2021年6月大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(第2套)
662.6月英语四级真题(第2套)及答案
2021年6月大学英语四级真题(第2套)及答案PartⅠWriting (30 minutes)Direction:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why?注意：此局部试题请在答题卡1上作答。
注意：此局部试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Part II Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2021年6月大学英语四级考试听力答案(第二套)
2021年6月英语四级已经结束。
各位小伙伴觉得自己考得怎么样呢？以下是本次考试第二套的听力答案。
一起来看看吧！Section A1.A) See the Pope2.D) He ended up in the wrong place.3. C) Glasgow has pledged to take the lead in reducing carbon emissions in the UK.4. A) Glasgow needs to invest in new technologies to reach its goal.5. B) It permits employees to bring cats into their offices.6.B) Rescue homeless cats.7. C) It has let some other companies to follow suit.Section B8. A) Find out where is Jimmy.9. B)He was working on a project with Jimmy.10.C)He was involved a traffic accident.11.D)He wanted to conceal something from his parents.12.B) Shopping online.13.D) Getting one's car parked.14. C) The quality of food products.15.A) It saves money.Section C16.D)They have strong negative emotions towards math.17.B) It affects low performing children only.18.A) Most of them have average to strong math ability.19. C) Addiction to computer games is a disease.20.A)They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.21.D)There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease22.C) They are a shade of red bordering on brown.23.D) They must follow some common standards.24.B) They look more official25.D) For security.。
2021年6月英语四级真题+答案范文(第二套)
2021年6月英语四级真题+答案范文(第二套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on whether violent video games online will cause students’ violent behaviors. You should write at least 120 words but no morethan 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)全国共考了两套听力，已在第一和第三套放了听力原文和题目，本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passagethrough carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line throughthe centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Most animals seek shade when temperatures in the Sahara Desert soar to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. But for the Saharan silver ants, 26 from their underground nests into the sun’s brutal rays to 27 for food, this is the perfect time to seek lunch. In 2015 these ants were joined in the desert by scientists from two Belgian universities, who spent a month in the 28 heat tracking the ants and digging out their nests. The goal was simple: to discover how the 29 adapted to the kind of heat that can 30 melt the bottom of shoes.Back in Belgium, the scientists looked at the ants under an electronic microscope and found that their 31 , triangular hair reflects light like a prism, giving them a metallic reflection and protecting them from the sun’s awful heat. When Ph.D. student Quentin Willot 32 the hair from an ant with 33_ knife and put it under a heat lamp, its temperature jumped.The ants' method of staying cool is 34 among animals. Could this reflective type of hair protect people? Willot says companies are interested in 35 these ants method of heat protection for human use, including everything from helping to protect the lives of firefighters to keeping homes cool in summer.A) adapting E) extreme I) remote M) thickB) consciously F) hunt J) removed N)tinyC) crawling G) literally K) species O) uniqueD) crowded H) moderate L) specimensSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is markedwith a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Science of setbacks: How failure can improve career prospects[A]How do early career setbacks affect our long-term success? Failures can help us learn and overcome our fears. But disasters can still wound us, screw us up and set us back. Wouldn't it be nice if there was genuine, scientifically documented truth to the expression, "what doesn't kill you makes you stronger"?[B]One way social scientists have probed the effects of career setbacks is to look at scientists of very similar qualifications who, for reasons that are mostly arbitrary, either just missed getting a research grant or who just barely made it. In the social sciences, this is known as examining "near misses" and "narrow wins" in areas where merit is subjective. That allows researchers to measure only the effects of being chosen or not. Studies in this area have found conflicting results. In the competitive game of biomedical science, research on scientists who narrowly lost or won grant money suggests that narrow winners become even bigger winners down the line. In other words, the rich get richer.[C]A 2018 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, for example, followed researchers in the Netherlands and concluded that those who just barely qualified for a grant were able to get twice as much money within the next eight years as those who just missed out. And the narrow winners were 50 per cent more likely to be given a professorship.[D]Others in the US have found similar effects with National Institutes of Health early-career fellowships catapulting narrow winners far ahead of close losers. The phenomenon is often referred to as the Matthew effect, inspired by the New Testament's wisdom that to those who have, more will be given. There's a good explanation for the phenomenon in the book The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success by Albert Laszlo Barabasi: it's easier and less risky for those in positions of power to choose to bestow awards and funding on those who've already been so recognized.[E]This is bad news for the losers: small early career setbacks seem to have a disproportionate effect down the line. What didn't kill them made them weaker. But other studies using the same technique have shown there's sometimes no penalty to a near miss: students who just miss getting into top high schools or universities do just as well later in life as those who squeak in. In this case, what didn't kill them simply didn't matter. So is there any evidence that setbacks might actually improve our career prospects? There is now.[F]In a study published in Nature Communications, Northwestern University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than 1100 scientists who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between 1990 and 2005. He followed various measures of performance over the next decade, including how many papers they authored and how influential those papers were, as measured by the number of subsequent citations. As expected, there was a much higher rate of attrition among scientists who didn't get grants. But among those who stayed on, the close losers performed even better than the narrow winners. To make sure this wasn't a fluke, Wang said he conducted additional tests using different performance measures, such as how many times people were first authors on influential studies, and the like.