Smalltalk 超简明教程
Small Talk (闲聊技巧)

Making Small TalkMaking Small TalkThe ability to make 'small talk' is highly valued. In fact, many English students are more interested in making effective small talk than knowing correct grammar structures - and rightly so! Small talk gets friendships started and 'breaks the ice' before important business meetings and other events.What is small talk?Small talk is pleasant conversation about common interests.How to Improve Small Talk SkillsNow that we understand the problem, the next step is to improve the situation. Here are some tips to improve small talk skills. Of course, making effective small talk means lots of practice, but keeping these tips in mind should improve overall conversational skills.Do some researchSpend time on the Internet, reading magazines, or watching TV specials about the type of people you are going to meet. For example: If you are taking a class with students from other countries, take time after the first few days of class to do some research. They will appreciate your interest and your conversations will be much more interesting.Stay away from religion/strong political beliefsWhile you may believe in something very strongly, beginning conversations and making small talk about your own personal convictions may abruptly end the conversation. Keep it light, don't try to convince the other person that you have the 'correct' information about a higher being, political system or other belief system.Use the Internet to gain specific vocabularyThis is related to doing research about other people. If you have a business meeting, or are meeting people who share a common interest (a basketball team, a tour group interested in art, etc.), take advantage of the Internet to learn specific vocabulary. Almost all businesses and interest groups have glossaries on the Internet explaining the most important jargon related to their business or activity.Formal Greetings: ArrivingGood morning / afternoon / evening.Hello (name), how are you?Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)Informal Greetings: ArrivingHi / HelloHow are you?What's up? (very informal)How are you doing? (very informal)It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't necessary need a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:Very well, thank you. And you? (formal)Fine / Great (informal)Formal Greetings: DepartingGood morning / afternoon / evening.It was a pleasure seeing you.Goodbye.Note: After 8 p.m. - Good night.Informal Greetings: DepartingGoodbye / Bye.See you (later).Later (very informalAsk yourself about your cultureTake time to make a list of common interests that are discussed when making small talk in your own culture. You can do this in your own language, but check to make sure that you have the English vocabulary to make small talk about those subjects.Find common interestsOnce you have a subject that interests both of you, keep to it! You can do this in a number of ways: talking about travel, talking about the school or friend you have in common, talking about the differences between your culture and the new culture (just be careful to make comparisons and not judgments, i.e., The food in our country is better than the food here in England").ListenThis is very important. Don't get so worried about being able to communicate that you don't listen. Listening carefully will help you understand and encourage those speaking to you. You might be nervous, but letting others state their opinions will improve the quality of thediscussion - and give you time to think of an answer!Here is a list of common small talk subjects. If you have difficulties speaking about any of these topics, try to improve your vocabulary by using the resources available to you (Internet, magazines, teachers at school, etc.)•Sports - current matches or games, favorite teams, etc.•Hobbies•Weather - boring, but can get the ball rolling!•Family - general questions, not questions about private matters•Media - films, books, magazines, etc.•Holidays - where, when, etc. but NOT how much!