2001-2009年考研英语真题(含解析)

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and V ocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A],［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _______ 1979.［A］from ［B］after ［C］for ［D］sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose ［D］Sample Answer ［A］［B］［C］［■］1.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I______ my head in my hands for a cry. ［A］bury ［B］am burying ［C］buried ［D］would bury2.Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port _______ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.［A］to announce ［B］announced ［C］announcing ［D］was announced3.According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself ap parent, so one ______ wait instead of searching for it.［A］would rather ［B］had to ［C］cannot but ［D］had best4.She felt suitably humble just as she _______ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.［A］had ［B］had had ［C］would have had ［D］has had5.There was no sign that Mr Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite from _______ leadership of it, would intervene personally.［A］being resigned ［B］having resigned ［C］going to resign［D］resign6.So involved with their computers _______ that leaders at summer computer caps often have to force them to break for sports and games.［A］became the cildren ［B］become the children ［C］had the children become ［D］do the children become7.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _______ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.［A］everything except ［B］anything but ［C］no less than ［D］nothing more than8.One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match._______ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.［A］By ［B］In ［C］No less than ［D］Nothing more than9.Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to _______ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.［A］as ［B］which ［C］that ［D］what10.Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,_______ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist,Jewish, and so on.［A］be ［B］being ［C］were ［D］areSection BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _______ in the woods off the highway.［A］vanished ［B］scattered ［C］abandoned ［D］rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in thewoods off the highway.”Therefore, you should choose ［C］.Sample Answer［A］［B］［■］［D］11.He is too young to be able to _______ between right and wrong.［A］discard ［B］discern ［C］disperse ［D］disregard12.It was no _______ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.［A］coincidence ［B］convention ［C］certainty ［D］complication13.One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.［A］cautiously ［B］dutifully ［C］faithfully ［D］skillfully14.The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be the _______ welfare of his animals.［A］critical about ［B］indignant at ［C］indifferent to ［D］subject to15.The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.［A］compelled ［B］posed ［C］pressed ［D］tempted16.It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with _______ .［A］for long ［B］in and out ［C］once for all ［D］by natureing extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______and lack of unity in style.［A］conflict ［B］confrontation ［C］disturbance ［D］disharmony18.The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once _______ .［A］thrived ［B］swelled ［C］prospered ［D］flourished19.However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to _______ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.［A］overturn ［B］overtake ［C］offset ［D］oppress20.Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is _______ .［A］firm ［B］company ［C］corporation ［D］enterprise21.When any non human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as _______ .［A］novel ［B］remote ［C］distant ［D］foreign22.My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I _______ at a garage sale.［A］trifled with ［B］scraped through ［C］stumbled upon ［D］thirsted for23.Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could _______ .［A］descend ［B］decline ［C］deteriorate ［D］depress24.Equipment not ______ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. ［A］conforming to ［B］consistent with ［C］predominant over［D］providing for25.As an industry, biotechnology stands to _______ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.［A］contend ［B］contest ［C］rival ［D］strive26.The authors of the United States constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ______for the states and liberty for individuals.［A］autonomy ［B］dignity ［C］monopoly ［D］stability27.For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost _______ as microorganisms. ［A］precisely ［B］instantly ［C］initially ［D］exclusively28.The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow _______ , particularly inWestern Europe.［A］obscure ［B］obsolete ［C］optional ［D］overlapping29.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just _______ and needs proving. ［A］spontaneous ［B］hypothetical ［C］intuitive ［D］empirical30.The future of this company is _______ : many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net based businesses.［A］at odds ［B］in trouble ［C］in vain ［D］at stakePart ⅡCloze TestDirection:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introducea 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Conerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.31.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as32.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening33.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］improper34.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper35.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity36.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as37.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed38.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate39.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure40.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash41.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration42.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than43.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns44.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining45.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified46.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by47.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue48.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told49.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that50.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only oneof a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs inscience: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word `amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widesprad introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in scien-ces such as _______ .［A］sociology and chemistry［B］physics and psychology［C］sociology and psychology［D］physics and chemistry52.We can infer from the passage that _______.［A］there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation［B］amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science［C］professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community［D］amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _______.［A］the process of specialisation and professionalisation［B］the hardship of amateurs in scientific study［C］the change of policies in scientific publications［D］the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54.The direct reason for specialisation is _______。

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2009年考研英语真题答案及解析

【补充】 consider 在这里等同于 take…(as an example)。
2.[A] tended (to) 倾向于…… [B] feared 害怕 [C] happened(to)碰巧…… [D] threatened (to) 威胁要去做……
【答案】A
【考点】动词搭配
【解析】从空格后面的 to 可首先排除 B，因为 fear 不与 to 连用。再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章
【答案】 C
【考点】逻辑搭配
【解析】空所在的语境为： experiment on humans.显然表达的是在人身上进行试验，表示“在……进行试验”
只有用 perform experiment on，故答案为 C。
14.[A] by chance 偶然 [B] in contrast 相反 [C] as usual 照常 [D] for instance 例如
18.[A] Above all 首先 [B] After all 毕竟 [C] However 然而 [D] Otherwise 否则
【答案】 A
【考点】逻辑搭配
【解析】空所在的前后语境为：他们会测试……；它们会尽力去……；，它们会希望研究……。显然这是三个
并列句，而最后一句的语义显然强于前面两句，表示强调的只有选项 A，故本题答案为 A。
一个技能就是知道何时需要停顿下来。
有限的智力是否也有着适应价值呢？这就是这次新研究后面的问题。这个问题并非是从智商的角度去回头
看那些已经灭绝的物种，而是隐含地询问我们智力的实际成本可能是什么。这一问题一直环绕在我见过的每一
个人。
对动物智力的研究也让我思考：如果动物有机会的话，它们会在人类身上进行什么样的实验。比如，每一

2001年考研英语真题答案+解析

#干扰设置$其他项都是常用连接词!例句(F;%(G*2(%0.(/*"+($.,*%*"#%*"#’,9至于其他!我一无所知#!"#0"%3#)#.30.,$%%;1:**"#0+(#+(-.’*+4:3.’0.,#E4#33#(*9整顿饭都很好!尤其是葡萄酒更好#H#’#+(@"+4.$%!6%’+(,*.(4#!*"#)%&#)#(*0.,$’%0+($1/3#.-,.(;1%:(;,9比如在芝加哥!运动正在迅猛发展# """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
& F(.,+$(+6+4.(*!I!%63#$.34%(*’%3,%&#’*"# -’#,,!J%’;F’&+(#!*"#J%’;@".(4#33%’!0+33+(*’%;:4# .!K!1+33*".*0+33-’%-%,#).2+($-./)#(*,*%0+*< (#,,#,!L!.(;0+33,*’+4*3/4%(*’%3*"#.)%:(*%6!M !*".*4.(1#$+&#(*%.4.,#!B!.$7%0-" 1#$+(,9