[G]One straightforward reason close losers might outperform narrow winners is that the two groups have comparable ability, but the losers were culled so that only the most determined, passionate scientists remained. Wang said he tried to correct for this by culling what he deemed the weakest members of the winner group, but the persevering losers still came out on top. He thinks that being a close loser might give people apsychological boost, or the proverbial kick in the pants.[H]Utrecht University sociologist Arnout van de Rijt, who was lead author on the 2018 paper showing the rich get richer, said the new finding is plausible and worth some attention. His own work showed that although the narrow winners did get much more money in the near future, the actual performance of the close losers was just as good.[I]He said the people who should be paying heed to the Wang paper are the funding agents who disburse government grant money. After all, by continuing to pile riches on the narrow winners, the taxpayers are not getting the maximum bang for our buck if the close losers are performing just as well or even better.There's a huge amount of time and effort that go into the process of selecting who gets grants, he said, and the latest research shows that the scientific establishment is not very good at allocating money. "Maybe we should spend less money trying to figure out who is better than who," he said, suggesting that some more equal partitioning of money might be more productive and more efficient.Van de Rijt said he's not convinced that losing out gives people a psychological boost. It may yet be a selection effect. Even though Wang tried to account for this by culling the weakest winners, it's impossible to know which of the winners would have quit had they found themselves on the losing side.[J]For his part, Wang said that in his own experience, losing did light a motivating fire. He recalled a recent paper he submitted to a journal, which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then reversed course and rejected it. He submitted the unedited version to a more prestigious journal and got accepted.[K]In sports and many areas of life, we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better - a fate we could have avoided with more careful preparation, different training, better strategy, or more focus. And there it makes sense that failures show us the road to success.These papers deal with a kind of failure people have little control over - rejection. Others determine who wins and who loses. But at the very least, the research is starting to show that early setbacks don't have to be fatal. They might even make us better at our jobs. Getting paid like a winner, though? That's a different matter.36. Being a close loser could greatly motivate one to persevere in their research.37. Grant awarders tend to favor researchers already recognized in their respective fields.38. Suffering early setbacks might help people improve their job performance39. Research by social scientists on the effects of career setbacks has produced contradictory findings.40. It is not to the best interest of taxpayers to keep giving money to narrow winners.41. Scientists who persisted in research without receiving a grant made greater achievements than those who got one with luck, as suggested in one study42. A research paper rejected by one journal may get accepted by another.43. According to one recent study, narrow winners of research grants had better chances to be promoted to professors44. One researcher suggests it might be more fruitful to distribute grants on a relatively equal basis.45. Minor setbacks in their early career may have a strong negative effect on the career of close losers.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decideon the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Educators and business leaders have more in common than it may seem. Teachers want to prepare students for a successful future. Technology companies have an interest in developing a workforce with the STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) skills needed to grow the company and advance the industry. How can they work together to achieve these goals? Play may be the answer.Focusing on STEM skills is important, but the reality is that STEM skills are enhanced and more relevant when combined with traditional, hands-on creative activities. This combination is proving to be the best way to prepare today's children to be the makers and builders of tomorrow. That is why technology companies are partnering with educators to bring back good, old-fashioned play.In fact many experts argue that the most important 2lst-century skills aren't related to specific technologies or subject matter, but to creativity; skills like imagination, problem-finding and problem-solving, teamwork, optimism, patience and the ability to experiment and take risks. These are skills acquired when kids tinker (鼓捣小玩意) , High-tech industries such as NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory have found that their best overall problem solvers were master tinkerers in their youth.There are cognitive (认知的) benefits of doing things the way we did as children-building something, tearing it down, then building it up again. Research shows that given 15 minutes of free play, four- and five-year-olds will spend a third of this time engaged in spatial, mathematical, and architectural activities. This type of play-especially with building blocks-helps children discover and develop key principles in math and geometry.If play and building are critical to 21st century skill development, that's really good news for two reasons: Children are born builders, makers, and creators, so fostering（培养）21st century skills may be as simple as giving kids room to play, tinker and try things out, even as they grow older; Secondly, it doesn't take 21st century technology to foster 21st century skills. This is especially important for under-resourced schools and communities. Taking whatever materials are handy and tinkering with them is a simple way to engage those important “maker” skills. And anyone, anywhere, can do it.46. What does the author say about educators?A) They seek advice from technology companies to achieve teaching goals.B) They have been successful in preparing the workforce for companies.C) They help students acquire the skills needed for their future success.D) They partner with technology companies to enhance teaching efficiency.47. How can educators better develop students’STEM skills, according to the author?A) By blending them with traditional, stimulating activities.B) By inviting business leaders to help design curriculums.C) By enhancing students ability to think in a critical way.D) By showing students the best way to learn is through play.48. How do children acquire the skills needed for the 21st century?A) By engaging in activities involving specific technologies.B) By playing with things to solve problems on their own.C) By familiarizing themselves with high-tech gadgets.D) By mastering basic principles through teamwork.49. What can we do to help children learn the basics of math and geometry?A) Stimulate their interest as early as possible.B) Spend more time playing games with them.C) Encourage them to make things with hands.D) Allow them to tinker freely with calculators.50. What does the author advise disadvantaged schools and communities to do?A. Train students to be makers to meet future market demands.B. Develop students' creative skills with the resources available.C. Engage students with challenging tasks to foster their creativity.D. Work together with companies to improve their teaching facilities.