•Home town - where do you come from, how is it different/similar to this town •Job - once again, general questions not too specific•Latest fashion and trends•Celebrities - any gossip you may have!Hot Questions to start a small talkFive Basic FactsThese five questions will help you get to know people. They are simple questions with simple answers and provide information so you can ask more questions.What is your name?Where do you live?What do you do?Are you married?Where are you from?More questions for ...These questions help to continue the conversation after your first question."What is your name?"It's a pleasure to meet you. Where are you from?That's an interesting name. Is it Chinese / French / Indian, etc.?"Where do you live?"How long have you lived there?Do you like that neighborhood?Do you live in an apartment or house?"What do you do?"Which company do you work for?How long have you had that job?Do you like your job?What's the best / worst thing about your job?What do you like best / least about your job?"Where are you from?"Where is ....?How long did you live there?What is XYZ like?Do you like living here?Hobbies / Free TimeThese questions will help you continue conversations and find out more about people's likes and dislikes.What do you like doing in your free time?Can you play tennis / golf / soccer / etc.?What kind of films / food / vacations do you enjoy?What do you do on weekends / Saturdays?More questions for ...These questions will help you ask for more detail."What do you like doing in your free time?"How often do you (listen to music, eat out in restaurants, etc.)?Where do you (listen to music, eat out in restaurants, etc.) in this town?Why do you like (listening to music, eating out in restaurants, etc.) so much?"Can you play tennis / golf / soccer / etc.?"Do you enjoy playing tennis /golf /soccer /etc.?How long have you played tennis /golf /soccer /etc.?Who do you play tennis /golf /soccer /etc. with?"What kind of films / food / vacations do you enjoy?"What's the best place to see /eat / go on vacations?What's the best type of film /food / vacation, etc. in your opinion?How often do you watch films / eat out / go on vacation?"What do you do on weekends / Saturdays?"Where do you go to ...?Could you recommend a good place to (go shopping / take my children swimming / etc.)? How long have you done that?Here is a list of topics that probably aren't very good for small talk. Of course, if you are meeting a close friend these topics may be excellent. Just remember that 'small talk' is generally discussion with people you don't know very well.•Salary - how much do you make? - That's none of your business!•Politics - wait to you get to know the person better•Intimate relationships - only for you and your partner - or maybe your best friend •Religion - tolerance is the key!•Death - we need to face it, but not the first time we meet someone new •Financial - related to salary above, most people prefer to keep financial information to themselves•Sales - Don't try to sell something to someone you have just met.This video with Ellen Quish, an ESL specialist from the Adult Learning Center at LaGuardia Community College in New York City, will help you practice ways of introducing yourself. The video highlights the most common English introduction vocabulary and phrases.。
2020学年高中英语Module1SmallTalkSectionⅡLearningaboutLa

2019-2020学年高中英语Module 1 Small Talk Section ⅡLearning about Language教案(含解析)外研版选修6编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(2019-2020学年高中英语Module 1 Small Talk Section ⅡLearning about Language教案(含解析)外研版选修6)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为2019-2020学年高中英语Module 1 Small Talk Section ⅡLearning about Language 教案(含解析)外研版选修6的全部内容。
Section ⅡLearning about LanguageⅠ。
单词拼写根据汉语或首字母提示,写出下列单词1.It is a popular show, so advance(预先的) booking is essential。
2.She sighed(叹气) as she lay back on the bed。
3.He closed the book,yawned(打呵欠), and went to bed.4.She nodded her head when she passed me in the street。
5.Though lacking money, we still want to put the idea into practice。