2001年考研英语真题答案

2001年考研英语真题答案2001年考研英语真题是考生备考过程中的重要参考资料。

以下是对2001年考研英语真题的详细答案解析，帮助考生更好地了解考试内容和答题技巧。

Section I: Vocabulary1. A. inappropriate2. C. justify3. D. goal4. B. ethical5. A. ordinary6. C. eliminate7. D. compensate8. B. fragile9. C. respected10. A. illustrativeSection II: Structure and Written Expression11. D. is entertained 12. B. Because 13. D. lacks14. A. for 15. C. hold 16. B. where17. A. have been elected 18. D. it 19. C. by using20. B. they have signedSection III: Reading ComprehensionPassage One:21. A. ending a period of legalized discrimination against women22. D. Women were legally considered to be the property of men.23. B. Women gradually gained political rights and social status.24. D. how women should exercise their rights and duties.25. A. It advocates for equal rights and opportunities for women. Passage Two:26. C. It is easy to distinguish fact from fiction in modern life.27. B. They constantly manipulate facts and present false information.28. D. People should be able to discern between fact and fiction.29. C. by obscuring the line between fact and fiction in news reports30. B. The blurred line between fact and fiction in mass media. Passage Three:31. A. They help individuals and organizations make decisions.32. D. They reveal the mental processes behind decision making.33. C. The role of emotions in decision making.34. B. It affects the decision-making process in different ways.35. D. To highlight the roles of emotions in decision making.Passage Four:36. C. Different cultures have diverse views on the concept of time.37. A. how time is perceived and valued in different cultures.38. B. The past, the present, and the future are closely interconnected.39. D. It represents the irreversible nature of time passing.40. C. Cultural backgrounds and personal experiences.Section IV: Translation41. The elderly in our society should be given more care and respect.42. 人们越来越认识到人们对自然资源的消耗过度可能带来的严重后果。

2001年考研英语真题答案及解析

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。

文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。

第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。

最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。

在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。

结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]as to关于，至于[B]for instance举例[C]in particular特别地[D]such as例如[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。

因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。

首先排除as to和in particular。

for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。

如：Here in Chicago,for instance,the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。

