are currently speaking. It deals with “what people actually say”
• 3.2 synchronic vs. diachronic • synchronic—description of a language at
• 2.1.4. Language is symbolic. • 2.1.5. Language is human –specific. • 2.1.6. Language is used for
communication
2.2. Design features of language
• 2.2.1. arbitrariness • 2.2.2. productivity • 2.2.3. duality • 2.2.4. displacement • 2.2.5. cultural transmission
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part7
4.3 The generative approach Chomsky’s Transformational-Generative (TG) GrammarFive stages of development:1) The Classical Theory (Syntactic Structure ，1957)2) The Standard Theory (Aspects of the Theory of Syntax ，1965)3) The Extended Standard Theory (EST ，1968)4) The Revised Extended Standard Theory (Government and Binding /GB Theory ，1981)5) The Minimalist Program (1995)What is a generative grammar ?By a generative grammar ，Chomsky simply means “a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences ”. He believes that every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. “Thus a generative grammar attempts to specify what the speaker actually knows ，not what he may report about his knowledge.”(Chomsky ，1965) To generate is to predict what could be the possible sentences of language. Transformation is a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another. It uses a finite number of rules to produce infinite number of sentences.4.3.1 Deep and surface structures (Chomsky)Deep structure : the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction.Surface structure : the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction. Transformational component hastransformational rules, which change the deep structure component into surface structures.Phrase structure rules (rewriting rules)Aux tense +(M) +(perf) + (prog) M model verbPerf have + -enProg be + -ingVP V +(NP) + (PP)PP prep + NPTense pres/pastThe mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon4.3.3 Government, binding, etc. Lectures on Government and Binding (1981) Two systems of a grammar : a rule system, a principle systemSystem of principles :1) bounding theory2) government theory3) θ-theory4) binding theory5) case theory6) control theoryBinding TheoryA.An anaphor is bound in its governing category.B. A pronominal is free in its governing category.C. An r-expression is free.Anaphor is used in a narrow sense to includereflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other. Pronominal refer to pronouns other that reflexives and reciprocals.R-expressions (referential-expressions) cover all the other r-expressions except anaphors andpronominals, e.g. John, Bill, the man.Ex.(a)John 1likes himself 1.(b)They 1hit each other 1.(c)John 1doesn ’t like Bill ’s 2criticism of himself 1.(d)John 1 likes him 2.(e)Bill 1 says John 2likes him 2.(f)Bill 1says John 2likes the man 3.4.4 The functional approach4.4.1 Functional sentence perspective(FSP) Theme : “that which is known or at least obvious in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds ”Rheme : “what the speaker states about, or in regard to, the starting point of the utterance ”(Danes 1974) Communicative dynamism(CD): “the extent to which the sentence element contributes to thedevelopment of the communication ”(J.Firbas 1964)4.4.2 Systemic-functional grammar Three general functions of language (Halliday):Ideational function (a. experiential b. logical)Interpersonal functionTextual functionThree grammatical systems (Halliday):TransitivityMoodthemeQuestions and Exercises What is the criterion used in IC analysis? In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing?What are the problems in IC analysis? Discuss Chomsky ’s binding theory in relation to the Chinese reflexive 自己.In what sense is the analysis of a sentence in terms of theme and rheme functional?。
英语语言学课件(胡壮麟版)
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1. A: Are you going to the seminar? B: It‟s on linguistics. 2. A: Would you like some coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake. 3. A: 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。 B: 那就下次再买吧。
Chapter Eight Language in Use
1. Definition of Pragmatics
The study of language in use. The study of meaning in context. The study of speakers‟ meaning, utterance meaning, & contextual meaning.
2. Robert Gibbs named Obama Press Secretary U.S. President-elect Barack Obama has named his longtime spokesman Robert Gibbs as his White House press secretary
“Janet! Donkeys!” (David Copperfield)
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Leech曾指出，“意义”在语义学中是二价 的(bivalent)，而在语用学中就成了三价的 (trivalent)。也就是说，语义研究的是“X 的意义是Y”(X means Y)。例如：Donkey means “ass”。而语用学研究的是“说话者 S通过话语X来表达Y的意思”(S means Y by X)。例如一个家庭主妇对仆人说： “Janet! donkeys!”的时候，单独从语义上 看并没有明确的意思；但是从语用学角度 看，女主人是想让Janet把驴子从草坪上赶 走。 Sentence meaning: What does X mean? Utterance meaning: What do you mean by X?
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第十一章Linguistics_and_foreign_language_teaching ppt课件
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1.2 Input
Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.
This input may come in written or spoken form.