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Being an information technology or IT worker is not a job I envy. They are the ones who, right in the middle of a critical meeting, are expected to instantly fix the projector that's no longer working. They have to tolerate the bad tempers of colleagues frustrated at the number of times they’ve had to call the help desk for the same issue. They are also the ones who know there are systems that are more powerful, reliable and faster, but their employer simply will not put up the funds to buy them.According to a recent survey, employees who have a job reliant on IT Support Consider IT a major source of job dissatisfaction. Through no fault of their own, they can suddenly find their productivity deteriorating or quality control non-existent. And there's little they can do about it.The experience of using IT penetrates almost the entire work field. It has become a crucial part of employees' overall work experience. When IT is operating as it should, employee self-confidence swells. Their job satisfaction, too, can surge when well-functioning machines relieve them of dull tasks or repetitive processes. But if there's one thing that triggers widespread employee frustration, it's an IT transformation project gone wrong, where swollen expectations have been popped and a long list of promised efficiencies have been reversed. This occurs when business leaders implement IT initiatives with little consideration ofhow those changes will impact the end user.Which is why managers should appreciate just how influential the IT user experience is to their employees, and exert substantial effort in ensuring their IT team eliminates programming errors and application crashes. Adequate and timely IT support should also be available to enable users to cope with technological issues at work. More importantly, IT practitioners need to understand what employees experience mentally when they use IT. Therefore, businesses need to set up their IT infrastructure so that it is designed to fit in with their employees? Work, rather than adjust their work to fit in with the company's IT limitations.51. What does the author say about working in IT?A. It is envied by many.B. It does not appeal to him.C. It is financially rewarding.D. It does not match his abilities.52. What is the finding of a recent survey on employees who have a job reliant on IT support?A. IT helps boost productivity.B. IT helps improve quality control.C. Many employees are deeply frustrated by IT.D. Most employees rely heavily on IT in their work.53. What is said to happen when IT is functioning properly?A. There is a big boost in employees' work efficiencyB. Employees become more dependent on machines.C. There are no longer any boring or repetitive tasks.D. Employees become more confident in their work.54. What should business leaders do before implementing new IT initiatives?A. Consider the various expectations of their customers.B. Draw up a list of the efficiencies to be promised.C. Assess the swollen cost of training the employees.D. Think about the possible effects on their employees.55. How can a business help improve its employees' experience in using IT?A. By designing systems that suit their needs.B. By ensuring that their mental heal this sound.C. By adjusting their work to suit the IT system.D. By offering them regular in- service training.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.龙井(Longing)是一种绿茶，主要产自中国东部沿海的浙江省。
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案 第2套 段落匹配 (2)
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案第2套段落匹配Team spiritA）Teams have become the basic building blocks of organisations. Recruitment advertisements routinely call for "team players". Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects. Office managers knock down walls to encourage team building. Teams are as old as civilisation, of course: even Jesus had 12 co-workers. But a new report by Deloitte, "Global Human Capital Trends"，based on a survey of more than 7,000 executives in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high. Almost half of those surveyed said their companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on （开始）it; and for the most part, restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.B）Companies are abandoning conventional functional departments and organising employees into cross- disciplinary teams that focus on particular products, problems or customers. These teams are gaining more power to run their own affairs. They are also spending more time working with each other ratherthan reporting upwards. Deloitte argues that a new organisational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy （等级体制）.C）The fashion for teams is driven by a sense that the old way of organising people is too rigid for both the modern marketplace and the expectations of employees. Technological innovation places greater value on agility（灵活性）. John Chambers, chairman of Cisco Systems Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that "we compete against market transitions（过渡）, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two. " Digital technology also makes it easier for people to co-ordinate their activities without resorting to hierarchy. The " millennials" （千禧一代）who will soon make up half the workforce in rich countries were raised from nursery school onwards to work in groups.D）The fashion for teams is also spreading from the usual corporate suspects (such as GE and IBM) to some more unusual ones. The Cleveland Clinic, a hospital operator, has reorganised its medical staff into teams to focus on particular treatment areas; consultants, nurses and others collaborate closely instead of being separated by speciality （专业）andrank. The US Army has gone the same way. In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army's hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of the Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralising authority to self-organising teams.E）A good rule of thumb is that as soon as generals and hospital administrators jump on a management bandwagon （追随一种管理潮流）, it is time to ask questions. Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, "Teams are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making. " The late Richard Hackman of Harvard University once argued, "I have no question that when you have a team, the possibility exists that it will generate magic, producing something extraordinary ... But don't count on it. "F）Hackman （who died in 2021） noted that teams are hindered by problems of co-ordination and motivation that chip away at the benefits of collaboration. High-flyers （能干的人）who are forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-ridersempowered. Group-think may be unavoidable. In a study of 120 teams of senior executives, he discovered that less than 10% of their supposed members agreed on who exactly was on the team. If it is hard enough to define a team's membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.G）Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage. Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture. This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors. Teamwork improves with time: America's National Transportation Safety Board found that 73% of the incidents in its civil-aviation database occurred on a crew's first day of flying together. However, as Amy Edmondson of Harvard points out, organisations increasingly use "team" as a verb rather than a noun: they form teams for specific purposes and then quickly disband them.H）The least that can be concluded from this research is that companies need to think harder about managing teams. They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）:the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action. They need to keep teams small and focused: giving in to pressure to be more "inclusive"is a guarantee of dysfunction. Jeff Bezos, Amazon's boss, says that "If I see more than two pizzas for lunch, the team is too big." They need to immunise teams against group-think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain "deviant" （离经叛道者）who are willing to do something that may be upsetting to others.I）A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are "engaged" is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.J）However, organisations need to learn something bigger than how to manage teams better: they need to be in the habit of asking themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply: Deloitte reports that only 12% of the executives they contacted feel they understand the way people work together in networks and only 21% feel confident in their ability to build cross-functional teams. Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction —employees routinely complain that they can't get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or compelled to work in noisy offices. Even in the age ofopen-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.36.Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.37.Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.38.In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.39.Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.40.Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.41.According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.42.Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team's purpose.43.Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.44.To ensure employees' commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.45.Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.36.H37.D38.B39.J40.G41.A42.F43.E44.I45.C。
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案 第2套 选词填空
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案第2套选词填空Just because they can't sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn't mean that animals don't have culture. There's no better example of this than killer whales. As one of the most __26__ predators （食肉动物）, killer whales may not fit the __27__ of a cultured creature. However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly __28__ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development.The word "culture" comes from the Latin "colere," which __29__ means "to cultivate." In other words, it refers to anything that is __30__ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affecting who we are. For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic __31__ that help them digest and utilize this fat- rich diet, thereby allowing them to __32__ in their cold climate.Like humans, killer whales have colonized a range of different __33__ across the globe, occupying every ocean basinon the planet with an empire that __34__ from pole to pole. As such, different populations of killer whales have had to learn different hunting techniques in order to gain the upper hand over their local prey （猎物）. This, in turn, has a major effect on their diet, leading scientists to __35__ that the ability to learn population-specific hunting methods could be driving the animals, genetic development.A) acquiredB) adaptationsC) brutalD) deliberatelyE) expressedF) extendsG) habitatsH) humbleI) imageJ) literallyK) refinedL) revolvesM) speculateN) structureO) thrive26.C27.I28.K29.J30.A31.B32.O33.G34.F35.M。
2021年6月英语四级阅读答案：试卷二选词填空
2021年6月英语四级阅读答案：试卷二选词填空选词填空原文+答案（第二套）The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has 26 from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming into life.In a 27 to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced 28 that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road.“Michigan’s 29 in auto research and development is under attac k from several states and countries which desire to 30 our leadership in transportation. We can’t let happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead 31 of four bills recently introduced.If all four bills pass as written, they would 32 a substantial update of Michigan’s 2021 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturer would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed tosend groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set on-demand 33 of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building.Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In 34 , California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more 35 rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and commercial use of self-driving technology.bidB) contrastC) deputyD) dominanceE) fleetsF) knotsG) legislationH) migratedI) replaceJ) representK) restrictiveL) rewardM) significant N) sponsorO) transmitted答案：26. H) migrated27. A) bid28. G) legislation29. D) dominance30. I) replace31. N) sponsor32. J) represent33. E) fleets34. B) contrast35. K) restrictive。
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案 第2套 段落匹配 (2)
