英汉语篇翻译
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英汉语篇对比与翻译
英汉语篇对比与翻译一、本文概述《英汉语篇对比与翻译》是一篇旨在深入探讨英汉语篇结构、语义理解和翻译策略的学术论文。
本文将对英汉语篇的主要特点进行对比分析，揭示两者在篇章组织、信息排布、逻辑关系等方面的差异，并在此基础上探讨相应的翻译策略和方法。
通过本文的论述，我们期望能够帮助读者更好地理解英汉语篇的本质特征，提高英汉互译的质量和准确性。
文章将首先概述英汉语篇对比的重要性和现实意义，然后介绍本文的研究方法、数据来源和分析框架，最后总结本文的主要观点和结论，以期为英汉翻译实践提供有益的参考和指导。
二、英汉语篇的基本特征对比英语和汉语，作为两种截然不同的语言系统，在语篇构建上也展现出各自独特的特征。
这些特征不仅体现在语言的结构和表达方式上，还深深植根于两种文化的思维模式和价值观中。
英语语篇通常呈现出一种直线型思维模式，即开篇直接点明主题，然后围绕这一主题展开论述，逐步深入，最终得出结论。
这种思维模式在英语学术论文、新闻报道等文体中尤为明显。
英语语篇往往重视逻辑性和形式化，通过丰富的连词和语法结构来体现句子之间的逻辑关系，使整个篇章结构紧凑、层次分明。
相比之下，汉语语篇则更多地采用螺旋型思维模式。
在汉语表达中，作者往往先从外围入手，通过描绘背景、渲染气氛等方式逐渐引出主题。
这种思维模式在汉语文学作品、日常会话中尤为常见。
同时，汉语语篇更注重意合性，即通过语境和语义的关联来实现句子之间的衔接和连贯，而非依赖明显的连词或语法结构。
造成这种差异的原因在于英汉两种文化的不同。
英语文化强调逻辑性和客观性，注重分析和推理，因此英语语篇也呈现出一种客观、直接的风格。
而汉语文化则更注重整体性和和谐性，强调综合和感悟，因此汉语语篇更倾向于采用一种委婉、含蓄的表达方式。
了解英汉语篇的这些基本特征差异，对于提高英汉互译的质量具有重要意义。
在翻译过程中，译者需要充分考虑到两种语言在语篇构建上的不同特点，灵活运用各种翻译技巧和方法，以实现原文与译文在语义、风格和文化内涵上的对等。
Unit 18 英汉篇章翻译(三).
Unit 18 英汉篇章翻译（三）教学目的要求：了解如何使用各种技巧进行篇章的翻译。
初步了解语篇翻译的难点及其处理；通过对本文的翻译，了解翻译的艰辛，同时通过对主人公事迹的学习，加强学生的德育教育，寓德育教育于课堂教育中。
教学重点：把握在语篇翻译中使用各种翻译技巧，了解语篇翻译的难点及其处理。
教学难点：长句的翻译。
教学内容：Three Days to SeeBy Helen Keller摘自：许明龙译，选自《英语名作佳译赏析》，世界图书出版公司，1999。
转引自：南开大学外国语学院英语系《英语翻译教程》，天津：南开大学出版社，2004。
作者简介：Helen Keller, 美国女作家及教育家，一岁半时，由于生病失聪、失明。
她通过刻苦努力，取得了甚至常人都无法取得的成就。
她勤奋写作，并到世界各地演讲，她的事迹感动和激励了一代代的青年。
她的主要著作有《我的一生〉，《海伦·凯勒日记〉，《给我三天光明〉。
Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigour, and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days of months and years to come. There are those, of course, who would adopt the epicurean motto of “eat, drink and be merry,” but most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.有时我想，把每一天都当做生命的最后一天来过，也许是一种极好的生活准则。
第七章 语篇的翻译 英汉互译课件
英汉语篇在语法衔接上的具体转换方式： 1）从时体形式上分析。英语的时体作为语篇衔接的语 法手段。 They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty-five years. 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就 有35年了。 Roger has finished the thesis. Caroline arrived from New York. 罗杰完成了论文。因为卡罗琳从纽约来到了他身边。
（三）英汉语言逻辑连接的差异和翻译 逻辑连接的差异是语篇内深层次的最普遍的连 接，它是保证语篇的必备条件之一。逻辑连接也有 显性与隐性之分。显性逻辑连接指使用了and、but、 then、 for等联结语的衔接，而隐性逻辑连接则指 那些不使用联结语而靠语用、语境等实现的连接。 就英汉语比较而言，逻辑关系总的来说是英汉相通 的，即时空、因果、转折和表示相类同的推延等基 本的逻辑关系是一致的。但是英汉语的逻辑关系有 时也有差异，如英语的时空关系，汉译时常改为因 果关系，反之亦然。总的说来，由于英汉连接语的 差异和逻辑关系显性与隐性的差异，英汉翻译时， 译者应选择正确的逻辑连接词或语，或隐或显，以 使译文符合译语的表达习惯。
2）从替代关系上分析。所谓替代，指用词语代替前 文的某些词语，但不是指称性的一致关系，而只是具 有同等或类似语义。替代主要有名词替代、动词替代 和分句替代三类。替代在英汉语中都存在，且往往互 相对应。但互不对应难以照译时，需借助其它衔接或 连贯手段。如： A: I’ll have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please. B: Give me the same, please. A: 劳驾，我要一杯加糖的清咖啡。 B: 请给我也来一杯。（试比较：请给我也来同样 的。）
英汉语篇对比与翻译
Chinese: Paratactic (意合), Implicit coherence （隐性连贯）, coordination of clauses,etc. in succession without connectives（不借助词语或句子 所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。 ）.