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The study of UG has attracted considerable attention from many second language acquisition researchers because knowledge of linguistic universals may help to shape L2 acquisition in a number of ways.
Authentic input Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input Interactively modified input: tends to do
a better job
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(Krashen): i+1
Do we teach grammar?
How do we teach grammar?
As a compromise between the “purely formfocused approaches” and the “purely meaningfocused” approaches, a recent movement called focus on form seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.
胡壮麟语言学总复习ppt
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1.1 Definition of language
In the Textbook
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cures, motivation, and social-cultural roles
However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds.
But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.
Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols used for human communication.
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1.2 Design features of language
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Chapter OneInvitations to Linguistics1.1 Why Study Language⏹Language⏹Features⏹Function⏹Language learning⏹first language leaning⏹second language learning1.2 What Is Language⏹Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.⏹System: elements in language are arranged according to certain rules.⏹Arbitrary: There is no intrinsic connection between the word and its meaning.⏹Symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention.1.3 Design Features of Language⏹Design features are features that define our human language.⏹Design Features of Language(1)⏹Arbitrariness: the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.⏹arbitrariness at different levels of a language⏹1) arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning⏹2) arbitrariness at the syntactic levelapples, pears and bananas⏹pears, apples and bananasb) He came in and sat down.⏹He sat down and came in.⏹He sat down after he came in.⏹c) She got married and had a baby.⏹She had a baby and got married.⏹d) 屡战屡败⏹屡败屡战⏹3) arbitrariness and convention⏹arbitrariness⏹→ language creative⏹convention⏹→ learnabili ty;⏹→ learning a language laborious1.3 Design Features of Language(2)⏹Duality: the property of having two levels of structures⏹1) sound— secondary units⏹2) meaning — primary units1.3 Design Features of Language(3)⏹Creativity(productivity): Users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.⏹1) Words can be used in new ways to mean new things.⏹mouse bridge⏹2) Its potential to create endless sentences by recursiveness （递归性）⏹e.g. a. Smith believes that the earth is flat⏹ b. Brown believes that Smith believes that the earth is flat⏹ c. Smith believes that Brown believes that Smith believes that the earth is flat⏹ d. Brown believes Smith believes that Brown believes that Smith believes that the earth is flat⏹山里有座庙，庙里有个和尚，老和尚在念经，念的什么经：山里有座庙，庙里有个和尚，老和尚在念经，念的什么经：山里有座庙，庙里有个和尚，老和尚在念经，念的什么经……1.3 Design Features of Language(4)⏹Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which arenot present (in time or space) at the moment of communication.1.3 Design Features of Language(5)⏹Cultural transmission: language is passed on through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.1.4 Origin of Language⏹The bow-wow theory汪汪理论: imitate the sounds of the animals. onomatopoeic⏹The pooh-pooh theory噗噗理论: instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. interjection⏹The yo-he-ho theory哟嗬哟理论: rhythmic grunts produced when working . chantsOrigin of Language⏹The divine-origin theory⏹“So he (God) took some soil from the ground and formed all the animals and all the birds. Then he brought them to the man to see what he would name them, and that is how they got their names. So the man named all the birds and the animals,…”（Genesis，Chapter11：6）⏹The invention theory⏹ a. imitative b. cries of nature⏹ c. grunts of men working together⏹The evolution theory1.5 Functions of Language(1)⏹Jakobson⏹"Linguistics and Poetics: Closing Statement"⏹All acts of communication, be they written or oral, are contingent on six constituent elements: context, message, addresser, addressee, contact and code⏹Each of the constituent elements of the communicative act has a corresponding function; thus:⏹referential，poetic，emotive，phatic, conative and metalingual⏹context⏹REFERENTIAL⏹Addresser message addressee⏹EMOTIVE POETIC CONA TIVE⏹contact⏹PHA TIC⏹code⏹METALINGUAL⏹Referential : to convey message and information⏹Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions⏹Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake⏹Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and requests⏹Phatic: to establish communion with others⏹Metalingual: to clear up intentions and meanings1.5 Functions of Language(2)⏹Halliday: three metafunctions of language:⏹1) ide ational function is to organize the speaker’s or the writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, i. e. language refers to real or imagined persons,things actions,events,states,etc.达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚构世界的体验，即语言指称实际或虚构的人、物、动作、事件、状态等。
⏹2) Interpersonal function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people.It includes forms of address, speech function, MODALITY, etc.人际功能表明、建立或维持人与人之间的社会关系，包括称谓形式，语言功能，情态等。
⏹3) Textual function is to create written or spoken TEXTs which cohere within themselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.⏹组篇功能指组成书面或口头的语篇，这些语篇内部连贯，并适用于所用的特定场景。