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案第2套段落匹配Team spiritA）Teams have become the basic building blocks of organisations. Recruitment advertisements routinely call for "team players". Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects. Office managers knock down walls to encourage team building. Teams are as old as civilisation, of course: even Jesus had 12 co-workers. But a new report by Deloitte, "Global Human Capital Trends"，based on a survey of more than 7,000 executives in over 130 countries, suggests that the fashion for teamwork has reached a new high. Almost half of those surveyed said their companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on （开始）it; and for the most part, restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.B）Companies are abandoning conventional functional departments and organising employees into cross- disciplinary teams that focus on particular products, problems or customers. These teams are gaining more power to run their own affairs. They are also spending more time working with each other ratherthan reporting upwards. Deloitte argues that a new organisational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy （等级体制）.C）The fashion for teams is driven by a sense that the old way of organising people is too rigid for both the modern marketplace and the expectations of employees. Technological innovation places greater value on agility（灵活性）. John Chambers, chairman of Cisco Systems Inc., a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that "we compete against market transitions（过渡）, not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two. " Digital technology also makes it easier for people to co-ordinate their activities without resorting to hierarchy. The " millennials" （千禧一代）who will soon make up half the workforce in rich countries were raised from nursery school onwards to work in groups.D）The fashion for teams is also spreading from the usual corporate suspects (such as GE and IBM) to some more unusual ones. The Cleveland Clinic, a hospital operator, has reorganised its medical staff into teams to focus on particular treatment areas; consultants, nurses and others collaborate closely instead of being separated by speciality （专业）andrank. The US Army has gone the same way. In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army's hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of the Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralising authority to self-organising teams.E）A good rule of thumb is that as soon as generals and hospital administrators jump on a management bandwagon （追随一种管理潮流）, it is time to ask questions. Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, "Teams are not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independently cannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making. " The late Richard Hackman of Harvard University once argued, "I have no question that when you have a team, the possibility exists that it will generate magic, producing something extraordinary ... But don't count on it. "F）Hackman （who died in 2021） noted that teams are hindered by problems of co-ordination and motivation that chip away at the benefits of collaboration. High-flyers （能干的人）who are forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-ridersempowered. Group-think may be unavoidable. In a study of 120 teams of senior executives, he discovered that less than 10% of their supposed members agreed on who exactly was on the team. If it is hard enough to define a team's membership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still.G）Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage. Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture. This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors. Teamwork improves with time: America's National Transportation Safety Board found that 73% of the incidents in its civil-aviation database occurred on a crew's first day of flying together. However, as Amy Edmondson of Harvard points out, organisations increasingly use "team" as a verb rather than a noun: they form teams for specific purposes and then quickly disband them.H）The least that can be concluded from this research is that companies need to think harder about managing teams. They need to rid their minds of sentimentalism（感情用事）:the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action. They need to keep teams small and focused: giving in to pressure to be more "inclusive"is a guarantee of dysfunction. Jeff Bezos, Amazon's boss, says that "If I see more than two pizzas for lunch, the team is too big." They need to immunise teams against group-think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain "deviant" （离经叛道者）who are willing to do something that may be upsetting to others.I）A new study of 12,000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds that the best way to ensure employees are "engaged" is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.J）However, organisations need to learn something bigger than how to manage teams better: they need to be in the habit of asking themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply: Deloitte reports that only 12% of the executives they contacted feel they understand the way people work together in networks and only 21% feel confident in their ability to build cross-functional teams. Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction —employees routinely complain that they can't get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or compelled to work in noisy offices. Even in the age ofopen-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.36.Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action.37.Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations.38.In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams.39.Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work.40.Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.41.According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies.42.Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team's purpose.43.Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders.44.To ensure employees' commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work.45.Product transitions take much less time now than in the past.36.H37.D38.B39.J40.G41.A42.F43.E44.I45.C。
2021年6月英语四级真题及答案-第2套
答卷时应注意事项
１、拿到试卷，要认真仔细的先填好自己的考生信息。
２、拿到试卷不要提笔就写，先大致的浏览一遍，有多少大题，每个大题里有几个小题，有什么题型，哪些容易，哪些难，做到心里有底；
３、审题，每个题目都要多读几遍，不仅要读大题，还要读小题，不放过每一个字，遇到暂时弄不懂题意的题目，手指点读，多读几遍题目，就能理解题意了；容易混乱的地方也应该多读几遍，比如从小到大，从左到右这样的题；
４、每个题目做完了以后，把自己的手从试卷上完全移开，好好的看看有没有被自己的手臂挡住而遗漏的题；试卷第１页和第２页上下衔接的地方一定要注意，仔细看看有没有遗漏的小题；
５、中途遇到真的解决不了的难题，注意安排好时间，先把后面会做的做完，再来重新读题，结合平时课堂上所学的知识，解答难题；一定要镇定，不能因此慌了手脚，影响下面的答题；
６、卷面要清洁，字迹要清工整，非常重要；
７、做完的试卷要检查，这样可以发现刚才可能留下的错误或是可以检查是否有漏题，检查的时候，用手指点读题目，不要管自己的答案，重新分析题意，所有计算题重新计算，判断题重新判断，填空题重新填空，之后把检查的结果与先前做的结果进行对比分析。
亲爱的小朋友，你们好! 经过两个月的学习，你们一定有不小的收获吧，用你的自信和智慧，认真答题，相信你一定会闯关成功。
相信你是最棒的！
2021年6月英语四级真题及答案-第2套
参考答案。
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案 第2套 段落匹配