这是一篇报刊文章，译文风格不宜太口语化， 还要掌握政治用语的分寸，使译文尽量符合汉 语的习惯。同时，原文中划底线语句的译文也 要 根据上文语境和大语篇的提示 准确理解后 才能译出来
狭义语篇语境 ( 即上下文 ) 明确了原文中 “ it ” 、 “ these & men ” 的实际所指： “ guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding
more healthy.(虚拟条件)
英语的意合
C.形式词被简约后构成的意合句 I don’t know exactly (that) he is a professor. How many students (whom) do you think will
succeed in this test? There is no breeze (which) came through the
译例
It should have been easy . These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable , with lots of good news to work with : America was at peace , and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced , with plenty of money for a topflight staff , travel , and television commercials . And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills . Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America ---a nation of renewed military strength , individual initiative , and smaller federal government.
这是一篇报刊文章，译文风格不宜太口语化， 还要掌握政治用语的分寸，使译文尽量符合汉 语的习惯。同时，原文中划底线语句的译文也 要 根据上文语境和大语篇的提示 准确理解后 才能译出来
狭义语篇语境 ( 即上下文 ) 明确了原文中 “ it ” 、 “ these & men ” 的实际所指： “ guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding
more healthy.(虚拟条件)
英语的意合
C.形式词被简约后构成的意合句 I don’t know exactly (that) he is a professor. How many students (whom) do you think will
succeed in this test? There is no breeze (which) came through the
译例
It should have been easy . These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential polities as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable , with lots of good news to work with : America was at peace , and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Further more, the campaign itself was lavishly finaced , with plenty of money for a topflight staff , travel , and television commercials . And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills . Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America ---a nation of renewed military strength , individual initiative , and smaller federal government.
英汉语篇翻译
As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome. 谈到健康问题，我没什么可说，因为我没怎么生过病。 谈到健康问题 ， 我没什么可说 ， 因为我没怎么生过病 。 我 想吃就吃，想喝就喝，想睡就睡，从不为健康而做什么， 想吃就吃 ， 想喝就喝 ， 想睡就睡 ， 从不为健康而做什么 ， 然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都有益于健康。 然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都有益于健康。
要克服对死亡的恐惧最好的办法至少在我看来如此就是逐渐扩大自己的兴趣范围多关心一些个人以外的事情慢慢地自我的壁垒就会一点一点消退个人的生命就渐渐地融入到整个世界中了
How to Grow Old
怎样才能活到老/ 怎样才能活到老/怎样才可以不老1
这篇文章是英国哲学家罗素的名篇。 这篇文章是英国哲学家罗素的名篇。 作者从身体健康、心理健康、 作者从身体健康、心理健康、对死亡的态度等方面分别阐述了自己对老 年生活的看法，逻辑层次清晰，语言生动精炼。 年生活的看法，逻辑层次清晰，语言生动精炼。 全篇的结构层次： 全篇的结构层次： 段一健康问题；段二段三心理上的两种错误倾向； 段一健康问题；段二段三心理上的两种错误倾向；段四老年对个人以外 的事情怀有强烈的兴趣和如何对待子女；段五对死亡的正确态度。 的事情怀有强烈的兴趣和如何对待子女；段五对死亡的正确态度。 In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which at my time of life, is much more important subject.