6.I'd like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for your hard work on the project。
高中英语 话题导入(Module 1 Small Talk)教学素材 外研版选修6

Module 1 Small Talk 话题导入您有没有这样一种经历?在朋友的宴会上、在乘坐火车时,或在旅途就宿的旅舍中,面对陌生的朋友,出于胆怯、拘谨或是别的原因,相视无语,无从谈起,双方都觉得尴尬窘迫。
在这种场合下,就需要我们用闲聊技巧打破僵局(Break the ice),谈谈天气、论论影视人物、议议体育运动、交流一下网络见闻等等,用这些我们都感兴趣的话题让双方增进了解,在轻松、和谐的氛围中度过相聚在一起的美好时光,永远记住:Small Talk makes big time!背景知识Small Talk:就是light chit chat,可以理解为闲聊。
在工作场所,Small Talk不仅可以打破见面时的冷场、避免尴尬,而且是用来构建Rapport (和谐同事关系)的重要工具。
应该说,Small Talk的话题非常广泛。
当天的天气和交通是随手拈来的话题;各地新闻、比赛结果也可以拿来小小地评论一下;如果有心,你会知道同事们的爱好,在学习、生活方面有没有困难,关心一下也是很好的话题。
至于旅游度假的见闻,更是相当好的Small Talk话题。
有时,甚至学习中的压力和困境,拿来消遣一下也无妨,或许你会得到意想不到的建议和帮助。
Small Talk可以用在生活的方方面面。
譬如在等公共汽车时,在购物时,遇到邻居时,都是Small Talk的良机。
从这个角度来说,Small Talk也是构建和谐社会的一个重要工具。
Small Talk一般是由身体语言开始的。
相遇时双眼对视以及友好的微笑暗示着可以Small Talk。
Small Talk大致可以分为五个主要步骤:问候,引入话题,扩展话题,发出结束信号,再见。
刚开始时,可以从简单的自己熟悉的话题开始,再慢慢试试其他话题。
话题引入后,会有几个来回的交流。
如果对方有兴趣,交流的回合会适当地多一些。
由于Small Talk的性质(地点、时间等)决定了它所用的时间很短,也就1到5分钟左右,话题不可能很深入地讨论下去。
Small Talk 教案

Keys:The First Period Words1 serious---seriouslybe serious about sb/sth 对…认真take sb/sth seriously 认真对待/当真e.g 她真想学开飞机吗?Is she serious about learning to be a pilot?You can’t take her promises seriously. She never keeps her word.她答应的事你不必当真,她从来说话不算数。
2lack1)vt 缺乏,没有(不用于被动语态)We lacked the strength to walk any further.我们没有力气再往前走了。
2)be lacking (in) …欠缺,缺乏……e.g他们缺乏勇气。
Their courage is lacking.They are lacking in courage.3) n (多作不可数名词) 后多和of 连用。
由于缺乏… for/ from/ through/ by lack ofe.g I’ve got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep.植物因缺水而死。
The plants died for lack of water.3 advance v 前进,提高,提前,提出(看法.建议etc)n 前进.进展adj 预先的,在前的in advance 提前in advance of 在…前面预售票an advance ticket 提前托运行李Send your luggage in advance. Don’t get too far in advance of the others.不要离其他人太远。
advanced adj 先进的,高级的,高深的先进工作者an advanced worker 高等数学advanced maths4 in addition 除此之外,另外in addition to 除…之外(还有)= besidese.g1)这个小女孩要干所有的家务。
高中英语 Module1《Small Talk》Reading and Vocabulary课件 外研版选修6

Reading and vocabulary
Work in pairs. You’re going to read a story about a sales woman. Discuss what kind of small talk you need as a statesperson.
• imagine v.想像 • (1)imagine that/what/how/why...想 像…… • imagine doing sth.想像做某事 • imagine sb.doing sth.想像某人做某事 • imagine sb./sth.as把某人(物)想像成…… • You can’t imagine...你想像不到…… • (2)imagination n.想像力,创造
……有了解 ★have acquaintance with 对……有了解 The guide has some acquaintance with Italian. 这个导游懂得一点意大利语。 这个导游懂得一点意大利语。 ★have a passing/nodding acquaintance with sb 与某人有点头之交 ★make sb’s acquaintance =make the acquaintance of sb 结识某人; 结识某人 与某人相见 ★on (further) acquaintance 认识了一段(较长) 认识了一段(较长)时间以后
Read again and pay attention to these Phrases.
1.put my foot in it 说错话 2.have a complete absence of small talk 根本不会聊天 3.as a consequence 因此 4.It is no coincidence that…… ……不是巧合 ……不是巧合 5.on another occasion 还有一次,另一次 还有一次,
英语 Small Talk 的小技巧

英语Small Talk 的小技巧何为small talk?Small talk: Conversation without real meaning; conversation without any particular purpose; conversation about general subjects; conversation one starts with unfamiliar people in order to be more involved; conversation used to make friends with new people; conversation used to make the atmosphere better.所谓small talk,就是“闲聊、寒暄”的意思,指没有具体意义的对话;没有特殊目的的对话;关于大众话题的对话;为了进一步融入而展开的与陌生人的对话;为了结交新朋友而展开的对话;为了使气氛更融洽而展开的对话。
Good topics(适合的话题)1. How was your flight or train ride? Perhaps the first question you would ask them, out of politeness.旅途如何?这可能是你首先该问的问题,比较礼貌。
2. How is your hotel? If they have already checked into a hotel, you can ask if their accommodations are acceptable to them. Just another polite question.你的旅馆如何?如果他们已经入住的话,你可以问问他们觉得住宿是否可心,这又是一个比较礼貌的问题哦。
3. Do you play any sports? / Do you play golf? This is a good question to ask Western businessmen especially. Most of them do play golf - it has become very, very common in recent years. Others might play tennis, squash or basketball. Most Western women do yoga or at least go to the gym.你做什么运动吗?你打高尔夫吗?这个是可以问西方商务人士的很典型的话题。
Small talk (2)

I’ve worked at this school for 5 year.