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案第2套段落匹配As Tourists Crowd Out Locals, Venice Faces 'Endangered' ListA) On a recent fall morning, a large crowd blocked the steps at one of Venice's main tourist sites, the Rialto Bridge. The Rialto Bridge is one of the four bridges spanning the Grand Canal. It is the oldest bridge across the canal, and was the dividing line between the districts of San Marco and San Polo. But on this day, there was a twist: it was filled with Venetians, not tourists.B) "People are cheering and holding their carts in the air," says Giovanni Giorgio, who helped organize the march with a grass-roots organization called Generazione '90. The carts he refers to are small shopping carts—the symbol of a true Venetian. "It started as a joke," he says with a laugh. "The idea was to put blades on the wheels! You know? Like Ben Hur. Precisely like that, you just go around and run people down."C) Venice is one of the hottest tourist destinations in the world. But that's a problem. Up to 90,000 tourists crowd its streets and canals every day—far outnumbering the 55,000permanent residents. The tourist increase is one key reason the city's population is down from 175,000 in the 1950s. The outnumbered Venetians have been steadily fleeing. And those who stick around are tired of living in a place where they can't even get to the market without swimming through a sea of picture-snapping tourists. Imagine, navigating through 50,000 people while on the way to school or to work.D) Laura Chigi, a grandmother at the march, says the local and national governments have failed to do anything about the crowds for decades, because they're only interested in tourism —the primary industry in Venice, worth more than $3 billion in 2021. "Venice is a cash cow," she says, "and everyone wants a piece."E) Just beyond St. Mark's Square, a cruise ship passes, one of hundreds every year that appear over their medieval (中世纪的) surroundings. Their massive wake creates waves at the bottom of the sea, weakening the foundations of the centuries-old buildings themselves. "Every time I see a cruise ship, I feel sad," Chigi says. "You see the mud it drags; the destruction it leaves in its wake? That hurts the ancient wooden poles holding up the city underwater. One day we'll see Venice break down."F) For a time, UNESCO, the cultural wing of the United Nations, seemed to agree. Two years ago, it put Italy on notice, saying the government was not protecting Venice. UNESCO considers the entire city a World Heritage Site, a great honor that means Venice, at the cultural level, belongs to all of the world's people. In 2021, UNESCO gave Italy two years to manage Venice's flourishing tourism or the city would be placed on another list—World Heritage In Danger, joining such sites as Aleppo and Palmyra, destroyed by the war in Syria.G) Venice's deadline passed with barely a murmur (嘟哝) this summer, just as UNESCO was meeting in Istanbul. Only one representative, Jad Tabet from Lebanon, tried to raise the issue. "For several years, the situation of heritage in Venice has been worsening, and it has now reached a dramatic situation," Tabet told UNESCO. "We have to act quickly—there is not a moment to waste."H) But UNESCO didn't even hold a vote. "It's been postponed until 2021," says Anna Somers, the founder and CEO of The Art Newspaper and the former head of Venice in Peril, a group devoted to restoring Venetian art. She says the main reason the U.N. cultural organization didn't vote to declare Venice a World Heritage Site In Danger is because UNESCO has become"intensely politicized. There would have been some back-room negotiations."I) Italy boasts more UNESCO World Heritage Sites than any other country in the world, granting it considerable power and influence within the organization. The former head of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, which oversees heritage sites, is Francesco Bandarin, a Venetian who now serves as UNESCO's assistant director-general for culture.J) Earlier this year, Italy signed an accord with UNESCO to establish a task force of police art detectives and archaeologists (考古学家) to protect cultural heritage from natural disasters and terror groups, such as ISIS. The accord underlined Italy's global reputation as a good steward of art and culture.K) But adding Venice to the UNESCO endangered list—which is dominated by sites in developing and conflict-ridden countries—would be an international embarrassment, and could even hurt Italy's profitable tourism industry. The Italian Culture Ministry says it is unaware of any government efforts to pressure UNESCO. As for the organization itself, it declined a request for an interview.L) The city's current mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, has ridiculedUNESCO and told it to mind its own business, while continuing to support the cruise ship industry, which employs 5,000 Venice residents.M) As for Venetians, they're beyond frustrated and hoping for a solution soon. "It's a nightmare for me. Some situations are really difficult with tourists around," says Giorgio as he navigates around a swelling crowd at the Rialto Bridge. "There are just so many of them. They never know where they are going, and do not walk in an orderly manner. Navigating the streets can be exhausting."N) Then it hits him: This crowd isn't made up of tourists. They're Venetians. Giorgio says he's never experienced the Rialto Bridge this way in all his 22 years. "For once, we are the ones who are blocking the traffic," he says delightedly. "It feels unreal. It feels like we're some form of endangered species. It's just nice. The feeling is just pure." But, he worries, if tourism isn't managed and his fellow locals continue to move to the mainland, his generation might be the last who can call themselves native Venetians.36. The passing cruise ships will undermine the foundations of the ancient buildings in Venice.37. The Italian government has just reached an agreementwith UNESCO to take measures to protect its cultural heritage.38. The heritage situation in Venice has been deteriorating in the past few years.39. The decrease in the number of permanent residents in Venice is mainly due to the increase of tourists.40. If tourism gets out of control, native Venetians may desert the city altogether one day.41. UNESCO urged the Italian government to undertake its responsibility to protect Venice.42. The participants in the Venetian march used shopping carts to show they were 100% local residents.43. Ignoring UNESCO's warning, the mayor of Venice maintains his support of the city's tourism industry.44. One woman says that for decades the Italian government and local authorities have only focused on the revenues from tourism.45. UNESCO has not yet decided to put Venice on the list of World Heritage Sites In Danger.36.E37.J38.G39.C40.N41.F42.B43.L44.D45.H。
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案 第2套 段落匹配
