美国文学 Unit1B.Franklin
陶洁《美国文学选读》课后习题详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1. Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Key: Because that when he was young, he has “never had a pleasure in obtaining any anecdotes” of his ancestors, and he held that it was a great pity because he was curious about them. So, he thought that his son would also want to know the story of him and he himself also had responsibility to share it with his son. In addition, he thought that his experiences and success would give some useful advice to his son. With such consideration in mind, Franklin wrote his autobiography.2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?Key: The altercation between Franklin and his brother made him decide to leave. His brother considered himself as Franklin’s master and treated him harshly and tyrannically. This kind of treatment annoyed Franklin, so he decided to leave.3. How did he arrive in Philadelphia?Key: He arrived in Philadelphia with great difficulties. At the very start, he set out in a boat for Amboy, and in crossing the bay he, along with his companions, met with a squall that tore the rotten sails to pieces and drove him upon Long Island.On approaching the island, they had to drop anchor and swim out their cable towards the shore, etc. In a word, he went through many hardships on the way to Philadelphia.4. What features do you find in the style of the above selection?Key: This selection is written in the form of letters to his son. By this way, it can show the author’s honesty and frankness, which will make the reader stand close to him and actually feel and understand his emotions and experiences. Another feature is that this biography has a good narrative and reads like a story, which can arouse the readers’ reading interest and curiosity.。
美国文学 富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin
Evaluation • “Franklin was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.” • “The Scottish philosopher David Hume called him America’s “first great man of letters”.” • “Franklin was the embodiment of American dream.” • “Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of the 18th century enlightenment.” • When Franklin died in 1790, at the age of 84, he was an honored figure, mourned by many nations. One of his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.”
“positive” and “negative” to electrical charges.
d. He was one of the first men to study and map the Gulf Stream(墨西哥湾流) .
• His Contributions to the U.S.
• His Contributions to Science
a. Inventions : Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal glasses, a miniature printing press, efficient heating devices and even a strange musical instrument called an “armonica”玻璃口琴. b. And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.” c. the theories of electricity; first applied the terms
美国文学史Benjamin Franklin
5) He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, found the Junto Club and subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard’s Almanac. 6) Retired around forty-two, he did what was to him a great happiness: read, make scientific experiments and do good to his fellowmen. He helped to find the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. 7) At the same time he did a lot of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod and so on.
2) a. b.
c. d.
Hale Waihona Puke e.Autobiography It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English. It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-examination and selfimprovement. It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake.
陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
美国文学
The Gilded Age镀金时代;
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;
;
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;
23、Henry James享利·詹姆斯1843-1916
小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；
The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁·伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下
美国文学
美国文学选读作家-作品
美国文学选读作家-作品UNIT【1-10】本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin,1706—1790)1732年，他用笔名发表了《格言历书》(Poor Richard's Almanac)，内容除历书之外还附有谚语，格言、警句，非常畅销，后作为系列出版物发行25年。
《自传》(The Autobiography)著于1771年至1790年，较为全面、生动而深刻地记载了他个人的生活经历，历来被公认为美国文学中的经典之作。
埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809—1849)《帖木尔》(Tamerlane and Other Poems)，诗集《艾尔·阿拉夫》(Al Araaf, 1829)《诗集》(Poems, 1831)和《乌鸦及其他诗篇》(The Raven and Other Poems, 1845) ，短篇小说方面的成就更为显著，尤其长于创作哥特式的小说和侦探小说《述异集》(Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, 1840)《故事集》(Tales, 1845)《厄舍古厦的倒塌》(“ T he Fall of the House of Usher”)、《红色死亡假面舞会》(“ The Masque of the Red Death”)、《莉盖亚》(“Ligeia”)、《黑猫》(“ The Black Cat”)、《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》(“ The Cask of Amontillado”)、《莫格街谋杀案》(“ Murders in the Rue Morgue”)、《被窃的信件》(“ The Purloined Letter”)和《金甲虫》(“ The Gold Bug”)。
他的侦探小说情节常跌宕起伏, 诡谲多变,结局常常是在情理之中而又在意料之外,人物城府深邃,个性分明,历来为人称道，一般认为他是西方侦探小说的开山鼻祖。
18世纪美国文学富兰克林
Edward Taylor
the
finest poet in colonial period Huswifery 《家务》 Upon a Spider Catching a Fly 《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》 Preparatory Meditation 《自省录》
Other writers
Puritanism in America
Why
did Puritans come to America? - to reform the Church of England - to have an entirely new church - to escape religious persecution * God’s chosen people * To seek a new Garden of Eden * To build “City of God on earth”
清教徒并不是一种派别，而是一种态度，
清教徒
一种倾向，一种价值观，它是对信徒群体 的一种统称。清教徒是最为虔敬、生活最 为圣洁的新教徒，他们认为“人人皆祭司， 人人有召唤”。认为每个个体可以直接与 上帝交流，反对神甫集团的专横、腐败和 繁文缛节、形式主义。他们主张简单、实 在、上帝面前人人平等的信徒生活。
清教徒精神
清教徒是创业精神的代言人，他们认为人开创产业必须要 禁欲和俭省节约。他们限制一切纵欲、享乐甚至消费行为， 将消费性投入和支出全部用在生产性投资和扩大再生产上， 如此必然导致资本的积累和产业的发展。不是纵欲和贪婪 积累了财富，而是克制和禁欲增长了社会财富。 清教徒崇尚商业和工业活动，在商业中诚实守信、珍 视信誉、决不坑蒙拐骗，清教徒企业家不仅追求利润最大 化，而且具有对社会的回馈意识，担当社会责任、扶持社 会公正，为社会公益事业作出了巨大贡献，承担了巨大的 公共事业义务。 清教徒对一切充满了信心，无论从事商业贸易还是生 产耕种，都具有排除万难、获得非凡成功的勇气和信心， 他们善于创造和创新，不断地开拓和征服。他们身上值得 人们学习的可贵精神非常之多。
Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin
General features types of writing: diaries, histories, journals, letters,
travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons
Content : : serving either God or colonial
expansion or both Form: imitating English literary traditions
★American Puritanism（清g, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions(迫害）. In content it means scrupulous （小心谨慎） moral rigor（苛刻), especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences, that is strictness, sternness and austerity（苦行） in conduct and religion.
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Selected Readings in American Literature
Unit 1
Banjanmin Franklin (1706-1790)
the Autobiography (excerpt)
The literature of Reason and Revolution
“The Age of Reason” “American Enlightenment”
循自然法则而存在。因此， 崇敬上帝的最好方法就是研究上帝的作 品—人类和自然界，并为人类做善事。富兰克林是这一思想的代言人。
God created everything and let it go. It is up to the human beings themselves to take care of themselves and to run the world. In order to get on in this world, one has to be industrious, frugal and prudent.
American Enlightenment the Age of Reason and Revolution the Age of Rationality 18th Century Literature the Age of American Enlightenment (1) Originated in Europe in the 17th century
the 18th-centry American Enlightenment
For: Freedom, Democracy and Reason Against: Tyranny, Intolerance不容异说 and Superstition
Results of the conflicts
1775, Lexington, beginning of the Independence War 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence 1778, alliance with France, turning point for American army 1778, English army surrendered 1783, formal recognition from Britain government The American War of Independence lasted 8 years from 1775-1783
(2) Sources: Newton’s theory;
牛顿提出运动定律和万有引力学说Newton's laws of motion and theory of gravity，宇宙受一定的自然法则约束，而不受上 帝控制，由此产生了自然神论。
deism（自然神教派); Deist 自然神论者认为上帝确实创造了宇宙万物，但上帝使万物遵
Literary movement: Enlightenment
The military victory formed strong nationalistic hopes for a great new literature. Call for America’s independence in literature “America must be as independent as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms” In 1783, Noah Webster
History: American Revolution
Conflicts between America and Britain
over settlements, government, taxes Economically: Br. prevented Am. Economic development Export raw materials, import finished goods Politically: state instead of colony; taxes, no representative in Parliament
French philosophy (Rousseau, Voltaire)
(3)
Basic principles:
was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as he natural rights of man.