句子结构和成分分析

第一讲英语的句子结构和成分主讲张燮一. 主谓结构（主语+不及物动词）1.The sun is shining2.They talked for half an hour.3.The pen writes well.*主语：可以做主语的有名词（boy. fire. apple等）,代词（I, you ,it. she等），数词（two, thirteen）,动词不定式（to learn English, to take a taxi）,动词ing形式(playing football, watching TV)以及从句（what he did, That he is from Sichuan）.#不能做主语的是：动词及动词短语（do, do some cooking, listen to the radio）,介词短语（by bike, in the classroom.）学生常见错误如：1.Do something is better than do nothing.2.In the classroom have three boys.3.By bike is good for health.4.Listen to the music make me happy.*不及物动词（vi）指该动词不能跟宾语，也就是说该动词后没有宾语.（如上例）。

常见的不及物动词有（go, come, arrive, sleep, fall, appear, get. look, turn等）。

如：1.We go work every day. 2.My mother arrived Chengdu yesterday.3she often looks me.如果不及物动词后面跟宾语必须加介词过渡，转化为介词宾语。

1.we go to work every day.2.My mother arrived in Chengdu yesterday.3.She often looks at me.*谓语：由动词构成，位于主语之后。

谓语的动词可分为实义动词（come, see, run, teach, think, find, eat）、系动词（is, am, are/was, were,）、情态动词（can, may, should, must, ought to, shall）、助动词（do, did, does/has, have, had）.#实义动词可单独做谓语，系动词+表语组成谓语。

情态动词+动词原形一起构成谓语。

助动词+动词原形构成谓语。

如；1.He works in a factory.(实义动词)2.I taught English in the school two years ago.（实义动词）3.I felt cold(系+表)。

4.We can speak English.（情+实）。

5.She didn’t do her homework last week.（助+实）。

6.They were working in the field.（助+实）二．主谓宾结构1.Tom speaks English.2.He bought a car.3.They have finished the job.4.My daughter is reading a book.*宾语：及物动词所作用的对象，一般有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词ing 形式担任。

如：1.He is doing his homework.( 名词)2.They did nothing this morning.（代词）3.She wants to go home.（不定式）4.we enjoy playing tennis（动词ing）.注意：有一些动词有两个宾语，即双宾语。

如：tell, give，pass, bring，show等，指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。

(主+谓+宾+宾)如；1.Mr. Brown teaches us English.2.My mother told me a story.3.Sandy, please pass me the newspaper.三．主系表结构*系动词除了be动词外,有些动词常充当系动词become,turn,get,feel,taste,smell,sound,stay,remain,keep,seem,prove appear, go, look .*表语是指系动词后的成分，即系动词后就是表语。

很多词和短语甚至句子都可以做表语。

如：1,。

She is a teacher.(名词)2.The food tastes delicious.(形容词)3.We will be seventeen next year.(数词)4.They are in the classroom.（介词短语）。

5.My job is to sell newspapers. (不定式)。

6.The radio is broken.(动词ed 形式)7.The movie was moving .（动词ing）8.The question is why he did n’t attend the party last night.(表语从句)特别注意：（1）副词是不能作表语的。

这是改错题中的常考点。

如：1.The weather was wonderfully.2.She got angrily.3.The music sounded sweetly.4.Peter looks sadly.（2）系动词没有被动语态，这也是改错题的常考点。

1. The plan was sounded reasonable2.The material is felt soft3.Ten years later, his theory was proved true.4.The food is smelt bad.四：主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如give ,pass，bring，show。

这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。

间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。

一般的顺序为：动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。

如：He give me a cup of tea.强调直接宾语顺序为：动词+ 直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。

如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：只能说：动词+ 代词直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。

如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说Bring me it, please。

)注意：常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, , give, grant, hand, ,lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, , promise, read, refuse, , , sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等（需借助for的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint,play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.= He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book．= She bought a book for m五：主＋谓＋宾＋宾补*宾补位于宾语后，是对宾语进行补充说明的，宾语是什么或做什么。

宾语和宾补之间是主系或主谓关系。

它们一起构成复合宾语。

1.We elected her chairman.2.We should keep the classroom clean.3.I want him to come.4.She heard him singing.五．There be 结构这个结构表存在，“ ….地方…有”。

1.There are 56 students in our class.2.There was a lecture in the hall last night.3.There will be a football match between class two and class five next Monday.注意：此句型有时可用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。

1.There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain2.There lies a book on the desk.3.There stands a tree on the hill.学生使用误区：there be和have/ has 混用如：1.There has a book on the desk.2.There has a meeting this evening.常可用there be句型的一些习作练习：1. 下周五我们学校将举办一场歌唱比赛。

2. 今天晚上将有一场电影。

3.过去几年中国发生了多次地震。

4. 森林火灾之后，山上到处都是死鸟。

5.街道两边矗立着许多高楼大夏六．宾语从句宾语从句放在动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。

宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。

谓语动词、介词、。

有些形容词（afraid ,sure ,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句如：1.I know that he is from the USA.2. I don’t know if / whether he will come on time.3 .He told me what he wanted.4 .He told us that he felt ill.5 .I know he has returned.七. 形式主语一、It 用作形式主语当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。

此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。

1.It is wrong to tell a lie.2.It is no use arguing about it.3.It is uncertain who will come.It 作形式主语的常见句型：① It + be + 形容词+ to do sth. / doing / that ….e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language.(学一门外语非常重要。