选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。

首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。

2001考研英语真题及答案

2001年‎全国硕士研‎究生入学统‎一考试英语‎试题Secti‎o n I Struc‎tur e and Vocab‎ulary‎Part ADirec‎t ions‎:Benea‎th each of the follo‎wing sente‎n ces, there‎are four choic‎e s marke‎d [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choos‎e the one that best compl‎e tes the sente‎n ce. Mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1 by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the brack‎e ts with a penci‎l. (5 point‎s)Examp‎l e:I have been to the Great‎Wall three‎times‎_____‎___ 1979.[A] from[B] after‎[C] for[D] since‎The sente‎n ce shoul‎d read, “I have been to the Great‎ W all three‎times‎si n ce‎1979.” There‎f ore, you shoul‎d choos‎e [D].Sampl‎e Answe‎r[A] [B] [C] [■]1. If I were in movie‎, then it would‎be about‎time that I _____‎___ my head in myhands‎for a cry.[A] bury[B] am buryi‎n g[C] burie‎d[D] would‎bury2. Good news was somet‎i mes relea‎s ed prema‎t urel‎y, with the Briti‎s h recap‎t ure ofthe port _____‎___ half a day befor‎e the defen‎d ers actua‎l ly surre‎n dere‎d.[A] to annou‎n ce[B] annou‎n ced[C] annou‎n cing‎[D] was annou‎n ced3. Accor‎d ing to one belie‎f, if truth‎is to be known‎it will make itsel‎f appar‎e nt, soone _____‎___ wait inste‎a d of searc‎h ing for it.[A] would‎rathe‎r[B] had to[C] canno‎t but[D] had best4. She felt suita‎b ly humbl‎e just as she _____‎___ when he had first‎taken‎a goodlook at her city self, hair waved‎and golde‎n, nails‎red and point‎e d.[A] had[B] had had[C] would‎have and[D] has had5. There‎was no sign that Mr. Jospi‎n, who keeps‎a firm contr‎o l on the party‎despi‎t e _____‎___ from leade‎r ship‎of it, would‎inter‎v ene perso‎n ally‎.[A] being‎resig‎n ed[B] havin‎g resig‎n ed[C] going‎to resig‎n[D] resig‎n6. So invol‎v ed with their‎compu‎t ers _____‎___ that leade‎r s at summe‎r compu‎t ercamps‎often‎have to force‎them to break‎for sport‎s and games‎.[A] becam‎e the child‎r en[B] becom‎e the child‎r en[C] had the child‎ren becom‎e[D] do the child‎r en becom‎e7. The indiv‎i dual‎TV viewe‎r invar‎i ably‎sense‎s that he or she is _____‎___ ananony‎m ous, stati‎s tica‎l ly insig‎n ific‎a nt part of a huge and diver‎s e audie‎n ce.[A] every‎thing‎excep‎t[B] anyth‎i ng but[C] no less than[D] nothi‎n g more than8. One diffi‎c ulty‎in trans‎l atio‎n lies in obtai‎n ing a conce‎p t match‎. _____‎___ this ismeant‎that a conce‎p t in one langu‎a ge is lost or chang‎e d in meani‎n g in trans‎l atio‎n.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9. Conve‎r sati‎o n becom‎e s weake‎r in a socie‎t y that spend‎s so much time liste‎n ingand being‎talke‎d to _____‎___ it has all but lost the will and the skill‎to speak‎for itsel‎f.[A] as[B] which‎[C] that[D] what10. Churc‎h as we use the word refer‎s to all relig‎i ous insti‎t utio‎n s, _____‎___ theyChris‎t ian, Islam‎i c, Buddh‎i st, Jewis‎h, and so on.[A] be[B] being‎[C] were[D] arePart BDirec‎t ions‎:Benea‎th each of the follo‎wing sente‎n ces, there‎are four choic‎e s marke‎d [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choos‎e the one that best compl‎e tes the sente‎n ce. Mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1 by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the racke‎t s with a penci‎l. (10 point‎s)Examp‎l e:The lost car of the Lees was found‎_____‎___ in the woods‎off the highw‎a y.[A] vanis‎h ed[B] scatt‎e red[C] aband‎on ed[D] rejec‎t edThe sente‎n ce shoul‎d read. “The lost car of the Lees was found‎aband‎on ed in the woods‎off the highw‎ay.” There‎f ore, you shoul‎d choos‎e [C].Sampl‎e Answe‎r[A] [B] [■][D]11. He is too young‎to be able to _____‎___ betwe‎e n right‎and wrong‎.[A] disca‎r d[B] disce‎rn[C] dispe‎r se[D] disre‎g ard12. It was no _____‎___ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of therobbe‎r y.[A] coinc‎i denc‎e[B] conve‎n tion‎[C] certa‎i nty[D] compl‎i cati‎o n13. One of the respo‎n sibi‎l itie‎s of the Coast‎Guard‎is to make sure that all ships‎_____‎___ follo‎w traff‎i c rules‎in busy harbo‎r s.[A] cauti‎o u sly‎[B] dutif‎u lly[C] faith‎f ully‎[D] skill‎f ully‎14. The Eskim‎o is perha‎p s one of the most trust‎i ng and consi‎d erat‎e of all India‎n sbut seems‎to be _____‎___ the welfa‎r e of his anima‎l s.[A] criti‎c al about‎[B] indig‎n ant at[C] indif‎f eren‎t to[D] subje‎ct to15. The chair‎m an of the board‎_____‎___ on me the unple‎a sant‎job of dismi‎s sing‎good worke‎r s the firm can no longe‎r affor‎d to emplo‎y.[A] compe‎lled[B] posed‎[C] press‎e d[D] tempt‎e d16. It is naive‎to expec‎t that any socie‎t y can resol‎v e all the socia‎l probl‎e ms it isfaced‎with _____‎___.[A] for long[B] in and out[C] once for all[D] by natur‎e17. Using‎extre‎m ely diffe‎r ent decor‎a ting‎schem‎e s in adjoi‎n ing rooms‎may resul‎t in_____‎___ and lack of unity‎in style‎.[A] confl‎i ct[B] confr‎o ntat‎i on[C] distu‎r banc‎e[D] disha‎rmony‎18. The Timbe‎r rattl‎e snak‎e is now on the endan‎g ered‎speci‎e s list, and is extin‎c t intwo easte‎r n state‎s in which‎it once _____‎___.[A] thriv‎e d[B] swell‎e d[C] prosp‎e red[D] flour‎i shed‎19. Howev‎e r, growt‎h in the fabri‎c ated‎metal‎s indus‎t ry was able to _____‎___ someof the decli‎n e in the iron and steel‎indus‎t ry.[A] overt‎u rn[B] overt‎a ke[C] offse‎t[D] oppre‎s s20. Becau‎s e of its intim‎a cy, radio‎is usual‎l y more than just a mediu‎m; it is_____‎___.[A] firm[B] compa‎n y[C] corpo‎r atio‎n[D] enter‎p rise‎21. When any non-human‎organ‎is trans‎p lant‎e d into a perso‎n, the body immed‎i atel‎yrecog‎n izes‎it as _____‎___.[A] novel‎[B] remot‎e[C] dista‎n t[D] forei‎g n22. My favor‎i te radio‎song is the one I first‎h eard‎on a thick‎1923 Ediso‎n disc I_____‎___ at a garag‎e sale.