You can say: Where did you work before? Why did you choose to come to this school? What’s the best thing about working here?
Small Talk Practice : At a Bus Stop
Find mistakes.
Woman: We could ask for a better day, could we? Man: I know. There isn't a cloud in the sky. I love this time of year. Woman: Me too. The cherry blossoms are beautiful, you think? Man: They sure are. But I heard he is calling for rain all weekend. Woman: Really? Oh well. I have to work all weekend anyway. I'm a doctor. Man: Wow. I'm sure you make good money with that diamond watch you have on. Woman: Ah, this bus seems to be running late. How long have you been waiting? Man: I've been here for at least fifteen minutes now. Woman: Where are you heading today? Man: Actually, I'm going to the City Hall to cast my vote for mayor. Woman: Oh, what a coincidence. So am I! Who are you voting for? Man: Um, well...I'm still thinking about it. Woman: Here comes a bus now. Man: Oh good. Wait, that's not the bus we want. That bus goes downtown. Woman: Well, it looks like we'll be waiting a little longer. I guess, I'll use this time to catch up on my reading. Man: I love reading. Right now I'm reading a Stephen King book. Do you like Stephen King? Woman: Not really. Man: Oh, here's our bus. Woman: Oh great. I thought it would never come. Well, have a nice day. Man: Say, did you catch the news today?
名师教学设计《SmallTalk》完整教学教案

Module 1 Small TalkReadingHow good are your social skills一、课标解读本节课响应素质教育的要求,主要采用了任务型语言教学模式,体现教师为主导,学生为主体的特点。
通过一系列任务的完成,提高学生用英语获取信息、、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力,特别注重提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力;同时.,能根据话题要求与人交流、合作,共同完成任务;使用适当的语言形式进行描述和表达观点、态度和情感。
因此,在阅读教学中,教师应调整教学策略,利用阅读契机,提高学生整体英语水平和综合素养。
二、教材分析本节课的内容是高中教材选修六第一模块的Vocabulary and Reading部分,本模块的话题是闲聊,教材通过对small talk的不同定义引出话题,然后通过设计不同交际情景来提高学生的社交技巧。
课文以不同方式呈现了词语和表达,训练学生学会运用文章提到的社交技巧组织会话。
本节课是模块的阅读课,文章脉络比较清晰,教师可在充分利用教材资源的基础上,结合学生的实际情况设计教学活动,引导学生通过阅读文章学会根据起始段落预测文章出处,帮助学生有效地掌握关键词汇,培养阅读技巧,学会使用文章中的技巧进行交流。
三、学情分析作为高二学生,经过几年的英语学习,已经具备了一定的词汇量和阅读理解能力,能够读懂本学段课标要求的文章。
但我们所面对的学生是普通生,总体英语水平不高,自主探究的能力也比较差。
在组织教学活动中,注意从简单的问题入手,逐步引导学生完成任务,使每个学生都能体验到成功的乐趣。
本节课话题与学生的日常生活关系比较紧密,学生可能会比较感兴趣。
在教学中注意循序渐进地引导学生利用不同的阅读方法,获取信息和语言输出的能力。
四、教学目标知识方面:通过读课文完成设定的阅读任务,使学生能使用速读、略读、查读、预测、猜测词义等阅读策略理解文章的主旨大意,学习分析课文中的篇章结构。