第七章 英汉语篇的衔接与翻译二
First of all, I would like to apologize for your order not being delivered on the date we agreed in our contract and also for the difficulties you have had in trying to reach me. As you may have heard in the news, we have experienced a major industrial dispute. The dispute involved all employees and as a result, all production came to a complete standstill. Secretarial and administrative staff were also involved; this is why it has been so difficult for you to reach me.
The seller shall pay all the custom duties and tariffs for export of the equipment. 卖方必须支付出口设备的所有关税 关税。 卖方必须支付出口设备的所有关税。 Any Crown Servant…solicits or accepts any advantages shall be guilty of an offense. 王国政府的公务员如果索取或者收受贿赂 王国政府的公务员如果索取或者收受贿赂 索取或者收受 必须服罪判刑。 必须服罪判刑。
Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-produce it, and this made it available to the ordinary man. Many automobiles were being built by hand at the turn of the century and were much too expensive for all but the wealthy. 亨利·福特没有发明汽车 福特没有发明汽车， 亨利 福特没有发明汽车，但他却是使用机 器大量生产汽车的第一人，从而使普通人 器大量生产汽车的第一人，从而使普通人 也能拥有汽车。 世纪初 世纪初， 也能拥有汽车。20世纪初，许多汽车是手 工制造的，对于普通人来说价格昂贵， 普通人来说价格昂贵 工制造的，对于普通人来说价格昂贵，只 有少数富人能够享用得起。 有少数富人能够享用得起。
语篇翻译
孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。 孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。 是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人 身材高大；青白脸色， 他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些 伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。 伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽 然是长衫，可是又脏又破， 然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没 有补，也没有洗。（ 孔乙己》 。（《 有补，也没有洗。（《孔乙己》）
根据汉语的习惯 ， 根据 汉语的习惯， 若一个主题第一次 汉语的习惯 提出后， 下文又是同一个主题， 提出后 ， 下文又是同一个主题 ， 那么 主语常常可以省略 常常可以省略。 主语常常可以省略。 柯灵， 生于1909年 ， 浙江省绍兴人 。 柯灵 ， 生于 年 浙江省绍兴人。 中国现代作家。 年任《 中国现代作家 。 1930年任 《 儿童时代 》 年任 儿童时代》 编辑。 编辑 。 1949年以前一直在上海从事报 年以前一直在上海从事报 纸编辑工作， 并积极投入电影、 纸编辑工作 ， 并积极投入电影 、 话剧 运动。 解放后， 曾任《 文汇报》 运动 。 解放后 ， 曾任 《 文汇报 》 副总 编辑。现任上海电影局顾问。 编辑。现任上海电影局顾问。
编辑→be one of the 任 《 儿童时代 》 编辑 editors of Children Times 从 事 报 纸 编 辑 工 作 → be engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices 文汇报》副总编辑→fill 任《文汇报》副总编辑→fill the post of deputy editor-in-chief of Wenhuibao 任 上 海 电 影 局 顾 问 → be adviser of Shanghai Film Bureau
汉翻英之语篇翻译
在此情形下，翻译研究所要解决的问题就 是如何将“信息的丢失”减少到最低程度， 换个角度讲，也就是如何做到译文语篇对 原文语篇意义、信息最大程度地传递。既 然构成语篇总体信息的各信息单元并非等 量齐观，而是存在着主、次与重心和非重 心之层次差别，英汉语篇存在如上所述的 差异，那么在语篇翻译时，译者的最重要 任务就是要保证对原文语篇中承载的主要 信息、中心信息在译文语篇中得到顺畅传 递。
受西方传统哲学“神凡二分”、“科学主 义”、“形式主义”的影响，英吉利等西方 民族在思维方式上具有一种“重理性、重分 析、重形式完备”的鲜明特征。（司显柱， 1999b）这一特征反映在英语语篇构建上， 就是谋篇布局一般总是以一个核心结构为核 心，其他结构或成份都是直接或间接地依附、 服务于这个核心结构，从而形成以核心结构 控 制 各 种 关 系 的 层 次 结 构 （ hierarchical structure）如：
东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电 天气热，北边闪电有雷雨。（如果东边闪电则 出日头，如果西边闪电则必有雨，如果南边闪 电则天气热，如果北边闪电则有雷雨）。
If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if it lightens in west, it will be rainy; if it lightens in south, it will be sultry, if it lightens in the north, it will be stormy.