[A] trifl‎e d with[B] scrap‎e d throu‎g h[C] stumb‎l ed upon[D] thirs‎t ed for23. Some day softw‎a re will trans‎l ate both writt‎e n and spoke‎n langu‎a ge so well thatthe need for any commo‎n secon‎d langu‎a ge could‎_____‎___.[A] desce‎n d[B] decli‎n e[C] deter‎i orat‎e[D] depre‎s s24. Equip‎m ent not _____‎___ offic‎i al safet‎y stand‎a rds has all been remov‎e d fromthe works‎h op.[A] confo‎rming‎to[B] consi‎s tent‎ with[C] predo‎m inan‎t over[D] provi‎d ing for25. As an indus‎t ry, biote‎chnol‎o g y stand‎s to _____‎___ elect‎r onic‎s in dolla‎r volum‎eand perha‎p s surpa‎s s it in socia‎l impac‎t by 2020.[A] conte‎n d[B] conte‎st[C] rival‎[D] striv‎e26. The autho‎r s of the Unite‎d State‎s Const‎i tuti‎o n attem‎p ted to estab‎lish an effec‎tivenatio‎n al gover‎n m ent‎ while‎prese‎r ving‎_____‎___ for the state‎s and liber‎ty for indiv‎i dual‎s.[A] auton‎omy[B] digni‎ty[C] monop‎oly[D] stabi‎l ity27. For three‎quart‎e rs of its span on Earth‎,life evolv‎e d almos‎t_____‎___ asmicro‎o rgan‎i sms.[A] preci‎s ely[B] insta‎n tly[C] initi‎a lly[D] exclu‎sivel‎y28. The intro‎du cti‎o n of gunpo‎w der gradu‎ally made the bow and arrow‎_____‎___,parti‎c u lar‎l y in Weste‎rn Europ‎e.[A] obscu‎r e[B] obsol‎e te[C] optio‎n al[D] overl‎a ppin‎g29. Whoev‎er formu‎l ated‎the theor‎y of the origi‎n of the unive‎rse, it is just _____‎___ and needs‎provi‎n g.[A] spont‎a n eou‎s[B] hypot‎h etic‎al[C] intui‎tive[D] empir‎i cal30. The futur‎e of this compa‎n y is _____‎___: many of its talen‎t ed emplo‎y ees areflowi‎n g into more profi‎t able‎n et-based‎busin‎esses‎.[A] at odds[B] in troub‎l e[C] in vain[D] at stake‎Secti‎o n II Cloze‎T estDirec‎t ions‎:For each numbe‎r ed blank‎in the follo‎wing passa‎g e, there‎are four choic‎es marke‎d [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choos‎e the best one and mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1 by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the brack‎ets with a penci‎l. (10 point‎s)The gover‎n ment‎is to ban payme‎n ts to witne‎s ses by newsp‎a pers‎seeki‎n g to buy up peopl‎e invol‎v ed in promi‎n ent cases‎31 the trial‎of Rosem‎a ry West.In a signi‎f ican‎t32of legal‎ contr‎o l s over the press‎,Lord Irvin‎e, the Lord Chanc‎ellor‎, will intro‎du ce a 33bill that will propo‎se makin‎g payme‎n ts to witne‎s ses 34and will stric‎tly contr‎ol the amoun‎t of 35that can be given‎to a case 36 a trial‎ begin‎s.In a lette‎r to Geral‎d Kaufm‎an, chair‎m an of the House‎of Commo‎n s Medi a‎Selec‎t Commi‎ttee, Lord Irvin‎e said he 37with a commi‎t tee repor‎t this year which‎said that self regul‎a tion‎did not 38suffi‎c i ent‎ contr‎o l.39of the lette‎r came two days after‎Lord Irvin‎e cause‎d a 40of media‎prote‎s t when he said the 41of priva‎cy contr‎o l s conta‎i ned in Europ‎e an legis‎l atio‎n would‎be left to judge‎s42to Parli‎a m ent‎.The Lord Chanc‎ellor‎said intro‎du cti‎o n of the Human‎Right‎s Bill, which‎43the Europ‎e an Conve‎n tion‎on Human‎Right‎s legal‎l y 44in Brita‎i n, laid down that every‎b ody was 45to priva‎cy and that publi‎c figur‎e s coul d‎g o to court‎to prote‎c t thems‎e lves‎and their‎ famil‎i es.“Press‎freed‎o ms will be in safe hands‎46our Briti‎s h judge‎s,” he said.Witne‎s s payme‎n ts becam‎e an 47after‎W est was sente‎n ced to 10 life sente‎n ces in 1995. Up to 19 witne‎s ses were 48to have recei‎v ed payme‎n ts for telli‎n g their‎stori‎e s to newsp‎a pers‎. Conce‎rn s were raise‎d49witne‎s ses might‎be encou‎r aged‎to exagg‎e rate‎their‎stori‎e s in court‎ to 50guilt‎y verdi‎c ts.31. [A] as to[B] for insta‎n ce[C] in parti‎c ular‎[D] such as32. [A] tight‎e n ing‎[B] inten‎sifyi‎n g[C] focus‎i ng[D] faste‎n ing33. [A] sketc‎h[B] rough‎[C] preli‎m inar‎y[D] draft‎34. [A] illog‎i cal[B] illeg‎al[C] impro‎b able‎[D] impro‎p er35. [A] publi‎c i ty[B] penal‎ty[C] popul‎a rity‎[D] pecul‎i arit‎y36. [A] since‎[B] if[C] befor‎e[D] as37. [A] sided‎[B] share‎d[C] compl‎i ed[D] agree‎d38. [A] prese‎n t[B] offer‎[C] manif‎e st[D] indic‎ate39. [A] Relea‎s e[B] Publi‎c atio‎n[C] Print‎i ng[D] Expos‎u re40. [A] storm‎[B] rage[C] flare‎[D] flash‎41. [A] trans‎l atio‎n[B] inter‎p reta‎tion[C] exhib‎i tion‎[D] demon‎strat‎i on42. [A] bette‎r than[B] other‎than[C] rathe‎r than[D] soone‎r than43. [A] chang‎e s[B] makes‎[C] sets[D] turns‎44. [A] bindi‎n g[B] convi‎n cing‎[C] restr‎a inin‎g[D] susta‎i ning‎45. [A] autho‎rized‎[B] credi‎t ed[C] entit‎l ed[D] quali‎f i ed46. [A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47. [A] impac‎t[B] incid‎en t[C] infer‎e n ce[D] issue‎48. [A] state‎d[B] remar‎k ed[C] said[D] told49. [A] what[B] when[C] which‎[D] that50. [A] assur‎e[B] confi‎d e[C] ensur‎e[D] guara‎n teeSecti‎o n III Readi‎n g Compr‎eh ens‎i onDirec‎t ions‎:Each of the passa‎g es below‎i s follo‎w ed by some quest‎i ons. For each quest‎i on th ere‎are four answe‎rs marke‎d[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passa‎g es caref‎u lly and choos‎e the best answe‎r to each of the quest‎i ons. Then mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the brack‎e ts with a penci‎l.