并让学生能借助语境排除词汇、语法障碍,理解语篇意义。
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Smalltalk 超简明教程Simberson公司的David Buck 撰写的此文档是为C/C++/C#/Java 程序员介绍Smalltalk 的,而且已经得到他善意的许可而得以发布。
如果你对正式的培训有兴趣请联系Simberson,咨询Smalltalk 培训。
我听说很多Java 和C#程序员说他们看不懂Smalltalk 代码。
Smalltalk 因为只有很少的语法,所以实际上它非常的简单。
Smalltalk 的强大之处是它的环境和类库。
本文意图通过代码对比,使Java 和C#程序员迅速理解Smalltalk。
Copyright David Buck 2005传输一个或多个参数时,需要使用关键字消息。
每一个参数前面需要添加关键字。
Smalltalk不使用{}和;分割参数。
消息2接受者: 8 消息: * 参数: 6 结果:48● 块Smalltalk 称对象为块,它是包含可执行代码的对象。
Java 中最相似的东西是匿名内部类,C# 2.0 中,跟匿名托管相类似。
执行“块”无需参数,可以向它发送一个value 消息Smalltalk| block |block := [3 + 4].block value "answer is 7"块可以有参数,每一个块参数的声明必须以冒号(:)开头,以竖线(|)表示参数列表的结束和块代码的开始。
Smalltalk| block |block := [:x :y | x * 2 + y].block value: 5 value: 3 "answer is 13"● 语法结束到此为止,我们已经介绍了Smalltalk 所有的语法。
其余的事情属于类库部分。
你是否注意到我们是否忘记了某些事情?if-then-else 或者while 循环?Smalltalk 只使用块和普通的消息发送。
smalltalk入门原文标题:I Can Read C++ and Java But I Can’t Read Smalltalk原文作者:Wilf LaLonde原文链接:/courses/spring01/cs635/readingSmalltalk.pdf简介有很多人告诉我他很熟悉C++或Java,但是却完全读不懂Smalltalk的代码。
对于他们来说,Smalltalk简直无法理解!对于这个问题我考虑了很久然后得到的结论是他们是对的。
如果我随便挑出一些自己多年以前写的Smalltalk代码,然后假设我只明白Java去阅读的时候,我确信我是无法理解那些代码的。
其实要读懂Smalltalk只须了解一些非常简单的概念,当然有些概念也是比较微妙。
如果“Johnny 读不懂Smalltalk代码”,我有办法。
我的办法就是通过实际的例子来帮助新手快速理解Smalltalk的概念。
我假设读者了解什么是面向对象变成,对于那些已经掌握Smalltalk的读者也请先假装一会没有学过smalltalk。
如此简单的文法有些语法是很容易理解的,例如使用双引号来标识注视块;单引号标示字符串,单个字符前面加$(例如:$x标示字符“x”)。
除此之外,还有symbol的概念,这是一个特殊的字符串,在整个内存中是唯一的。
当源代码被编译的时候,编译器会搜索整个内存,如果发现相同的symbol存在则使用已存在的那个。
有理数并不节省内存,但是相对于symbol而言处理速度更快(稍候解释)。
“this is a comment”‘this is a string’#’this is a symbol’#thisIsASymbolToo对于赋值操作和等于号,差别不是很大。
:= //Means assignment= //Means equality comparison== //Means identity comparison如果你给我分别使用’a’和’b’命名的对象的引用,我可以告诉你他们是否是同样的对象(使用a == b, 命名等价)或看上去相同实质上不同的对象(使用 a = b构造等价)。
直观的来说,== 比较两个被引用对象的地址是否相同,而 = 则比较两个对象的整个内容是否相同。
Smalltalk代码中很少用到逗号,因为他们不是Smalltalk文法组成的一部分。
这就是为什么Smalltalk的数组是没有逗号的。
例如:#(1 2 3 4 5)然而,都好是smalltalk的一个操作符。
因此你会看到他被用来连接两个字符串,例如:‘string1’,’string2’无处不在的关键字Smalltalk中关键字是无处不在的。
他们的存在是为了帮助理解代码而不是增加混淆。
要明白这到底是怎样一回事,让我们先来看看C++和Java的语法。
例如,t->rotate(a,v); //For C++t.rotate(a,v); //For Java上面的代码向对象t发送消息(注:就是调用类方法)rotate,并指定了参数a和v。
为了理解这段代码,读者通常需要继续察看作为参数的变量的申明及其类型。
让我们假设其有如下的申明:Transformation t;float a;Vector v;在Smalltalk中,变量可以引用任何对象,因此在申明变量的时候没有必要指定变量的类型。