2021年6月英语四级阅读真题及答案第2套段落匹配Living with parents edges out other living arrangements for 18- to 34-year-oldsA)Broad demographic (人口的）shifts in marital status, educational attainment and employment have transformed the way young adults in the U. S. are living, and a new Pew Research Center analysis highlights the implications of these changes for the most basic element of their lives -- where they call home. In 2021, for the first time in more than 130 years, adults ages 18 to 34 were slightly more likely to be living in their parents' home than they were to be living with a spouse or partner in their own household.B)This turn of events is fueled primarily by the dramatic drop in the share of young Americans who are choosing to settle down romantically before age 35. Dating back to 1880, the most common living arrangement among young adults has been living with a romantic partner, whether a spouse or a significant other. This type of arrangement peaked around I960, when 62% of the nation's 18- to 34-year-olds were living with a spouse or partner in their own household, and only one-in-five wereliving with their parents.C)By 2021, 31.6% of young adults were living with a spouse or partner in their own household, below the share living in the home of their parent(s) (32.1%). Some 14% of young adults lived alone, were a single parent or lived with one or more roommates. The remaining 22% lived in the home of another family member (such as a grandparent, in-law or sibling), a non-relative, or in group quarters like college dormitories.D)It's worth noting that the overall share of young adults living with their parents was not at a record high in 2021. This arrangement peaked around 1940, when about 35% of the nation's 18- to 34-year- olds lived with mom and/or dad (compared with 32% in 2021). What has changed, instead, is the relative share adopting different ways of living in early adulthood, with the decline of romantic coupling pushing living at home to the top of a much less uniform list of living arrangements.E)Among young adults, living arrangements differ significantly by gender. For men aged 18 to 34, living at home with mom and/or dad has been the dominant living arrangement since 2021. In 2021, 28% of young men were living with a spouse or partner in their own home, while 35% were living in the home of their parent (s). Young women, however, are still more likelyto be living with a spouse or romantic partner (35%) than they are to be living with their parent(s) (29%).F)In 2021, more young women (16%) than young men (13%) were heading up a household without a spouse or partner. This is mainly because women are more likely than men to be single parents living with their children. For their part, young men (25%) are more likely than young women (19%) to be living in the home of another family member, a non-relative or in some type of group quarters.G)A variety of factors contribute to the long-run increase in the share of young adults living with their I parents. The first is the postponement of, if not retreat from, marriage. The average age of first marriage has risen steadily for decades. In addition, a growing share of young adults may be avoiding marriage altogether. A previous Pew Research Center analysis projected that as many as one-in-four of today's young adults may never marry. While cohabitation (同居）has been on the rise, the overall ! share of young adults either married or living with an unmarried partner has substantially fallen since 1990.H)In addition, trends in both employment status and wages have likely contributed to the growing share of young adults who are living in the home of their parent(s), and this isespecially true of young men. Employed young men are much less likely to live at home than young men without a job, and employment among young men has fallen significantly in recent decades. The share of young men with jobs peaked around 1960 at 84%. In 2021, only 71% of 18- to 34-year-old men were employed. Similarly with earnings, young men's wages (after adjusting for inflation) have been on a downward trajectory (轨迹）since 1970 and fell significantly from 2000 to 2021. As wages have fallen, the share of young men living in the home of their parent(s) has risen.I).Economic factors seem to explain less of why young adult women are increasingly likely to live at home. Generally, young women have had growing success in the paid labor market since 1960 and hence might increasingly be expected to be able to afford to live independently of their parents. For women, delayed marriage-which is related, in part, to labor market outcomes for men-may explain more of the increase in their living in the family home.J) The Great Recession (and modest recovery) has also been associated with an increase in young adults living at home. Initially in the wake of the recession, college enrollments expanded, boosting the ranks of young adults living at home.And given the weak job opportunities facing young adults, living at home was part of the private safety net helping young adults to weather the economic storm.K) Beyond gender, young adults, living arrangements differ considerably by education—which is tied to financial means. For young adults without a bachelor's degree, as of 2021 living at home with their parents was more prevalent than living with a romantic partner. By 2021, 36% of 18- to 34-year-olds who had not completed a bachelor's degree were living with their parent(s) while 27% were living with a spouse or partner. Among college graduates, in 2021 46% were married or living with a partner, and only 19% were living with their parents(s). Young adults with a college degree have fared much better in the labor market than their less-educated counterparts, which has in turn made it easier to establish their own households.36.Unemployed young men are more likely to live with their parents than the employed.37.In 2021, the percentage of men aged 18 to 34 living with their parents was greater than that of their female counterparts.38.The percentage of young people who are married or live with a partner has greatly decreased in the past three decades39.Around the mid-20th century, only 20 percent of 18- to 34-year-olds lived in their parents' home.40.Young adults with a college degree found it easier to live independently of their parents.41.Young men are less likely to end up as single parents than young women.42.More young adult women live with their parents than before due to delayed marriage.43.The percentage of young men who live with their parents has grown due to their decreased pay in recent decades.44.The rise in the number of college students made more young adults live with their parents.45.One reason for young adults to live with their parents is that they get married late or stay single all their lives.36.H37.E38.G39.B40.K41.F42.I44.J45.G。