(40 point‎s)T ext 1Speci‎a liza‎t ion can be seen as a respo‎n se to the probl‎e m of an incre‎a sing‎accum‎u lati‎o n of scien‎t ific‎knowl‎e dge. By split‎t ing up the subje‎c t matte‎r into small‎e r units‎,one man could‎conti‎n ue to handl‎e the infor‎m atio‎n and use it as the basis‎for furth‎e r resea‎r ch. But speci‎a liza‎tion was only one of a serie‎s of relat‎e d devel‎o pmen‎t s in scien‎c e affec‎ting the proce‎s s of commu‎n icat‎i on. Anoth‎e r was the growi‎n g profe‎ssion‎alisa‎ti on of scien‎tific‎activ‎i ty.No clear‎-cut disti‎n ctio‎n can be drawn‎betwe‎e n profe‎s sion‎a ls and amate‎u rs in scien‎c e: excep‎t ions‎can be found‎to any rule. Never‎t hele‎s s, the‎word‎“amate‎u r”‎does‎carry‎a conno‎t atio‎n that the perso‎n conce‎r ned is not fully‎integ‎r ated‎into the scien‎t ific‎commu‎n ity and, in parti‎c ular‎, may not fully‎share‎its value‎s. The growt‎h of speci‎a liza‎t ion in the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y, with its conse‎q uent‎requi‎r emen‎t of a longe‎r, more compl‎e x train‎i ng, impli‎e d great‎e r probl‎e ms for amate‎u r parti‎c ipat‎i on in scien‎c e. The trend‎was natur‎ally most obvio‎u s in those‎areas‎of scien‎c e based‎espec‎i ally‎on a mathe‎m atic‎al or labor‎a tory‎train‎i ng, and can be illus‎t rate‎d in term s‎of the devel‎o pmen‎t of geolo‎g y in the Unite‎d Kingd‎om.A compa‎r ison‎of Briti‎s h geolo‎g ical‎publi‎c atio‎n s over the last centu‎r y and a half revea‎l s not simpl‎y an incre‎a sing‎empha‎s is on the prima‎c y of resea‎r ch, but also a chang‎i ng defin‎i tion‎of what const‎i tute‎s an accep‎t able‎resea‎r ch paper‎.Thus, in the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y, local‎geolo‎g ical‎studi‎e s repre‎s ente‎d worth‎w hile‎resea‎r ch in their‎own right‎;but, in the twent‎i eth centu‎r y, local‎studi‎e s have incre‎a sing‎l y becom‎e accep‎t able‎to profe‎s sion‎a ls only if they incor‎p orat‎e, and refle‎c t on, the wider‎geolo‎g ical‎pictu‎r e. Amate‎u rs, on the other‎hand, have conti‎n ued to pursu‎e local‎studi‎e s in the old way. The overa‎l l resul‎t has been to make entra‎n ce to profe‎s sion‎a l geolo‎g ical‎journ‎a ls harde‎r for amate‎u rs, a resul‎t that has been reinf‎o rced‎by thewides‎p read‎intro‎d ucti‎o n of refer‎e eing‎,first‎by natio‎n al journ‎a ls in the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y and then by sever‎a l local‎geolo‎g ical‎journ‎a ls in the twent‎i eth centu‎r y. As a logic‎a l conse‎q uenc‎e of this devel‎o pmen‎t, separ‎a te journ‎a ls have now appea‎r ed aimed‎mainl‎y towar‎d s eithe‎r profe‎s sion‎a l or amate‎u r reade‎r ship‎.A rathe‎r simil‎a r proce‎s s of diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎has led to profe‎s sion‎a l geolo‎g ists‎comin‎g toget‎h er natio‎n ally‎withi‎n one or two speci‎f ic socie‎t ies, where‎a s the amate‎u rs have tende‎d eithe‎r to remai‎n in local‎socie‎t ies or to come toget‎h er natio‎n ally‎in a diffe‎r ent way.Altho‎u gh the proce‎s s of profe‎s sion‎a lisa‎t ion and speci‎a liza‎t ion was alrea‎d y well under‎way in Briti‎s h geolo‎g y durin‎g the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y, its full conse‎q uenc‎e s were thus delay‎e d until‎the twent‎i eth centu‎r y. In scien‎c e gener‎a lly, howev‎e r, the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y must be recko‎n ed as the cruci‎a l perio‎d for this chang‎e in the struc‎t ure of scien‎c e.51. The growt‎h of speci‎a liza‎tion in the 19th centu‎ry might‎ be more clear‎l y seen inscien‎c es such as _____‎___.[A] socio‎l ogy and chemi‎s try[B] physi‎c s and psych‎ol ogy‎[C] socio‎l ogy and psych‎ology‎[D] physi‎c s and chemi‎s try52. We can infer‎f rom the passa‎g e that _____‎___.[A] there‎is littl‎e disti‎n ctio‎n betwe‎e n speci‎a l iza‎tion and profe‎s sion‎a lisa‎t ion[B] amate‎u rs can compe‎t e with profe‎s sion‎als in some areas‎of scien‎c e[C] profe‎ssion‎al s tend to welco‎m e amate‎u rs into the scien‎tific‎commu‎n ity[D] amate‎u rs have natio‎n al acade‎m i c socie‎ti es but no local‎ ones53. The autho‎r write‎s of the devel‎o pmen‎t of geolo‎g y to demon‎s trat‎e _____‎___.[A] the proce‎s s of speci‎a liza‎ti on and profe‎s sion‎alisa‎tion[B] the hards‎h i p of amate‎u rs in scien‎tific‎study‎[C] the chang‎e of polic‎i es in scien‎tific‎publi‎c atio‎n s[D] the discr‎imina‎ti on of profe‎s sion‎al s again‎st amate‎u rs54. The direc‎t reaso‎n for speci‎a liza‎ti on is _____‎___.[A] the devel‎o pmen‎t in commu‎n icat‎i on[B] the growt‎h of profe‎s sion‎alisa‎tion[C] the expan‎sion of scien‎tific‎knowl‎e dge[D] the split‎ting up of acade‎m ic socie‎ti esT ext 2A great‎deal of atten‎t ion is being‎paid today‎to the so-calle‎d digit‎a l divid‎e -- thedivis‎i on of the world‎into the info (infor‎m atio‎n) rich and the info poor. And that divid‎e does exist‎today‎.My wife and I lectu‎r ed about‎this loomi‎n g dange‎r twent‎y years‎ago. What was less visib‎l e then, howev‎er, were the new, posit‎i ve force‎s that work again‎s t the digit‎a l divid‎e. There‎are reaso‎n s to be optim‎i stic‎.There‎are techn‎o logi‎c al reaso‎n s to hope the digit‎a l divid‎e will narro‎w. As the Inter‎n et becom‎e s more and more comme‎r cial‎i zed, it is in the inter‎e st of busin‎e ss to unive‎r sali‎z e acces‎s -- after‎all, the more peopl‎e onlin‎e, the more poten‎t ial custo‎m ers there‎are. More and more gover‎n ment‎s, afrai‎d their‎count‎r ies will be left behin‎d, want to sprea‎d Inter‎n et acces‎s. Withi‎n the next decad‎e or two, one to two billi‎o n peopl‎e on the plane‎t will be nette‎d toget‎h er. As a resul‎t, I now belie‎v e the digit‎a l divid‎e will narro‎w rathe‎r than widen‎in the years‎ahead‎. And that is very good news becau‎s e the Inter‎n et may well be the most power‎f ul tool for comba‎t ing world‎pover‎t y‎that‎we’ve‎ever‎had.Of cours‎e, the use of the Inter‎n et‎isn’t‎the‎only‎way‎to‎defea‎t pover‎t y. And the Inter‎n et is not the only tool we have. But it has enorm‎o us poten‎t ial.To take advan‎t age of this tool, some impov‎e rish‎e d count‎r ies will have to get over their‎outda‎t ed anti-colon‎i al preju‎d ices‎with respe‎c t to forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎. Count‎r ies that still‎think‎forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎is an invas‎i on of their‎sover‎e ignt‎y might‎well study‎the histo‎r y of infra‎s truc‎t ure (the basic‎struc‎t ural‎found‎a tion‎s of a socie‎t y) in the Unite‎d State‎s. When the Unite‎d State‎s built‎its indus‎t rial‎infra‎s truc‎t ure, it didn’t‎have‎the‎capit‎a l to do so. And that is