例如:| t a v|由于没有变量类型申明,好的Smalltalk程序员都会使用能暗示变量类型的变量名。
因此,上面的申明我们通常如下表示:| aTransformation angle aVector|但是后面请允许我继续使用先前的变量名,因为杂志专栏给我可利用的版面很小。
让我们进一步消除那些不必要的东西来继续“优化”C++和Java的语法。
例如,下面的代码应该仍然很好理解:t.rotate(a,v); //原文t rotate(a,v); //有谁需要句点吗?(t和rotate中间的圆点)t rotate a,v;//有谁需要括号吗?为了进一步改进上面的语法,我们需要知道参数a 和 v 究竟表示什么。
让我们假设整个示例的意思是“围绕端点v进行角度为a的旋转”。
那么下一步可能如下:t.rotate by a around v; //有谁需要逗号吗?可是如何才能知道上面这个语句中每个单词的意思呢?我们知道,在这个例子当中,t 是一个变量,rotate 是一个类方法的名称,by 是一个分隔符,a 是一个变量,around 又是一个分隔符,最后的 v 是一个变量。
为了消除歧义,我们可以假设如下的变换:在所有的分隔符后面添加一个冒号。
那么我们就得到下面的句子:t.rotate by: a around: v; //有谁需要歧义吗?最终,我们要求所有的分隔符都是方法名称的一部分。
也就是说,我们需要的方法的名称是“rotate by: around:”,最后让我们去掉空格,就成了“rotateby:around:”。
我们最好将中间的单词开头大写,于是“rotateBy:around:”,因此我们的例子就变成了:t.rotateBy: a around: v; //这就是Smalltalk也就是说方法名被分成了好几个部分。
幸运的是将这些分开的部分想象成一个整体的名字并不困难。
当一个类方法被定义的时候,我们可能会写成下面这样:selfrotateBy: angle around: vector|result|result := COMPUTE ANWSER.^result在执行的时候,t和self,a和angle,v和vector有一对一的映射关系。
需要注意的是^表示返回,相当于return关键字。
变量self则相当于this。
如果方法的最后没有显式的返回表达式,则却省为^self。
也就是说,不写return语句也不会有什么问题。
这同时也意味着无论调用者是否需要,类方法都将返回一个对象的引用。
事实上,Smalltalk的语法要求self不能出现在函数名的最前面,如下所示:rotateBy: angle around: vector|result|result:= COMPUTE ANSWER.^resultSmalltalk的这种关键字语法的优点就是,针对不同的方法可以使用不同的关键字。
例如,我们可以像下面这样定义第二个函数:trotateAround: vector by: angle没有必要刻意的去记住参数的顺序,因为关键字暗示了他们的顺序。
当然,作为编程者也有可能滥用关键字。
例如,如果我们像下面这样定义关键字:t rotate: angle and: vector很明显,使用这个函数的人无法通过关键字确定参数的顺序。
这是很不好的编程风格。
如果只有一个参数的话,则无所谓。
但是我们仍然需要只有一个关键字的方法名:trotateAroundXBy: angletrotateAroundYBy: angle我更倾向于将关键字理解为一种说明性的参数。
但是如果没有参数的时候该怎么办呢?tmakeIdentity: //Can a colon at the end make sense?如果关键字是说明性参数,而实际的参数却没有的话,那么我们就不是用关键字。
因此一个没有关键字的消息(类方法)将写成下面这样:tmakeIdentity //This is Smalltalk当然,二元操作符(也是类方法,类似C++语言的operator)的定义中也可以使用关键字,但是一元操作符不用(上面的makeIdentity是一元消息,不是一元操作符)。
当很多消息同时使用的时候,我们可能得到下面这样一个表达式:a negative | (b between:c and: d)ifTrue: [a := c negated]作为读者,我相信你现在知道消息negative被发送到对象a(无参数),然后true或者false将被返回;between: c and: d被发送到对象b,并返回true或者false。
然后对这两个返回结果进行或运算,得到的结果对象被作为ifTrue:[a:= c negated]消息的接受者。
这是一个if-then条件表达式,但是并不像C++或者Java那样需要使用特别的语法。
在Smalltalk中,这跟其他的类方法调用的语法没有任何差别,只不过消息的接收者是一个布尔对象,而消息的关键字是ifTrue,参数是[a:= c negated](这实际上是一个block对象)。
在Smalltalk中你将不会看到a:= -c这样的表达式,因为没有‘-’这样的一元操作符。
但是可以写成–5 这样的表达式,但是这里的负号被作为常量定义的组成部分。
因此,当你看到诸如“-3.5 negated truncated factorial”这样的表达式时,你应该立即认识到这里没有关键字。