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2021年6月大学英语四级真题试卷及答案(第2套)Writing (25 minutes)(请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to write an advertisement on your cus website to sell a bicycle you used at college、 Your advertisement may include its brand, features,condition and price, and your contact information、 You shouldwrite at least120 words but no more than180 words、PartII Listening prehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports、 At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions、 Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once、 After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D)、 Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre、注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions1 to2 are based on the conversation you have just heard、1、A)The majority of drivers prefer to drive and park themselves、 B)Human drivers bee easily distracted or tired while driving、 C)Most drivers feel uncertain about the safety of self-driving cars、 D)Most drivers havetest driven cars with automatic braking features、2、A) Their drivers would feel safe after getting used to the automatic devices、 B)They would be unpopular with drivers who only trust their own skills、 C)Their increased fort levels have boosted their sales、 D)They are not actually as safe as automakers advertise、Questions3 to4 are based on the conversation you havejust heard、3、A)Thefts of snowmobile dogs in Alaska、 B)A series of injuries to snowmobile drivers、 C)Attacks on some Iditarod Race petitors、 D)A serious accident in the Alaska sports event、4、A)He stayed behind to look after his injured dogs、B)He has won the Alaska Iditarod Race four times、 C)He received a minor injury in the Iditarod Race、 D)He has quit the petition in Alaska for good、Questions5 to7 are based on the conversation you have just heard、5、 A) It sank into the sea due to overloading、 B)It ran into Nicaragua’s Big Corn Island、 C)It disappeared between two large islands、 D)It turned over because of strong winds、6、A)13、 B)25、 C)30、 D)32、7、 A)He has helped with the rescue effort、 B)He is being investigated by the police、 C)He was drowned with the passengers、D)He is among those people missing、Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations、At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions、 Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once、 After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D)、 Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre、Questions8to11 are based on the conversation you have just heard、8、 A)At a shopping centre、 B)At a munity college、 C)At an accountancy firm、 D)At an IT pany、9、 A)Helping out with data input、 B)Arranging interviews、 C)Sorting application forms、 D)Making phone calls、10、 A)He enjoys using puters、 B)He needs the money badly、 C)He wants to work in the city centre、 D)He has relevant working experience、11、A)Purchase some business suits、 B)Learn some puter language、 C)Improve his programming skills、 D)Review some accountancy terms、Questions12 to15 are based on the conversation you have just heard、12、 A)They are keen on high technology、 B)They are poor at technology skills、 C)They often listen to National Public Radio、 D)They feel superior in science and technology、13、 A)Japanese、 B)Germans、 C)Poles、 D)Americans、14、 A)Emailing、 B)Texting、 C)Science、 D)Literacy、15、 A)It is undergoing a drastic reform、 B)It lays emphasis on creative thinking、 C)It has much room for improvement、 D)It prioritizes training of practical skills、Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions、 The recordings will be played only once、After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D)、 Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre、Questions16 to18 are based on the passage you have just heard、16、 A)They have small roots、 B)They grow white flowers、 C)They taste like apples、 D)They e from Central Africa、17、 A)They turned from white to purple in color、 B)They became popular on the world market、 C)They became an important food for humans、D)They began to look like modern-day carrots、18、 A)They were found quite nutritious、 B)There were serious food shortages、C)People discovered their medicinal value、 D)Farm machines helped lower their prices、Questions19 to21 are based on the passage you have just heard、19、 A)She could update her family any time she liked、 B)She could call up her family whenever she likedC)She could locate her friends wherever they were、D)She could download as many pictures as she liked、20、 A)She liked to inform her friends about her success、B)She enjoyed reading her friends’ status updates、C)She felt quite popular among them、D)She felt she was a teenager again、21、A)She could barely respond to all her500 friends、B)She spent more time updating her friends than her family、 C)She could barely balance updates and her work、D)She didn’t seem to be doing as well as her friends、Questions22 to25 are based on the passage you have just heard、22、 A)They have strong muscles、 B)They live a longer life than horses、 C)They eat much less in winter、 D)They can work longer than donkeys、23、 A)It was a pet of a Spanish king、 B)It was bought by George Washington、 C)It was brought over from Spain、D)It was donated by a U、S、 Ambassador、24、 A)They met and exchanged ideas on animal breeding、B)They participated in a mule-driving petition、 C)They showed and traded animals in the market、 D)They fed mules with the best food they could find、25、 A)The wider use of horses、 B)The arrival of tractors、 C)A shrinking animal trade、 D)A growing donkey population、Part ⅢReading prehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks、 You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage、 Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter、Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre、 You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once、Questions26 to35 are based on the following passage、America’s Inter is fester than ever before, but people still plain about their Inter being too slow、New York’sAttorney General’s office (26)_______ an investigationin the fall into whether or not Verizon, Cablevision and Time Warner are delivering broadband that’s as fast as the providers (27)_______ it is、 Earlier this month, the office asked for the public’s help to measure their speed results, saying consumers (28)_______ to get the speeds they were promised、“Too many of us may be paying for one thing, and getting another，” the Attorney General said、If the investigation uncovers anything, it wouldn’t be the first time a tele provider got into (29)_______ over the broadband speeds it promised and delivered customers、 Back in June, the Federal munications mission fined AT& T $100 million over (30)_______ that the carrier secretly reduced wireless speeds after customers consumed a certain amount of (31)_______ 、Even when they stay on the right side of the law, Inter providers arouse customers’ anger over bandwidth speed and cost、 Just this week, an investigation found that media and tele giant cast isthe most (32)_______ provider、 Over10 months, cast received nearly12,000 customer plaints, many (33)_______ to its monthly data cap and overage (超过额度的）charges、SomeAmericans are getting so (34)_______ with Inter providers they’re just giving up、 A recentstudy found that the number of Americans with high-speed Inter at home today (35)_______ fell during the last two years, and15% of people now consider themselves to be “cord-cutters、”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。