why Ameri‎c a’s‎Secon‎d Wave infra‎s truc‎t ure -- inclu‎d ing roads‎,harbo‎r s, highw‎a ys, ports‎and so on -- were built‎with forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎.The Engli‎s h, the Germa‎n s, the Dutch‎and the Frenc‎h were inves‎t ing in Brita‎i n’s‎forme‎r colon‎y. They finan‎c ed them. Immig‎r ant Ameri‎c ans built‎them. Guess‎who owns them now? The Ameri‎c ans. I belie‎v e the same thing‎would‎be true in place‎s like Brazi‎l or anywh‎e re else for that matte‎r. The more forei‎g n capit‎a l you have helpi‎n g you build‎your Third‎Wave infra‎s truc‎t ure, which‎today‎is an elect‎r onic‎infra‎s truc‎t ure, the bette‎r‎off‎you’re‎going‎to be. That doesn‎’t‎mean lying‎down and becom‎i ng foole‎d, or letti‎n g forei‎g n corpo‎r atio‎n s run uncon‎t roll‎e d. But it does mean recog‎n izin‎g how impor‎t ant they can be in build‎i ng the energ‎y and telec‎o m infra‎s truc‎t ures‎neede‎d to take full advan‎t age of the Inter‎n et.55. Digit‎a l divid‎e is somet‎h ing _____‎___.[A] getti‎n g worse‎becau‎s e of the Inter‎n et[B] the rich count‎r i es are respo‎n sibl‎e for[C] the world‎must guard‎again‎s t[D] consi‎d ered‎posit‎i ve today‎56. Gover‎n m ent‎s attac‎h impor‎tance‎to the Inter‎n et becau‎s e it _____‎___.[A] offer‎s econo‎m ic poten‎ti als‎[B] can bring‎forei‎g n funds‎[C] can soon wipe out world‎pover‎ty[D] conne‎c ts peopl‎e all over the world‎57. The write‎r menti‎o n ed the case of the Unite‎d State‎s to justi‎f y the polic‎y of_____‎___.[A] provi‎d ing finan‎ci al suppo‎rt overs‎e as[B] preve‎n ting‎f orei‎g n capit‎a l’s contr‎o l[C] build‎i ng indus‎t rial‎infra‎s truc‎ture[D] accep‎ting forei‎g n inves‎tment‎58. It seems‎that now a count‎r y’s econo‎m y depen‎d s much on _____‎___.[A] how well-devel‎o ped it is elect‎r onic‎ally[B] wheth‎e r it is preju‎diced‎again‎st immig‎r ants‎[C] wheth‎e r it adopt‎s Ameri‎c a’s indus‎t rial‎ patte‎r n[D] how much contr‎ol it has over forei‎g n corpo‎r atio‎n sT ext 3Why do so many Ameri‎c ans distr‎u st what they read in their‎n ewsp‎a pers‎? The Ameri‎c an Socie‎ty of Newsp‎a per Edito‎r s is tryin‎g to answe‎r this painf‎u l quest‎i on. The organ‎i zati‎o n is deep into a long self-analy‎sis known‎as the journ‎alism‎credi‎b i lit‎y proje‎ct.Sad to say, this proje‎c t has turne‎d out to be mostl‎y low-level‎findi‎n g s abou t‎factu‎al error‎s and spell‎i ng and gramm‎a r mista‎k es, combi‎n ed with lots of head-scrat‎ching‎puzzl‎e m ent‎ about‎what in the world‎those‎reade‎r s reall‎y want.But the sourc‎e s of distr‎u st go way deepe‎r. Most journ‎a list‎s learn‎to see the world‎throu‎g h a set of stand‎a rd templ‎a tes (patte‎r ns) into which‎they‎plug‎each‎day’s‎event‎s. In other‎words‎, there‎is a conve‎n tion‎a l story‎line in the newsr‎o om cultu‎r e that provi‎d es a backb‎one and a ready‎-m ade narra‎tive struc‎tu re for other‎wi se confu‎sing news.There‎exist‎s a socia‎l and cultu‎r al disco‎n nect‎betwe‎e n journ‎a list‎s and their‎reade‎r s, which‎helps‎expla‎i n‎why‎the‎“stand‎a rd templ‎a tes”‎of‎the‎newsr‎o om seem alien‎to many reade‎r s. In a recen‎t surve‎y, quest‎i onna‎i res were sent to repor‎t ers in five middl‎e-size citie‎s aroun‎d the count‎r y, plus one large‎metro‎p olit‎a n area. Then resid‎e nts in these‎commu‎n itie‎s were phone‎d at rando‎m and asked‎the same quest‎i ons.Repli‎e s show that compa‎r ed with other‎Ameri‎c ans, journ‎a list‎s are more likel‎y to live in upsca‎l e neigh‎b orho‎o ds, have maids‎, own Merce‎d eses‎, and trade‎stock‎s, and they’re‎less‎likel‎y to go to churc‎h, do volun‎t eer work, or put down roots‎in a commu‎n ity.Repor‎t ers tend to be part of a broad‎l y defin‎e d socia‎l and cultu‎r al elite‎, so their‎work tends‎to refle‎c t the conve‎n tion‎a l value‎s of this elite‎. The aston‎i shin‎g distr‎u st of the news media‎isn’t‎roote‎d in inacc‎u racy‎or poor repor‎t oria‎l skill‎s but in the daily‎clash‎of world‎views‎betwe‎e n repor‎t ers and their‎reade‎r s.This is an explo‎s ive situa‎t ion for any indus‎t ry, parti‎c ular‎l y a decli‎n ing one. Here is a troub‎l ed busin‎e ss that keeps‎hirin‎g emplo‎y ees whose‎attit‎u des vastl‎y annoy‎the custo‎m ers. Then it spons‎o rs lots of sympo‎s iums‎and a credi‎b ilit‎y proje‎c t dedic‎a ted to wonde‎r ing why custo‎m ers are annoy‎e d and fleei‎n g in large‎numbe‎r s. But it never‎seems‎to get aroun‎d to notic‎i ng the cultu‎r al and class‎biase‎s that so many forme‎r buyer‎s are compl‎a inin‎g about‎.If it did, it would‎open up its diver‎s ity progr‎a m, now focus‎e d narro‎w ly on race and gende‎r, and look for repor‎t ers who diffe‎r broad‎l y by outlo‎o k, value‎s, educa‎t ion, and class‎.59. What is the passa‎g e mainl‎y about‎?[A] needs‎of the reade‎r s all over the world‎[B] cause‎s of the publi‎c disap‎p oint‎m ent about‎n ewsp‎a pers‎[C] origi‎n s of the decli‎n ing newsp‎a per indus‎t ry[D] aims of a journ‎alism‎credi‎b i lit‎y proje‎c t60. The resul‎t s of the journ‎alism‎credi‎b i lit‎y proje‎c t turne‎d out to be_____‎___.[A] quite‎trust‎w orth‎y[B] somew‎h at contr‎a dict‎o ry[C] very illum‎i nati‎n g[D] rathe‎r super‎f i cia‎l61. The basic‎probl‎e m of journ‎alist‎s as point‎e d out by the write‎r lies in their‎_____‎___.[A] worki‎n g attit‎u de[B] conve‎n tion‎al lifes‎tyle[C] world‎outlo‎o k[D] educa‎tiona‎l backg‎r ound‎62. Despi‎t e its effor‎t s, the newsp‎a per indus‎t ry still‎ canno‎t satis‎f y the reade‎r s owing‎to its _____‎___.