因此，语篇翻译的实质是着眼于整个语篇宏 观题旨的传译(tendering)。为此，译者在翻译 中往往要对原文语篇的构建模式、衔接方式 按译文语篇的构建特征作相应地调整；不仅 如此，在此过程中，遇到由于文化差异较大 而对译文读者构成“阻滞点”的语句还需做 出调整。当然，由于语言、文化间普遍共性 的存在，有些情况下，译者无须对原文语篇 的构建及其表现形式作出更动，这在同语族 内的跨语翻译如英德语之间的翻译较为常见。 在这种情形下，自上而下看，译文语篇实现 了对原文语篇信息的传译；自下而上看，两 者还常常做到了句句对应。
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Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
2. 衔接手段: 语义衔接（Semantic Cohesion)和结构衔接（Structural Cohesion) 2.1 Semantic Cohesion （语义衔接 语义衔接) Halliday and Hasan (1976)identify five major devices with which to achieve semantic cohesion, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical relationships (or “lexical cohesion”). 2.1.1. Reference （指代） Reference-in-text is called endophoric reference. For example: a)Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it. b)Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it. Back-referring reference,just like he in a), is called anaphoric reference, while anticipatory reference, just like he in b）， is known as cataphoric reference.
world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 思考：衔接与连贯已经成为判断文章优劣的标准之一。是什么使罗 素的这篇序言一气呵成、气势磅礴？不可否认，除了伟大的思想之 外，衔接手段的自觉而又自然地运用扮演了重要的角色。 Part Ⅰ . 1. 什么是语篇的衔接？ Cohesion refers to the structural and/or semantic relationships holding between the different elements of a text. For e there. The link (called anaphora) is between Paris and there.
Contrast: Hypotaxis vs Parataxis 知不知上不知知病（《道德经》） （1）知不知，上。不知知，病。 To know the unknowable, that is elevating. Not to know the knowable, that is sickness. (Garus, trans 注：求知) （2）知不知，上。不知，知，病。 To know when one does not know is best. To think one knows when one does not know is a dire disease. (Arthur Waley, trans注：求知与假知) （3）知，不知，上。不知，知，病。 To know, but to be as though not knowing, is the height of wisdom. Not to know, and yet to affect knowledge, is a vice. (Lionel Giles, trans 注：处世智慧)
Contrast: In English, remote demonstratives (such as that) and remote adverbs (such as there) seem to have a higher functional load than near demonstratives (such as this) and near adverbs (such as here). In Chinese the opposite case seems to be true. 译例： “…I assume we are discussing Mrs Bendrix?” “Not exactly.” “But she passes under that name?” “…我想我们是在讨论本德里克斯太太？” “并非如此。” “可是人家是这么 这么叫她，对吧？” （柯平Trans 《恋情的终 这么 结》）
Contrast:Zero-anaphora, that is, ellipsis of personal pronouns, characterizes the textual organization of Chinese. It usually dost not apply with English texts. Example： From the sight that met her eyes she could tell that this had been no ordinary beating. It filled her with anguish for the sufferer and fresh anger for the man who had inflicted it, and for a long time she clung to the inert form and wept… 贾母一面说，一面来看宝玉，只见今日这顿打，不比往日， 又是心疼，又是生气，也抱着哭个不了。（曹雪芹 《红楼 梦》，Chap 33） 注： The translation is done by D. Hawkes. (The Story of the Stone)
(英汉语篇的衔 Cohesion, Coherence and Translation (英汉语篇的衔 连贯与翻译) 接、连贯与翻译) ----Lecture Outline for the Course of E-C Translation by Xu Derong 例文： Russell) What I Have Lived For (by Bertrand
the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what--at last--I have found. With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole
2.1.4. Conjunction The use of such formal markers as and besides, instead, so, now, etc. to relate sentences and constructions is known as conjunction. Winter (1971)identifies the five most frequent categories of “connectives” in scientific texts: (1) Logical sequence: thus, therefore, then, thence, consequently, so… (2) Contrast: however, in fact, conversely… (3) Doubt and Certainty: probably, possibly, indubitably… (4) Non-contrast: moreover, likewise, similarly… (5) Expansion: for example, in particular… These account for 89% of all the connectives in the texts analyzed.