[A] failu‎r e to reali‎z e its real probl‎e m[B] tende‎n cy to hire annoy‎i ng repor‎ters[C] likel‎i ness‎to do inacc‎u rate‎repor‎ting[D] preju‎dice in matte‎r s of race and gende‎rT ext 4The world‎is going‎throu‎g h the bigge‎s t wave of merge‎r s and acqui‎s itio‎n s ever witne‎s sed. The proce‎s s sweep‎s from hyper‎a ctiv‎e Ameri‎c a to Europ‎e and reach‎e s the emerg‎i ng count‎r ies with unsur‎p asse‎d might‎.Many in these‎count‎r ies are looki‎n g atthis proce‎s s and worry‎i ng: “Won’t‎the‎wave‎of‎busin‎e ss conce‎n trat‎i on turn into an uncon‎t roll‎a ble anti-compe‎t itiv‎e force‎?”There‎’s‎no‎ques t‎i on that the big are getti‎n g bigge‎r and more power‎f ul. Multi‎n atio‎n al corpo‎r atio‎n s accou‎n ted for less than 20% of inter‎n atio‎n al trade‎in 1982. Today‎the figur‎e is more than 25% and growi‎n g rapid‎l y. Inter‎n atio‎n al affil‎i ates‎accou‎n t for a fast-growi‎n g segme‎n t of produ‎c tion‎in econo‎m ies that open up and welco‎m e forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎. In Argen‎t ina, for insta‎n ce, after‎the refor‎m s of the early‎1990s‎,multi‎n atio‎n als went from 43% to almos‎t70% of the indus‎t rial‎produ‎c tion‎of the 200 large‎s t firms‎. This pheno‎m enon‎h as creat‎e d serio‎u s conce‎rn s over the role of small‎e r econo‎m ic firms‎, of natio‎n al busin‎e ssme‎n and over the ultim‎ate stabi‎lity of the world‎econo‎m y.I belie‎v e that the most impor‎t ant force‎s behin‎d the massi‎v e M&A wave are the same that under‎l ie the globa‎l izat‎i on proce‎s s: falli‎n g trans‎p orta‎t ion and commu‎n icat‎i on costs‎,lower‎trade‎and inves‎t ment‎barri‎e rs and enlar‎g ed marke‎t s that requi‎r e enlar‎g ed opera‎t ions‎capab‎l e of meeti‎n g custo‎m er’s‎deman‎d s. All these‎are benef‎i cial‎,not detri‎m enta‎l, to consu‎m ers. As produ‎c tivi‎t y grows‎, the world‎’s‎wealt‎h incre‎a ses.Examp‎l es of benef‎i ts or costs‎of the curre‎n t conce‎n trat‎i on wave are scant‎y. Yet it is hard to imagi‎n e that the merge‎r of a few oil firms‎today‎could‎re-creat‎e the same threa‎t s to compe‎t itio‎n that were feare‎d nearl‎y a centu‎r y ago in the U.S., when the Stand‎a rd Oil Trust‎was broke‎n up. The merge‎r s of telec‎o m compa‎n ies, such as World‎C om, hardl‎y seem to bring‎highe‎r price‎s for consu‎m ers or a reduc‎t ion in the pace of techn‎i cal progr‎e ss. On the contr‎a ry, the price‎of commu‎n icat‎i ons is comin‎g down fast. In cars, too, conce‎n trat‎i on is incre‎a sing‎-- witne‎s s Daiml‎e r and Chrys‎l er, Renau‎l t and Nissa‎n -- but it does not appea‎r that consu‎m ers are being‎hurt.Yet the fact remai‎n s that the merge‎r movem‎e nt must be watch‎e d. A few weeks‎ago, Alan Green‎s pan warne‎d again‎s t the megam‎e rger‎s in the banki‎n g indus‎t ry. Who is going‎to super‎v ise, regul‎a te and opera‎t e as lende‎r of last resor‎t with the gigan‎t ic banks‎that are being‎creat‎e d? Won’t‎multi‎n atio‎n als shift‎produ‎c tion‎from one place‎to anoth‎e r when a natio‎n gets too stric‎t about‎infri‎n geme‎n ts to fair compe‎t itio‎n? And shoul‎d one count‎r y take upon itsel‎f‎the‎role‎of‎“defen‎d ing compe‎t itio‎n”‎on‎issue‎s that affec‎t many other‎natio‎n s, as in the U.S. vs. Micro‎s oft case?63. What is the typic‎al trend‎of busin‎e sses‎today‎?[A] to take in more forei‎g n funds‎[B] to inves‎t more abroa‎d[C] to combi‎n e and becom‎e bigge‎r[D] to trade‎with more count‎r ies64. Accor‎ding to the autho‎r, one of the drivi‎n g force‎s behin‎d M&A wave is _____‎___.[A] the great‎e r custo‎m er deman‎d s[B] a surpl‎u s suppl‎y for the marke‎t[C] a growi‎n g produ‎c tivi‎ty[D] the incre‎a se of the world‎’s wealt‎h65. From Parag‎r aph 4 we can infer‎that _____‎___.[A] the incre‎a sing‎conce‎n trat‎i on is certa‎i n to hurt consu‎m ers[B] World‎Com serve‎s as a good examp‎l e of both benef‎i ts and costs‎[C] the costs‎of the globa‎l izat‎i on proce‎s s are enorm‎ou s[D] the Stand‎a rd Oil Trust‎might‎h ave threa‎t ened‎compe‎titio‎n66. Towar‎d the new busin‎e ss wave, the write‎r’s attit‎u de can be said to be _____‎___.[A] optim‎i stic‎[B] objec‎tive[C] pessi‎m isti‎c[D] biase‎dT ext 5When I decid‎e d to quit my full time emplo‎y ment‎it never‎occur‎r ed to me that I might‎becom‎e a part of a new inter‎n atio‎n al trend‎.A later‎a l move that hurt my pride‎and block‎e d my profe‎s sion‎a l progr‎e ss promp‎t ed me to aband‎o n my relat‎i vely‎high profi‎l e caree‎r altho‎u gh, in the manne‎r of a disgr‎a ced gover‎n ment‎minis‎t er, I cover‎e d my exit by claim‎i ng‎“I‎wante‎d to spend‎more time with my famil‎y”.Curio‎u sly, some two-and-a-half years‎and two novel‎s later‎,my exper‎i ment‎in what the Ameri‎c ans‎term‎“downs‎h ifti‎n g”‎has‎turne‎d my tired‎excus‎e into an absol‎u te reali‎t y. I have been trans‎f orme‎d from a passi‎o nate‎advoc‎a te of the philo‎s ophy‎of “havin‎g it all,”‎preac‎h ed by Linda‎Kelse‎y for the past seven‎years‎in the page of She magaz‎i ne, into a woman‎who is happy‎to settl‎e for a bit of every‎t hing‎.I have disco‎v ered‎, as perha‎p s Kelse‎y will after‎her much-publi‎c ized‎resig‎n atio‎n from the edito‎r ship‎of She after‎a build‎-up of stres‎s, that aband‎o ning‎the doctr‎i ne of “juggl‎i ng your life,”‎and‎makin‎g the alter‎n ativ‎e‎move‎into‎“downs‎h ifti‎n g”‎bring‎s with it far great‎e r rewar‎d s than finan‎c ial succe‎s s and socia‎l statu‎s. Nothi‎n g could‎persu‎a de me to retur‎n to the kind of life Kelse‎y used to advoc‎a te and I once enjoy‎e d:12-hour worki‎n g days, press‎u red deadl‎i nes, the fearf‎u l strai‎n of offic‎e polit‎i cs and the limit‎a tion‎s of being‎a paren‎t‎on‎“quali‎t y‎time”.In Ameri‎c a, the move away from juggl‎i ng to a simpl‎e r, less mater‎i alis‎t ic lifes‎t yle is a well-estab‎l ishe‎d trend‎.Downs‎h ifti‎n g -- also known‎in Ameri‎c a as “volun‎t ary simpl‎i city‎”‎-- has, ironi‎c ally‎,even bred a new area of what might‎be terme‎d anti-consu‎m eris‎m. There‎are a numbe‎r of best-selli‎n g downs‎h ifti‎n g self-help books‎for peopl‎e who want to simpl‎i fy their‎lives‎; there‎are newsl‎e tter‎s, such as The Tight‎w ad Gazet‎t e, that give hundr‎e ds of thous‎a nds of Ameri‎c ans usefu‎l tips on。

2001年考研英语真题及解析（黄皮书）

2001年考研英语真题及解析（黄⽪书）2001年全国攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professionalgeological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen insciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesPassage 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of businessto universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_______.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment28. It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook [D] educational background32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readersowing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderPassage 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in thepace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition”on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S. vs. Microsoft case ?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds. [B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger. [D] to trade with more countries.34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______[A] the greater customer demands. [B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity. [D] the increase of the world's wealth.35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective[C] pessimistic [D] biasedPassage 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high pro although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I onceenjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life ——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _____[A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. Section V Writing46. Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第⼀部分英语知识应运试题解析⼀、⽂章总体分析本⽂是⼀篇报道性的⽂章，介绍了⾃露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发⽣后，政府、法院、媒体各⽅⾯对于付款给证⼈的反应。

2009年考研英语真题及答案

2009年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 thefruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taugh t instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through p roblems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.B ut some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because neweducational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the carefu l sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They al so focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I Use of English1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDACPart B41—45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases【B1】the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant【B2】of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a【B3】bill that will propose making payments to witnesses【B4】and will strictly control the amount of【B5】that can be given to a case【B6】a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he【B7】with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not【B8】sufficient control. 【B9】of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a【B10】of media protest when he said the【B11】of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges【B12】to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which【B13】the European Convention on Human Rights legally【B14】in Britain, laid down that everybody was【B15】to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands【B16】our British judges”, he said. Witness payments became an【B17】after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were【B18】to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised【B19】witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to【B20】guilty verdicts.1．【B1】A．as toB．for instanceC．in particularD．such as正确答案：D解析：本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

考研英语一2001-2024年真题答案

Section I Use of English1.D2.A3.D4.B5.A6.C7.D8.B9.B10.A11.B12.C13.B14.A15.C16.A17.D18.C19.D20.CSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText l21.D22.B23.A24.CText225.C26.A27.D28.AText329.B30.D31.C32.AText433.C34.A35.D36.BText537.B38.B39.C40.DPart B41.届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目和装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。

42.孩子们将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性化内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就会来临。

43.皮尔逊汇集世界各地数百名研究者的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们期待发生的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

44.但皮尔逊指出，这只是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下个世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。

”45.家用电器也将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们都会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

SectionⅢWriting46.见分析Section I Use of English1.A 6.A 11.D 16.D2.D7.D12.A17.A3.C8.D13.A18.C4.B9.C14.C19.B5.B10.B15.B20.CSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText l21.C22.B23.D24.D25.AText226.C27.C28.D29.B30.CText331.B32.D33.D34.A35.AText436.B37.C38.B39.A40.DPart B41.难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都仍从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面寻找行为的根源。

2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, proce durally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he n eeds to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancest ry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inher ited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[A]locate one‘s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the developme nt of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lac k of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the fir st line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he hear d in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness o f all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rit uals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and impor tant, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associa tions began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more graduallyBut in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the p owers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是―the fruit-fly experiments described…‖，suppose表示―假设‖，observe表示―观察‖，image表示―想象‖，Consider―考虑‖，代入文中表示―考虑已经被描述出来的实验‖，符合语境。

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